Pharmaceutical Biochemistry - Preliminary Topics - PDF

BIOCHEMISTRY From the Greek bios = “life” AKA Biological Chemistry; Physiological Chemistry The science concerned with the chemical basis of life. — Chemical constituents of living cells — Chemical reactions — Chemical processes  BIOCHEMISTRY Systematic study of...

BIOCHEMISTRY From the Greek bios = “life” AKA Biological Chemistry; Physiological Chemistry The science concerned with the chemical basis of life. — Chemical constituents of living cells — Chemical reactions — Chemical processes  BIOCHEMISTRY Systematic study of chemical substances found in living organisms, their organization & chemical interactions with each other, and the principles of their participation in the processes of life.  DISCIPLINES RELATED TO BIOCHEMISTRY Genetics – a branch of biology which deals with heredity and variation of organisms. Physiology – a branch of biology which deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved.  DISCIPLINES RELATED TO BIOCHEMISTRY Pathology – the study of the structural and functional deviations from the normal that constitute disease or characterize a particular disease.  DISCIPLINES RELATED TO BIOCHEMISTRY Pharmacology – the science of drugs, including their composition, uses and effects. Pharmacy – the art and science of preparation, preservation, compounding, and dispensing of medical drugs.  DISCIPLINES RELATED TO BIOCHEMISTRY Toxicology – the study of poisonous chemicals or drug, and how a person or other living thing reacts to them.  THE BOTTOMLINE The knowledge of biochemistry can be applied to solve problems in medicine, agriculture, environmental sciences, etc.  CHEMISTRY VS BIOCHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY BIOCHEMISTRY STUDY STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES, STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION & COMPOSITION & CHEMICAL CHANGES MATTER REACTIONS OF UNDERGOES MOLECULES INSIDE A LIVING ORGANISM BASIC UNIT ATOM – BASIC UNIT OF CELL – BASIC (STRUCTURAL MATTER & FUNCTIONAL) UNIT OF LIFE BIOCHEMICAL ELEMENTS BIOCHEMICAL ELEMENTS  BIO-ORGANIC MOLECULES Amino acids – simplest compounds, with amine and carboxylic acids functional group Carbohydrates – “hydrates of Carbon,” (CH2O)n Nucleotides – basic unit of the heredity materials DNA & RNA, has 5-C sugar, N-ring and PO4 group Lipids – most diverse biomolecule, long chains of HC  FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF BIOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Can you remember the general formulas & functional group names? Alkenes Aldehydes Phosphoric acid esters Alcohols Ketones Phosphoric acid Ethers Carboxylic acids anhydrides Amines Esters Thiols Amides  CHEMICAL REACTIONS ENCOUNTERED IN BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 1. OXIDATION 2. REDUCTION 3. HYDROLYSIS 4. ADDITION 5. ELIMINATION 6. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION 7. ISOMERIZATION 8. OTHERS: Condensation, transamination; transmethylation  CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS SPEED Presence of enzymes cause high degradation of materials such as glucose and alcohol. MILDNESS Energy is taken up and released in a gentle way, not violently as those occurring in vitro This is due to high specific heat of water which makes up a large proportion of the protoplasm  CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ORDERLINESS A high degree of orderliness is due to the existence of cell specialization within the different organs of the body  3 BASIC NEEDS OF CELLS 1. MATERIALS 3 MAIN CLASSES OF BIOORGANIC SUBS/ MACROMOLECULES: A. CARBOHYDRATE plant cell wall composition (primarily cellulose) bacterial cell wall composition (peptidoglycan) energy source B. LIPIDS cell membrane composition energy source C. PROTEINS cell structures and functions catalytic role (for regulating chemical events in cells) => enzymes  3 BASIC NEEDS OF CELLS 2. INFORMATION SYSTEM A. ENZYMES speeds up the chemical reactions although major players in cells’ information system, they do not originate the cellular script. enzyme markers (compounds that can direct synthesis of enzymes): Nucleic Acids B. HORMONES (ENDOCRINE SECRETIONS) C. NEUROTRANSMITTERS (SYNAPTIC VESICLE SECRETIONS) depend on the presence of right enzymes for their existence and functions.  3 BASIC NEEDS OF CELLS 3. ENERGY ATP - Energy currency of the cell  LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN THE HUMAN BODY  THE CELL Basic unit of life/ living organism Where chemical reactions characteristic to life occurs Highly organized, and constant energy source is required to maintain the ordered state.  BASIC PROPERTIES OF A CELL Its structure is highly complex and organized structurally. It possesses genetic information. It has the potential to reproduce. It acquires and utilizes energy.  BASIC PROPERTIES OF A CELL It engages in metabolism. It engages in mechanical activities. It senses and responds to changes in the environment. It is capable of self-regulation.  PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC CELLS ORGANELLE PRO EU NUCLEUS No definite nucleus; DNA present but Present not separate from the rest of the cell CELL MEMBRANE Present with cell wall Present (PLASMA MEMBRANE) MITOCHONDRIA None; enzyme for oxidation reactions Present located on plasma membrane ENDOPLASMIC None Present RETICULUM RIBOSOMES Present Present Chloroplast None; photosynthesis (if present) is Present in green localized in chromatophores plants PARTS OF A CELL Cell membrane Organelles Mitochondria Ribosomes Lysosomes ER Smooth Rough Golgi apparatus Nucleus Chromosomes Nucleolus Nuclear membrane  CELL MEMBRANE A thin film of lipid and protein molecules held together by non- covalent interactions CELL MEMBRANE Functions: Define and compartmentalize the cell Serve as scaffold for biochemical activities Provide semi-permeable barrier. Provide means of transporting solutes. Play a role in cell-to-cell communication and detection of external signals.  CELL MEMBRANE Composition Phospholipids Glycoproteins Glycolipids Arachidonic acid  MITOCHONDRIA Aka powerhouse of the cell Generation of useful energy derived from the breakdown of lipids and carbohydrates (produces ATP = energy)  MITOCHONDRIA Contains their own DNA encoding for tRNA, rRNA and some mitochondrial proteins Membrane-bound Outer membrane Porins (VDACs) Inner membrane Cristae Contains ribosomes, enzymes and mtDNA  RIBOSOMES Responsible for protein synthesis Link amino acids together in the order specified by mRNA  RIBOSOMES Two major components Small ribosomal unit – reads the RNA Large ribosomal unit – joins amino acids to form the polypeptide chain Prokaryotes: 30s, 50s = 70s Eukaryotes: 40s, 60s = 80s  ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Manufactures and packages proteins and lipids, and stores them in vesicles. A network single-membrane enclosed tubules and sacs found throughout the cell and connected to the nucleus. Cisternae Largest organelle in the cell. Structures Smooth ER & Rough ER  ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Smooth ER (SER) It is tubular in shape. It is involved in lipid metabolism It is involved in several cellular processes: drug detoxification, CHO metabolism, and synthesis of neutral fats, phospholipids and steroids. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Rough ER (RER) Consist of flattened sheets that is continuous to the outer nuclear membrane Characterized by the presence of ribosomes on the cytosolic side of the membrane. Proteins synthesized on the ribosomes of the RER are internalized in the ER cisternae for structural maturation and delivery to the Golgi Apparatus GOLGI APPARATUS Packaging and storage of substances in the cell Gathers simple molecules and combines them to make more complex molecules which are packaged in vesicles. “Double –faced” Cis face Trans face  LYSOSOMES Spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down many biomolecules that are obsolete or unused in the cytoplasm Suicide bag of the cell Contains 50 different hydrolytic enzymes and free radicals that when released will cause APOPTOSIS  NUCLEUS Control center of the cell Maintain the integrity of the gene and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression  NUCLEUS Composed of Chromosomes – tightly coiled DNA strands Nucleolus – site of ribosome assembly Nuclear membrane  CHLOROPLAST Can harness solar energy to convert CO2 & H2O into carbohydrates; photosynthetic generation of ATP They synthesize their own amino acids, fatty acids and lipid components of their own membranes  VACUOLE Functions as storage depot for nutrients, wastes and specialized materials such as pigments. Contains enzymes for intracellular digestion. It can occupy 90% of the plant cell volume. PEROXISOME Small, membrane-enclosed organelle that contain enzymes in variety of metabolic reactions Production and decomposition of H2O2 Oxidative reactions of uric acid, amino acids and fatty acids Synthesis of cholesterol, dolichol and bile acids in specialized cells In plants, glyoxylate cycle and photorespiration occurs in this organelle.  WATER IN THE CELL Universal solvent (polar). about 60-90% of an organism. Transfer water soluble/ miscible subs in the body not only in blood But also intra- & intercellularly Site of ionization (prerequisite to many biochemical rxns)  WATER IN THE CELL FOR PHYSIOLOGIC REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE — HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT (amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1ºC); enables the body to store heat effectively without raising its temperature — HIGH HEAT CONDUCTIVITY permits heat to be transferred readily from the interior of the body to the surface — HIGH LATENT HEAT OF EVAPORATION causes a great deal of heat to be used in its evaporation and thus cools the surface of the body