Bs Nursing Level 1: Biochemistry Lecture (Mc 2 Lec) - The Human Organism PDF

BS NURSING LEVEL 1: BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE (MC 2 LEC) TOPIC 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM MS. GASPAN OUTLINE There are 2 major goals in the study of physiology, 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology...

BS NURSING LEVEL 1: BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE (MC 2 LEC) TOPIC 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM MS. GASPAN OUTLINE There are 2 major goals in the study of physiology, 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology namely: 1.2 Structural and Functional Organization of the Examining body responses to stimuli Human Body Examining body maintenance of stable internal 1.3 Characteristics of Life condition 1.4 Homeostasis 1.5 Terminology and the Body Plan Human Physiology – Study of humans. Cellular Physiology – Study of processes inside cells. 1.1 Anatomy & Physiology Systemic Physiology – Study of organ system functions. ANATOMY 1.2 Structural and Functional Organization of the Scientific discipline that investigates body’s Human Body structures and examines the relationship between the body part and its function. From the Greek word, Ana ‘apart’ & tomē ‘to cut’ Gross Anatomy - Study of structures without microscopic aid & can be approached either systematically or regionally Microscopic Anatomy - Study of the microscopic structure of organs, tissues, and cells. Approaches to Study of Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Study of body by systems; Cardiovascular, Muscular, etc… Regional Anatomy 1. Chemical Level – focuses on the interactions and combinations of atoms to form molecules, which Study of body organization by areas; Head, determine the structure and function of organisms. abdomen, arm etc... 2. Cell Level - basic units of life, formed from molecules. General ways of internal examination: Organelles within cells, perform specific functions Surface Anatomy essential for cell survival and activity. Study of external features to be used as 3. Tissue Level - formed by groups of similar cells and landmarks for locating deeper structures; Sternum their surrounding materials, categorized into four as landmark for listening to heartbeat. types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Anatomical Imaging 4. Organ Level - composed of two or more tissue types Involves use of technology to create pictures of that work together to perform specific functions. The internal structures; X-rays, MRI, Ultrasound, etc… most recognized major organs are the Heart, Brain, Lungs, Liver, Kidneys, Stomach, Intestines, Pancreas, PHYSIOLOGY Spleen, Bladder, Skin, and Reproductive organs. Scientific discipline that deals with the process or function of living things. 5. Organ System Level - consist of groups of organs that collaborate to perform related functions. There are 11 major organ systems in the body; Integumentary,  BS NURSING LEVEL 1: BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE (MC 2 LEC) TOPIC 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM MS. GASPAN Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, refers to the specific interrelationships among the Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, individual parts of an organism, and how those Urinary, Reproductive. parts interact to perform specific functions. Living 6. Organism Level - An organism represents any living things are highly organized. All organisms are entity, from single-celled bacteria to complex humans. composed of one or more cells. Organ Systems of the Body 2. Metabolism is the ability to use energy to perform other vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. Human cells possess specialized proteins that can break down food molecules to use as a source of energy. 3. Responsiveness is an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or internal environment and adjust to those changes. Responses include actions such as moving toward food or water and moving away from danger or poor environmental conditions such as extreme cold or heat. 4. Growth refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells. 5. Development includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death. Development usually involves growth, but it also involves differentiation. Differentiation involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state. 6. Reproduction is the formation of new cells or new organisms. Reproduction of cells allows for growth and development. Formation of new organisms prevents extinction of species. 1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1.4 HOMEOSTASIS Six Essential Characteristics Of Life: Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant 1. Organization environment within the body. To achieve  BS NURSING LEVEL 1: BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE (MC 2 LEC) TOPIC 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM MS. GASPAN homeostasis, the body must actively regulate body examples: conditions that are constantly changing. body temperature These changes in body conditions are called heart rate variables because their values are not constant. blood pressure respiratory rate Examples of variables: body temperature common cause of change: blood glucose levels fever heart rate exercise blood cell counts blood pressure Negative Feedback respiratory rate most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback mechanisms which maintain homeostatic mechanisms homeostasis. maintain normal body temperature include in everyday terms, the word negative is used to sweating or shivering to maintain body mean “bad” or “undesirable.” In this context, temperature near an ideal normal value, or set negative means “to decrease.” point. is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted. does not prevent variation but maintains variation within a normal range. example : maintenance of normal body temperature which is critical to our health because it allows molecules and enzymes to keep their normal shape so they can function optimally. detection: of deviation away from set point and… correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and set point: normal, or average value of a variable normal range normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point Most negative-feedback mechanisms have three components: example: over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point of about 98.6°F (1) Receptor monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature, by detecting stimuli. detects changes in variable (2) Control center such as part of the brain, which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable. receives receptor signal establishes set point set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted sends signal to effector depending on body activities, as needed:  BS NURSING LEVEL 1: BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE (MC 2 LEC) TOPIC 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM MS. GASPAN (3) Effector such as the sweat glands, which can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control center, usually back toward the set point. directly causes change in variable A changed variable is a stimulus because it initiates a homeostatic mechanism. Two basic principles about homeostatic mechanisms to remember are that: (1) many disease states result from the failure of negative- feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. (2) some positive-feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead of helpful. Positive feedback – abnormal example: blood pressure loss Positive Feedback Positive-feedback mechanisms occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater. In other words, positive means “increase.” Not directly used for homeostasis generally associated with injury, disease negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain homeostasis some positive feedback under normal conditions example: childbirth 1.5 TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN Body Positions  BS NURSING LEVEL 1: BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE (MC 2 LEC) TOPIC 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM MS. GASPAN Anatomical position person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward. Supine when a person is lying face upward Prone When a person is lying face downward Body Parts and Regions Central Region head, neck, and trunk 3 regions of the trunk 1. Thorax 2. Abdomen 3. Pelvis Upper Limbs arm, forearm, wrist, and hand Lower Limbs thigh, leg, ankle, and foot Directional Terms describe parts of the body relative to each other. a) Superior: means above b) Inferior: means below c) Anterior: front (also: Ventral) d) Posterior: back (also: Dorsal) e) In four legged animals: ventral (belly); dorsal (back) same as anterior and posterior in humans. f) Proximal: means “close to” point of attachment (limbs) g) Distal: means “far from” point of attachment (limbs) h) Medial: close to midline i) Lateral: away from the midline j) Superficial: structure close to the surface of the body k) Deep: structure toward the interior of the body  BS NURSING LEVEL 1: BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE (MC 2 LEC) TOPIC 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM MS. GASPAN The abdomen is often subdivided superficially into four divides body into equal left and right halves quadrants: 3. Transverse Right upper quadrant (RUQ) horizontal plane Left upper quadrant (LUQ) divide the body into superior and inferior Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) 4. Frontal The abdomen is sometimes divided into Regions by four vertical plane imaginary lines forming a tic-tac-toe grid resulting to Nine divide the body into anterior and posterior Regions: Epigastric Region Right Hypochondriac Region Left Hypochondriac Region Umbilical Region Right Lumbar Region Left Lumbar Region Hypogastric Region Right iliac Region Left iliac Region Longitudinal Section cut along the length of the organ Transverse Section Body Planes – divides the body making it possible to cuts completely through the organ “look inside” Oblique Section 1. Sagittal cut diagonally across the long axis separates the structure into right and left halves vertical plane, between anterior and posterior surfaces “the flight of an arrow” 2. Median Plane sagittal plane along the midline  BS NURSING LEVEL 1: BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE (MC 2 LEC) TOPIC 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM MS. GASPAN Body Cavities b. Visceral Serous Membrane contain our internal organs, providing protection layer covering the internal organs for them 1. Dorsal Body Cavity – enclose the organs of the nervous system a. cranial cavity – houses the brain b. vertebral canal – houses the spinal cord 2. Ventral Cavity – houses the vast majority of our internal organ (viscera) Thoracic Cavity Membranes a. Thoracic Cavity more superior to the abdominopelvic cavity 1. Pericardial Cavity houses the heart and lungs etc. containing the heart, is housed in the i. two pleural cavities, each encloses the mediastinum. lungs, surrounded by ribs. a. parietal pericardium – parietal serous membrane ii. a medial mediastinum, which houses (covers the heart) the heart and its major blood vessels. b. visceral pericardium – visceral serous b. Abdominopelvic Cavity membrane (thick and fibrous) enclosed by abdominal muscles c. pericardial cavity – space pace between the two organs are housed within the peritoneal pericardial membranes, filled with pericardial cavity fluid (reduces friction) contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys 2. Pleural Cavities Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity houses a lung in contact with the surface of internal organs a. parietal pleura – parietal serous membrane (lines as well as the walls of bodily cavities inner wall of thorax) double layered b. visceral pleura – visceral serous membrane a. Parietal Serous Membrane (covers lungs) layer that lines the walls of the cavities  BS NURSING LEVEL 1: BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE (MC 2 LEC) TOPIC 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM MS. GASPAN c. pleural cavity – space between the two pleural 1.2 Structural and Functional Organization of the membranes, filled with pleural fluid (reduces Human Body friction, adheres lungs to thoric walls) A. Organization of the Human Body 3. Peritoneal Cavity 1. Chemical houses liver, digestive organs, 2. Cell reproductive organs 3. Tissue a. parietal peritoneum – parietal serous membrane 4. Organ b. visceral peritoneum – visceral serous 5. Organ System membrane, double layer called mesenteries 6. Organism. c. peritoneal cavity – space between the two B. Organ Systems serous membranes, filled with peritoneal fluid 1. Integumentary (reduce friction) 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular Retroperitoneal – located behind the parietal 4. Nervous peritoneum; includes the kidneys, the adrenal glands, 5. Endocrine the pancreas, portions of the intestines, and the 6. Cardiovascular urinary bladder. 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory Conditions caused by inflammation of the serous 9. Digestive membranes: 10. Urinary 1. Pericarditis – inflammation of the 11. Reproductive Systems. pericardium. 2. Pleurisy – inflammation of the pleura. 1.3 Characteristics of Life 3. Peritonitis – inflammation of the peritoneum. 1. Organization 2. Metabolism SUMMARY 3. Responsiveness Knowledge of anatomy and physiology can be used 4. Growth to predict the body’s responses to stimuli when 5. Development healthy or diseased. 6. Reproduction 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology 1.4 Homeostasis 1. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body. 1. Homeostasis – condition in which body 2. Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by functions, body fluids, and other factors of the organ systems. internal environment are maintained within a 1. Regional anatomy is the study of the body by range of values suitable to support life. areas. 2. Negative Feedback – mechanisms maintain 2. Surface anatomy uses superficial structures homeostasis. to locate deeper structures, and anatomical 3. Positive Feedback – mechanisms make imaging is a noninvasive method for examining deviations from normal even greater. Although deep structures. a few positive-feedback mechanisms 3. Physiology is the study of the processes and normally exist in the body, most positive- functions of the body. feedback mechanisms are harmful.  BS NURSING LEVEL 1: BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE (MC 2 LEC) TOPIC 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM MS. GASPAN 1.5 Terminology and the Body Plan 3. Frontal Plane – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts A. Body Positions 4. Longitudinal Section – divides an organ along 1. Anatomical Position – a human standing its long axis erect with the face directed forward, the arms 5. Transverse Section – cuts an organ at a right hanging to the sides, and the palms facing angle to the long axis forward 6. Oblique Section – cuts across the long axis at 2. Supine – a face-upward position an angle other than a right angle 3. Prone – a face-downward one E. Body Cavities B. Directional Terms – always refer to the 1. There are two internal body cavities: the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity. actual position. 2. The dorsal body cavity houses the brain and the spinal cord. C. Body Parts and Regions 3. The mediastinum subdivides the thoracic 1. The body can be divided into: cavity. a. Head 4. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and b. Neck abdominal cavities. c. Trunk 5. Pelvic bones surround the pelvic cavity. d. Upper Limbs 6. Serous membranes e. Lower Limbs. line the trunk cavities 2. The abdomen can be divided superficially into: secrete fluid, which fills the space a. Four quadrants between the visceral and parietal i. Right-upper quadrant membranes ii. Right-lower quadrant protect organs from friction iii. Left-upper quadrant 7. Parietal portion of a serous membrane lines iv. Left-lower quadrant the wall of the cavity 8. Visceral portion of a serous membrane is in b. Nine Regions contact with the internal organs. i. Right hypochondriac region 9. Pericardial cavity surrounds the heart ii. Epigastric Region 10. Pleural cavities surround the lungs iii. Left hypochondriac region 11. Peritoneal cavity surrounds certain iv. Right lumbar region abdominal and pelvic organs v. Umbilical region 12. Mesenteries are parts of the peritoneum that vi. Left lumbar region hold the abdominal organs in place and vii. Right iliac region provide a passageway for blood vessels and viii. Hypogastric region nerves to the organs. ix. Left iliac region 13. Retroperitoneal organs are located “behind” D. Planes the parietal peritoneum. 1. Sagittal Plane – divides the body into left and right parts 2. Transverse Plane – divides the body into superior and inferior parts