Reviewer Biochemistry Lecture Notes (No Carbohydrates) PDF

BASIC CELL STRUCTURE Common prokaryote structures: Cytoplasm Chromosomal material Cell...

BASIC CELL STRUCTURE Common prokaryote structures: Cytoplasm Chromosomal material Cell membrane and wall Ribosomes Some have flagellum for mobility Eukaryotes – have a nucleus Organism made up of cells that have a nucleus CELLS Kingdom Protista - Basic building blocks of life May have billions of cells like plant and - Understanding of cell morphology is critical to animal kingdoms the study of biotechnology 85 different cell types - One common classification method is the presence or absence of a cell nucleus Common structures: NUCLEUS Organelles – smaller parts of the cell with specific function. - Relatively large structure with a cell - Directs cell activities Cell membrane – acts as a gatekeeper - Some simple single celled organisms lack a nucleus CELL WALL Prokaryotes – have no nucleus - Provides additional structure and protects the cell from pressure caused by Single celled organism, Less complex movement of water - Animal cells do not have walls Kingdom Monera CYTOPLASM Lacks a cell nucleus - Organelles are surrounded by a jelly like Internal structure is less organized than substance other cells - Primary component is water Most common: blue green bacteria and DIPLOID true bacteria Humans – 23 pair BLUE GREEN BACTERIA Goldfish – 90 chromosome, 45 pair - Have ability to produce their own food like plants - Most bacteria get their food from other sources RIBOSOME ALKENES - Make proteins for cellular use and communication ENDOPLASMIC RETICULYM - Make and transport proteins - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: synthesis of lipids - Rough endoplasmic reticulum: synthesis of various proteins VACUOLE - Store waste or raw materials used in synthesis of proteins GOLGI APPARATUS - Adds modifications to unfinished proteins - Makes lysosomes LYSOSOMES - Store enzymes that break down food into chemical compounds - Destroy cell organelles and the cell itself MITOCHONDRIA - Breaks down glucose to ATP for energy - Powerhouse of the cell CHLORPLAST - Contain chlorophyll FUNCTIONAL GROUP WATER, ACIDS, AND BASES a structural unit in a molecule responsible for its Water is the biological medium on Earth characteristic behavior under a particular set of All living organisms require water more reaction conditions than any other substance CARBONYL GROUP: Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about 70–95% water The abundance of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable The water molecule is a polar molecule: the opposite ends have opposite charges Polarity - allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other Four of water’s properties that facilitate an environment for life are: 1. Cohesive behavior 2. Ability to moderate temperature 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. Versatility as a solvent COHESION - hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together. Helps transport water against gravity in plants ADHESION – an attraction between substances SURFACE TENSION – how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid ISOMERS – organic molecule that has the same Moderation of Temperature by Water number of atoms but different in connectivity. - Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air No. Single Double Triple - Water can absorb or release a large carbon bond bond bond amount of heat with only a slight change 1 Meth in its own temperature 2 Eth - Kinetic energy is the energy of motion 3 Prop - Heat is a measure of the total amount of 4 But kinetic energy due to molecular motion 5 Pent -ane -ene -yne - Temperature measures the intensity of 6 Hex heat due to the average kinetic energy of 7 Hept molecules 8 Oct 9 Non 10 Dec  - The Celsius scale is a measure of A solvent is the dissolving agent of a temperature using Celsius degrees (°C) solution - A calorie (cal) is the amount of heat The solute is the substance that is required to raise the temperature of 1 g dissolved of water by 1°C - The “calories” on food packages are An aqueous solution is one in which actually kilocalories (kcal), where 1 water is the solvent kcal = 1,000 cal - The joule (J) is another unit of energy Water is a versatile solvent due to its where polarity, which allows it to form 1 J = 0.239 cal, or 1 cal = 4.184 J hydrogen bonds easily - The specific heat of a substance is the When an ionic compound is dissolved in amount of heat that must be absorbed or water, each ion is surrounded by a lost for 1 g of that substance to change sphere of water molecules called a its temperature by 1ºC hydration shell - The specific heat of water is 1 cal/g/ºC - Water resists changing its temperature A hydrophilic substance is one that has because of its high specific heat an affinity for water – Heat is absorbed when A hydrophobic substance is one that hydrogen bonds break does not have an affinity for water – Heat is released when hydrogen A colloid is a stable suspension of fine bonds form particles in a liquid – Evaporation is transformation of a Molecular mass is the sum of all substance from liquid to gas masses of all atoms in a molecule – Heat of vaporization is the heat a liquid Numbers of molecules are usually must absorb for 1 g to be converted to measured in moles, where 1 mole (mol) gas = 6.02 x 1023 molecules – As a liquid evaporates, its remaining Avogadro’s number and the unit dalton surface cools, a process called were defined such that 6.02 x 1023 evaporative cooling daltons = 1 g – Evaporative cooling of water helps Molarity (M) is the number of moles of stabilize temperatures in organisms and solute per liter of solution bodies of water The hydrogen atom leaves its electron Ice on Liquid water behind and is transferred as a proton, or hydrogen ion (H+) Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more The molecule with the extra proton is “ordered,” making ice less dense now a hydronium ion (H3O+), though it is often represented as H+ Water reaches its greatest density at 4°C The molecule that lost the proton is now Solvent of life a hydroxide ion (OH–) A solution is a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances ACID – increases the H+ BASE -reduces the H+ The pH Scale ▪ Devised by Sorenson (1902) ▪ [H+] can range from 1M and 1 X 10- 14 M ▪ using a log scale simplifies notation ▪ pH = -log [H+] ▪ Neutral pH = 7.0 The pH of a solution is defined by the negative logarithm of H+ concentration BUFFERS - substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH– in a solution - Most buffers consist of an acid-base pair that reversibly combines with H+