2nd Quarter Exam Reviewer IWRBS 2024-2025 PDF

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I...

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE 1st Semester S.Y. 2024 - 2025 INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS AND BELIEF SYSTEMS REVIEWER FOR 2nd QUARTERLY EXAMINATION Week 1. Hinduism  Historical Background of Hinduism:  Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world, originating in India, with no official founder.  It traces its roots to the Indus Valley around 1,500 BCE, influenced by Aryan invaders and other cultures.  Followers view Hinduism as the source of all religions.  The Four Goals of Hindu Life: 1. Dharma (Duty): The right way of living, focusing on ethics, compassion, and responsibility to self, family, and community. 2. Artha (Economic Values): Material prosperity and success, necessary for fulfilling Dharma and Kama. 3. Kama (Pleasure): Desire for enjoyment, including love, beauty, and affection, though it must be balanced to avoid excess. 4. Moksha (Liberation): Spiritual liberation from reincarnation, achieved through self-realization and union with Brahman.  Key Concepts in Hinduism:  Brahman: The ultimate, formless god, the creator of everything.  Atman: The individual soul, which unites with Brahman through Moksha.  Gunas: The three qualities (Sattva, Rajas, Tamas) that influence human behavior and need balancing to achieve peace.  Hindu Deities:  33 million gods exist, but three principal gods are worshipped: Brahma (Creator), Vishnu (Preserver), and Shiva (Destroyer).  Vishnu has avatars like Rama, Krishna, and Buddha. Shiva is seen as both the creator and destroyer.  Goddesses like Shakti, Parvati, and Kali represent female energy and fertility.  Sacred Texts:  Vedas: Four primary texts (Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda, Atharva-Veda) containing hymns, rituals, and prayers.  Upanishads: Philosophical texts offering spiritual knowledge, also known as Vedanta, part of the Vedic tradition.  Om: A sacred syllable symbolizing the universe and the three aspects of God.  The Four Yogas: 1. Bhakti Yoga: Devotion and love towards a personal deity. 2. Karma Yoga: Action and work without attachment to results. 3. Raja Yoga: Mental discipline, meditation, and self-control to unify with the divine. 4. Jnana Yoga: Knowledge and introspection leading to self-realization.  Contemporary Issues in Hinduism  Gender Inequality: Rooted in traditional family roles, with women often seen as dependent on male relatives.  Caste System: Rigid social stratification that limits social mobility, originally introduced by the Aryans.  Poverty: Despite India's economic growth, caste and societal structures continue to perpetuate poverty. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE  Influence on Social Movements  Mahatma Gandhi: Advocated for non-violent resistance (Ahimsa) to British colonial rule, inspired by Hindu principles.  Non-violent movements, such as the EDSA Revolution in the Philippines, drew inspiration from Gandhi's philosophy.  Key Hindu Symbols and Practices  Aum (Om): Sacred sound representing the universe and the essence of Brahman.  Namaste: A traditional greeting symbolizing the recognition of the divine in others Week 2. Theravada Buddhism  Central Figure in Buddhism: o Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, meaning "Enlightened One." o Also called Buddha Sakyamuni, as he hailed from the Shakyan people in northern India and Nepal. o Buddhism centers on his experience of enlightenment around 500 BCE. o Buddhism is nontheistic, with respect for gods (devas) but no worship of them.  Theravada Buddhism: o The oldest living Buddhist tradition, claiming to closely follow the Buddha's original teachings and monastic conduct. o Its sacred text, the Pali Canon (or Tipitaka), is in the Pali language and is the most complete early Buddhist writing. o Theravada Buddhism is widespread in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand.  Pali Canon (Tipitaka) Structure: o Sutta Pitaka: Buddha's discourses, including teachings and stories about his previous lives. o Vinaya Pitaka: Monastic discipline rules, illustrating Buddhist moral principles. o Abhidhamma Pitaka: Reflective analysis of Buddhist philosophy and psychology.  Beliefs and Doctrines of Theravada Buddhism: o Buddhism is a path of self-understanding and ethics, without reliance on gods or saviors. o Anatta (No-Soul): Humans do not have a permanent, unchanging soul (no atman). o Impermanence (Anicca): All things are transitory, including the five aggregates of human existence: form, feelings, perception, mental formations, and consciousness.  The Four Noble Truths: 1. Dukkha: Suffering exists in all stages of life (birth, aging, sickness, death). 2. Samodaya: The cause of suffering is craving (desire or attachment). 3. Nirodha: There is a cessation to suffering by eliminating craving. 4. Magga: The path to ending suffering is the Noble Eightfold Path.  The Noble Eightfold Path: o Wisdom: Right view, right intention. o Morality: Right speech, right action, right livelihood. o Meditation: Right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration.  Law of Dependent Origination (Paticca Samuppada): o Everything has a cause and effect; actions are not random. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE o Karma is the law of cause and effect; virtuous actions lead to good outcomes, bad actions lead to suffering. o Karma affects rebirth in the cycle of samsara (death and rebirth).  Nirvana: o The ultimate goal of Buddhism, where desire is extinguished, and the mind is at perfect peace. o Those who achieve nirvana are called Arhats (worthy of honor).  The Sangha: o The Buddhist monastic community, established by the Buddha, is responsible for preserving and transmitting Buddhist teachings. o Members must follow strict vows, and the "Three Jewels" of Buddhism are the Buddha, his teachings (Dharma), and the monastic community (Sangha).  Worship and Observances: o Worship includes offering gifts to the Buddha and Sangha, and pilgrimage to sacred sites associated with the Buddha's life. o Vesakha (Vesak): Celebrates the Buddha's birth, enlightenment, and death, observed during the full moon in May. o Other Buddhist festivals include Magha Puja, Sangha Day, Bodhi Day, and others.  Subdivisions of Theravada Buddhism: o More conservative than Mahayana Buddhism. o Early Sri Lankan monasteries include Mahavihara, Abhayagiri Vihara, and Jetavana.  Selected Issues in Theravada Buddhism: 1. War and Violence: Buddhism advocates non-violence but monks have sometimes been involved in political conflicts. 2. Women in Buddhism: Siddhartha allowed women to join the Sangha, with certain stipulations, recognizing their value and potential in teaching the Dharma. Prominent female figures include Dhammadina, Khema, and Uppalavanna. Week 3. Mahayana Buddhism  Mahayana Buddhism also known as Great VehicleScriptures- religious texts are related to a religious tradition.  Mahasamghika- (“of the Great Sangha”)- Mahasamghika and Sthavira nikaya (“Sect of the Elders”), another major Buddhist school, transpired during the said council.  SACRED SCRIPTURES OF MAHAYANA BUDDHISM  Tripitaka- (Sanskrit word for “Three Baskets”)- which is the collection of Buddha’s teachings.  The Canon of Mahayana Buddhism also consists of the Tripitaka such as:  Sutra Pitaka (Discourse)  Vinaya Pitaka (Discipline)  Abhidharma Pitaka (Ultimate Doctrine)  Mahayana Buddhist texts or sutras- Literally means “correct dharma white lotus sutra” or “Sutra of the Lotus of the wonderful Law” in Sanskrit.  Sutra- pertains to one of the discourses of the historical Buddha that comprise the basic text of Buddhist sacred writing. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE  Lotus Sutra- is presented as a discourse conveyed by Siddhartha Gautama before his eventual death.  Buddha nature- A key idea within the influential sutra is that all people equally and inherently possess  Buddha-hood- which is the condition of complete happiness and freedom from fear and illusions.  BELIEFS AND DOCTRINES OF MAHAYANA BUDDHISM  The Buddha- Siddhartha Gautama, born in the fifth or sixth century C.E. in present- day Nepal, is considered the historical Buddha in Mahayana Buddhism.  Trikaya- (“three bodies”) pertains to the teaching of Mahayana Buddhism about the nature of the Buddha and reality.  The nature of the three bodies of Buddha:  Dharmakaya- Body of absolute truth; absolute nature of all beings; Buddha is transcendent  Sambhogakaya - Body that experiences bliss of enlightenment; Buddha’s body of bliss or enjoyment body  Nirmanakaya - Body that manifests the world; embodiment of dharmakya in human form; Buddha’s earthly body, just like any other human being’s body  Dharmakaya- perfect enlightenment  Sambhogakaya- already enlightened but remains distinctive  Nirmanakaya- physical body that undergoes birth, inhabits the world, and dies in the end.  Amitabha- popular Buddha  Vairocana- great Buddha  Bodhisattvas- “enlightened existence” is the ultimate way for any Buddhist to live in this world.  embodiment of great compassion.  Arhat- (“perfect one”) but must be shared to all striving beings  Maitreya- (“Buddha of the Future”) is the only accepted bodhisattva in  Theravada Buddhism, the oriental Mahayana Buddhism has four other principal Bodhisattvas such as:  Avalokiteshvara- The most revered and most popular Buddhist deity among the Bodhisattvas. It is the personification of perfect compassion, probably representing in Buddhism the sun-god Vishnu of the older Hinduism.  Manjushri- Is the embodiment of wisdom, intelligence, and willpower.  Ksitigarbha- It is the one who helps and liberates all sentient beings residing in hell  Samanthabhadra- It is the representation of love, virtue and diligence.  Bhumis and Paramitas:  10 bhumis (“grounds” of “land”) before attaining the so called “Buddha-hood.” These are the extension of the “Eightfold Path” as discussed in the previous lesson on Theravada Buddhism  Bhumis - are frequently associated with the paramitas (“perfections”), translated to as “to cross over the other shore,” paramitas imply crossing from the “sea of suffering” to the “shore of happiness.”  A bodhisattva vow is stated as “May I attain Buddhahoo for the benefit of all the sentient beings.” The 10 bhumis as lifted from Avatamsaka Sutra or “Flower  Garland Sutra,” one of the most influential sutras of Mahayana Buddhism in East  Asia, are listed below: _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE  Pramudita-bhumi- (joyful land), The bodhisattva starts the journey, joyful with the inspiration of enlightment  Vimala-bhumi- (Land of purity), The bodhisattva is purified of immoral conduct and dispositions  Prabhakari-bhumi- (Luminous or radiant land), The bodhisattva is purified of the “Three Poisons,”namely, greed, hate, and ignorance  Archismati-bhumi- (The Brilliant or Blazing Land), The bodhisattva burns away all false conceptions  Sudurjaya-bhumi- (The land that is difficult to conquer), The bodhisattva goes deeper into meditation and understands the “Four Noble Truth” and the “Two Truths” which are the conventional and the ultimate truths  Abhimukhi-bhumi- (The land looking forward to wisdom), The bodhisattva sees that all phenomena are without sef- essence and understands the nature of dependent origination  Durangama-bhumi- (The far-reaching land), The bodhisattva acquires the power of skillful means (upaya) to help others realize enlightenment  Achala-bhumi- (the immovable land),The bodhisattva can no longer be disturbed because “Buddha- hood” is within sight  Sadhumati-bhumi- (the land of good thoughts), The bodhisattva understands all dharmas and can teach others  Dharmameghabhumi- (the land of Dharma Clouds), The bodhisattva is confirmed of the “Buddha-hood” and enters “Tushita Heaven” or the heaven of contented gods  Paramita  Dana Paramita- (Generosity), Perfection of giving or generosity  Sila Paramita- (Discipline), Perfection of morality  Ksanti Paramita- (Patience), Perfection of patience and forbearance  Virya Paramita- (Diligence), Perfection of energy  Dhyana Paramita- (Meditative Concentration), Perfection of meditation  Prajna Paramita- (Wisdom), Perfection of wisdom  WORSHIP AND OBSERVANCES OF MAHAYANA BUDDHISM  Buddhism integrates an assortment of religious practices and devotional rituals with the objective of aiding worshippers in their journey toward enlightenment and in bringing blessings to everyone.  Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, such as (1) Avalokiteshvara (2) Manjushri (3) Amitabha  SUBDIVISIONS AND SELECTED ISSUES OF MAHAYANA BUDDHISM  Subdivisions The more philosophical side of Indian Mahayana Buddhism was developed within the context of the two major schools, namely:  Madhyamika (“Intermediate”) Adherents stress the transformation of human perception to handle the truth of that which is ultimately real beyond any duality.  Yogachara (“Practice of Yoga”) Thinkers emphasize that the truth a human being perceives does not exist.  The Pure Land Sect  When believers die, it is their objective to live in the “Pure Land of the West” or Sukhavati  Amitabha, the god who supervises over a western paradise is the focus  of this sect  Sukhavati, people can experience the delight in hearing Amitabha teach the dharma in preparation for their entry to nirvana _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE  Pure Land Buddhism is the Shin Buddhism or Jodo Shin-shu (“True Pure Land School”) founded by another Japanese monk Shinran during the thirteenth century. A discipline of Honan, Shiran preached the primacy of faith and considered the act of chanting having no value at all  The Intuitive Sects, The intuitive sects emphasize that salvation is a personal matter and one cannot receive assistance from other entities, such as another person or institution, to realize the inner truths of religion.  The Rationalist Sect, this sect taught that one must utilize reason and study the scriptures and doctrines to discover Buddhist truths, Chih-I, the founder of this sect emphasized that acts of studying and contemplation were both vital for spiritual enlightenment.  The Socio-political Sect, Japanese Buddhist, Nichiren Daishonin, teach that the path towards attaining enlightenment rested solely on the devotion to the Lotus Sutra  Nichiren (“sun lotus”) Buddhism, which is purely a Japanese phenomenon, perceives itself as the only rightful version of Buddhism.  Nichiren Buddhism teaches that individuals must take responsibility to  enhance themselves, or what is called “human revolution,” and, in turn, to improve the world’s lot  Enlightenment is accessible to every individual on earth simply by  opening one’s inherent Buddha-nature in this world. A scripture scholar and an activist. Nichiren himself is considered a Buddha.  Present-day schools of Nichiren Buddhism include (1) Soka Gakkai, (2) Nichiren Shoshu, and (3) Nicherin Shu  Tibetan Buddhism  One of the major distinguishing features of Tibetan Buddhism is the use of magic as a coping mechanism in the Tibetan way of life.  The four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism are the following:  Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya and Gelug  The term lama means “the superior one” and lamas are quite frequently the reincarnation of previous lamas.  Dalai Lama, is the most prominent face of Tibetan Buddhism. The term Dalai means “ocean” in Mongol referring to the vastness and depth of the person.  UNESCO World Heritage Site, it has now been transformed into a museum but remains a sacred place for many Tibetans.  Selected Issues  Tibet Invasion  Both China and India have been claiming Tibet as part of their territories.  Engage Activism  Ritual suicides led by the Buddhist monks have transpired in the twentieth century as a form of protest to governmental actions  Soka Gakkai, a religious movement based on the teachings of Nicherin Buddhism. Week 4- Confucianism  Zhou dynasty, the proliferation of Chinese classical thought happened.  This phase of history of China was the result of several factors such as;  technological and economic advancement, stronger political units, political and social improvement and military development.  society is composed of four classes, these are:  1. the warrior-administrator; _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE  2. the peasants;  3. the artisans; and  4. the merchants.  These vassal states were Qin in the west, Jin in the north, Yan in the northeast, and Qi in the east.  Life of Confucius  Confucius is the Latin name of Kongzi or Kong Fuzi (honorific term) both means “Master Kong.” He was born on September 28, 551 B.C.E. in a small feudal state of Lu (now Shantung province) in Qufu.  His personal name was Qui and his family name was Kong.  He was from a noble family, but on the time of his birth, they had already lost much of their wealth.  His first teacher was his mother, and at the age of 15 he set his heart upon learning. Thus, love of learning became one if the highest virtue in Confucian ethics.  CONFUCIAN BELIEF  Confucius’ Golden Rule: “Do not do unto others what you would not  have them do unto you,” teaches the ethics of mutuality and reciprocity. Thus, it requires people to treat others equal to themselves and in equally the same manner as they would have wanted to be treated.  Belief in Tian  Rectification of Names  Human Nature as Originally Good or Evil _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE  Five Constants  Filial Piety  Sacred Scriptures  The Five Classics are a group of books which was regarded as early Confucianism’s basic texts; This includes the Book of Change, the Book of History, the Book of Poetry, the Classic of Rites, and the Spring and Autumn  Analects (or Lunyu) is also considered as an important source of Confucian teachings since it contains a record of his conversations with his disciples and his collection of sayings and ideas. It is believed to have been written during the Warring State Period (475 B.C.E.)  _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE  Worship and Observances  The Book of Rites recorded the rituals practiced by the Chinese for many centuries. Some of these rituals have been classified under Family Rituals, which are characterized as the person’s growth and maturity. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE  RELATED ISSUES  One characteristic of Confucian social order is the fixed and strict hierarchy, with the higher partners being composed of men – father, husband, and rulers exercising more right and privilege over women who are placed in a subordinate position.  Another issue related to hierarchy would be the authoritarianism, which was influenced by philosophy of Legalism and which became the guiding principle of the Chinese government during the Qin dynasty.  The issue of Confucianism’s incompatibility with environmentalism is another aspect being analyzed by scholars. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE Week 5 - Daoism  Laozi (Lao-tzu):  Believed to have authored the Dao De Jing around the 3rd century BCE.  Mythical birth: conceived by a shooting star, born after 82 years in his mother’s womb with flowing hair.  Considered the first significant Daoist, possibly a contemporary of Confucius (Kung Fuzi).  A government archivist who left due to corruption, wrote the Dao De Jing upon request before leaving.  Sima Qian's biography mentions his family name (Li), given name (Erh), and another name (Tan).  Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu):  Lived from 369-286 BCE, second significant Daoist.  Born in Meng, near Hunan and Shandong provinces.  Served as an officer and declined a chief minister offer from King Wei of Chu.  Wrote Zhuangzi, a key text of Daoist thought, containing parables and metaphors.  Symbols:  Yin and Yang: Represents the balance of the universe, with Yin (feminine energy) and Yang (masculine energy) creating harmony.  Daoist Cosmology: Yin and Yang interact to form the manifest world, symbolizing dualism and complementary forces.  Sacred Scriptures: 1. Dao De Jing: Core text of Daoism, paradoxical and enigmatic, focusing on Dao (the Way) and De (virtue/power through harmony). 2. Zhuangzi: Contains parables and poetic passages, emphasizing the natural way of life and the highest form of Daoist thought.  Key Concepts & Beliefs: 1. Dao: The "Way of Nature," the origin of everything, guiding the universe. 2. De: Virtue gained by adhering to the Dao, involving passive inaction and contentment. 3. Wu Wei: "Action through inaction" or "non-action," advocating minimal interference and harmony with natural flow. 4. Yin-Yang: The balance of opposites, interconnected and interdependent. 5. Qi/Chi: Life force or energy that sustains living beings, crucial in Daoist health practices.  Deity/God:  Daoism lacks a personal God but worships deities representing different roles within the Dao.  Laozi is revered as the first god of Daoism and represents the Dao itself.  Dao is mysterious, beyond perception, and can only be found in silence.  Worship and Observances:  Rituals: Initiations, exorcisms, purification, and festivals (e.g., New Year).  Offerings: Incense and paper charms burned in rituals.  Preparation: Fasting and spiritual reconciliation.  Daoist Goals and Practices: 1. Longevity and Immortality: Using potions, meditation, and breathing techniques. 2. Dispelling Illness: Jiao Festival for cosmic renewal, confessions, and avoiding grain to prevent illness. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE  Selected Issues: 1. Fatalism: Criticized for promoting inaction and accepting things as they are. 2. Superstition: Misconceptions of Daoism involving sorcery, though ancestor worship is common. 3. Urban Development: Daoism emphasizes harmony with nature and environmentalism, advocating a utopian, natural way of life. Week 6 - Shintoism Overview  Shintoism, meaning "The Way of the Kami (spirits)," is an ethnic religion of Japan.  It emphasizes worship of nature, ancestors, and spirits (kami) and promotes purity and harmony with nature.  Shintoism is a way of life rather than a set of doctrines and can coexist with Buddhism and Daoism. Key Concepts and Teachings  Kami: Spirits believed to inhabit natural elements, ancestors, and exceptional human beings.  Purity: Central to Shinto beliefs, focusing on physical, external, and material cleanliness.  Sin and Impurity: Viewed as physical rather than moral, and purification rituals (Misogi and Harai) are used to cleanse impurities.  Death: Considered the ultimate impurity but not feared, as life is believed to continue in the afterlife. Sacred Scriptures 1. Kojiki: o Chronicles the creation myths and imperial lineage. o Divided into three books about the age of kami, imperial family, and historical events. 2. Nihon Shoki (Nihongi): o Records the descent of Japanese rulers from the gods. o Contains political, mythological, and historical narratives. Worship and Observances  Shrines (Jinja): Places where kami are worshipped.  Torii Gates: Symbolize the transition from the human world to the sacred realm.  Kamidana (Home Altars): Small altars in homes for personal worship and offerings.  Ritual Purification: 1. Misogi: Purification by water. 2. Harai: Exorcism using a purification wand.  Seasonal Festivals (Matsuri): Celebrate the kami and significant events. o Great Purification Festival: Held in June and December to cleanse participants. o New Year Festival: The most extravagant festival, beginning on January 1st. Beliefs and Practices  Animism: Belief in spirits residing in nature.  Yao Yoruzu no Kami: "Eight hundred myriads of kami," referring to countless spirits.  Concept of Virtue (De): Emphasizes beauty, truth, sincerity, and living harmoniously with nature. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-A (CALABARZON) CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DASMARIÑAS DASMARIÑAS INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONGRESSIONAL SOUTH AVENUE, BUROL I, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE Subdivisions 1. Shrine Shinto (Jinja): Traditional and state-sanctioned form. 2. Sect Shinto (Kyoha): Composed of independent sects focusing on human welfare. 3. Folk Shinto (Minzoku): Local and community-based practices integrated into daily life. Modern Issues  Environmental Preservation: Shintoism's focus on purity and reverence for nature contributes to reducing pollution and protecting wildlife.  Cultural Relevance: Despite modernization, Shinto practices remain integral to Japanese identity and cultural heritage. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (Formerly Dasmariñas National High School) Congressional South Avenue, Burol I, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite Telephone No.: (046) 887-0125 DepEd Tayo Dasmariñas Integrated High School - Dasmariñas City [email protected]