Globalization Review PDF

SOCIAL SCIENCES - HISTORY - POLOTICAL SCIENCE - ECONOMICS - SOCIOLOGY - PSYCHOLOGY **GLOBALIZATION IS A PHENOMENON** **NO ONE IS IN CHARGE OF IT** **EVERYONE HAS THEIR OWN EXPERIENCE THAT MIGHT NOT BE THE SAME WITH OTHERS** **[GLOBALIZATION]** - Globalization is a challenge to...

SOCIAL SCIENCES - HISTORY - POLOTICAL SCIENCE - ECONOMICS - SOCIOLOGY - PSYCHOLOGY **GLOBALIZATION IS A PHENOMENON** **NO ONE IS IN CHARGE OF IT** **EVERYONE HAS THEIR OWN EXPERIENCE THAT MIGHT NOT BE THE SAME WITH OTHERS** **[GLOBALIZATION]** - Globalization is a challenge to the nation state - Strength of regional blocs - Emergence of global political norms - Multilateral and bilateral relations among nation-states - Emergence of corporations - International laws - World governance ***Economics expert*** - Fast speed trade - Global economics organizations - Multinational and transnational corporations - Trade blocs - Free trade - Privatization - Less tariffs - Establishment *"global village"* - *"Shrinking world"* - Cultural imperialism - Borderless world - Adoption of other cultures **There are different conceptions of globalization** **It may be process, ideology, and condition/state\...** ***Process*** - It is a social process that [**create, multiply, intensify worldwide interdependence**. (]Waters, 2001) - It denotes processes **[nestling under one rather unwieldy epithet]**. (Freeden, 2003) ***Condition*** - form, shape, our state of being now - Social condition characterized by thick **economic, political and cultural interconnections** and global flows that make ***[existing]* political borders and economic barriers IRRELEVANT.** ***Ideology*** - A system of **widely shared ideas**, patterned beliefs, guiding **norms and values and ideals accepted as truth by some groups.** - It is about liberalization (the belief in the values of social and political change in order to achieve progress) and global integration of markets. - It's inevitable. - Nobody is in charge of it. - It benefits everyone (in the long run). - It furthers the spread of democracy. ***Globalization working definition that is academic and interdisciplinary.*** *["The **expansion** & **intensification** of social relations and consciousness **across world time and world space"**]* - Steger 2014 **[Attributes of globalization]** - They are **diverse** (economic, political, cultural, etc.) - They are **enabled by various factors**, pressures, media, etc. - They are **uneven** (different degrees of interconnections) - Regional and international NGOs - Sister-cities mechanism - Government associations - MNCs and TNCs - Door-to-door mail delivery to FB messages -- IG, SnapChat, Twitter - Live TV telecast - Travel capacities brought about by low airfares - Think about the world - Associate ourselves with global trends - Sense of responsibility Structures of globalization - Economy - Politics - Culture ***Globalization*** - Worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of the contemporary social life. - It is a multidimensional phenomenon. - **Economic dimension** is one of the **major driving force**. **GLOBAL ECONOMY:** ***4 ECONOMIC RESOURCES** LaCaLabEntrepMan* 1. LAND 2. CAPITAL 3. LABOR 4. ENTREPRENEURIAL MANAGEMENT **ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION** - It is a **historical process**. - It is the increasing integration of economies around the world **through movements of goods, services, and capitals across borders.** (transportations and communication revolution) - " The process of making the world economy an "**organic system**" by extending transnational economic processes and relations to more and more countries and by deepening the **economic interdependency** among them. (Szentes 2003) **ATTRIBUTES** - The globalization of **trade of goods** and **services.** - The globalization of **financial** and **capital markets.** - The globalization of **technology** and **communication.** - The globalization of **production.** **THE ACTORS** - ***Nation-states*** - For hyper globalists, nation-states ceased a primary economic organization. - People consume highly standardized global products and services produced by global corporations in a borderless world. - There is no national product and national companies. - ***Global Corporations*** - Multinational Corporations - They have investment in other countries, but [do not have coordinated product offerings] in each country. They are more focused on adapting their products and services to each individual local market. - Transnational Corporations - They are more complex organizations which have [invested in foreign operations], have a central corporate facility but give decision making, research and development, and marketing powers to each individual foreign market. - ***International Monetary Systems (IMS)*** - Rules, customs, instruments, facilities, and organizations for effecting international payments - Facilitates cross-border transactions involving trade and investments - The Gold Standard - In the 19^th^ century, UK, France, USA, Italy, Germany and other European nations adopted the **Gold Standard** as *a [fixed exchange rate ]*[regime until the 1930s]. - Bretton wood standard - It adopted the gold-dollar exchange standard. Various **[currencies were fixed to the US dollar until 1971].** \- International Banks for Reconstruction and Development \- International Monetary Fund - European Monetary Integration - European Central Bank, 1999 EURO as a reserved currency - ***International Financial institutions*** - World Bank - International Monetary Bank - Asian development Bank - African development bank **THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM** ***STATE-*** a compulsory political organization with continuous operations if and in so far as its administrative staff successfully upholds a claim on the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in the enforcement of its orders. **4 ELEMENTS OF STATE** 1. Population 2. Territory 3. Government 4. Sovereignty - Internal -- the state does its own laws - External -- Other country should not interfere with other country ***NATION --*** The ORGANIC TIES that hold groups of people together and inspire a sense of loyalty and belonging. (Ethnicity, Language, religion). -SCHATTLE(2014) ***NATION-STATE*** - A political community that emanates from civic society to execute peace legitimately. - Coercive authority over specific territories (Max Weber) - Independent political communities with government (Hedley Bull) - An imagined political community (Benedict Anderson) ***PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1618-1648) --*** Established the notion of state as SOVEREIGN. - Legal equality - Non-intervention - A repudiation of supranationalism as law-making bodies ***CONCERT OF EUROPE (1815-1914)*** - Sought to restore Europe to the world before the French revolution and napoleon. - Austria, Russia, UK (Reactionary countries vs. Napoleon) Basic tenets: 1. Return to monarchy 2. Return of Christian values in Europe 3. Refusal to accept the Napoleonic Code 4. Renewed peace in Europe through great power ​ The states are accountable to a host of international norms and standards, find themselves in subordinate positions to protect their economy and face a new kind of pressures of supranational integration and focus of local fragmentation (Schattle, 2014) ​ ​ **Globalization has not displaced the state.**​ ***Effects of globalization on government*** 1. Seen as an imposing a forced choice upon states either they conform to the neo-liberal ideas free-market principles of deregulation privatization and free trade or run the risk of being left behind. 2. Establishment of economic and political integrations. 3. Growth of international law and universal principles 4. Rise of transnational activism 5. Creation of new communication network. ***IGOS (INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS)*** - Facilitate international connections - Bind nation-state and create strong economic, political, cultural, educational, and technical relationships. EXAMPLES: - **WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)** -- regulates international trade - **UNITED NATIONS** -- promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order. - **NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION / NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE** -- military alliance between several north American and European states based on the north Atlantic treaty. - **ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS** -- A 10 southeast Asian states which promotes PAN-ASIANISM and Intergovernmental cooperation. - **Petroleum exporting countries** -- Comprise of 14 nations - **SUPERNATIONAL UNION ­**-- Multinational political union where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states. - **INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT** -- Intergovernmental org and international tribunal that sits in the hague in the Netherlands.