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“Prefer even to fail with honor, than win by cheating” CDI 7 Utilitarianism evaluates actions based on their consequences for overall happiness or MODULE 1 Reviewer...

“Prefer even to fail with honor, than win by cheating” CDI 7 Utilitarianism evaluates actions based on their consequences for overall happiness or MODULE 1 Reviewer well-being. Vices are problematic from a utilitarian perspective because they typically lead to negative Vice- The noun 'vice' originates from the Latin word outcomes such as suffering or reduced happiness. 'vitium,' which referred to a fault, defect, or moral failing. Actions considered vices are those that decrease overall In ancient Rome, 'vitium' was used to describe various utility or well-being. Moral Relativism Cultural and Ethical forms of misconduct and wrongdoing, encompassing Relativism: Moral relativism suggests that moral both bad habits and immoral behaviors. Vice is an standards, including those immoral or evil habit or practice. concerning vices, are culturally and contextually dependent. What is considered a vice in one culture 7 Deadly Sins: might not be viewed the same way in another. This Lust – Wanting what someone else has perspective emphasizes that moral judgments are Gluttony – Over-consumption beyond our reasonable shaped by societal norms and values, which can vary needs significantly across different cultures. Greed – Selfish desire, especially for wealth, power, and possessions Sloth – Desire to do what’s easy instead of what’s Natural Law Theory good Natural law theory posits that moral standards are based Wrath – Uncontrolled feelings of rage, anger, and on human nature and the natural order of the world. hatred Vices are seen as actions that deviate from natural law, Envy – Resentfulness of others for their lot in life which is understood to be in alignment with human Pride – Self-adulation and over-inflation of ego purpose and reason. Vices are thus morally wrong because they go against the natural and rational order. Moral and Ethical Perspective of Vice Existentialism 1. Deontological Ethics Jean-Paul Sartre and Friedrich Nietzsche: Existentialism emphasizes individual freedom, In deontological ethics, vices are viewed as actions that authenticity, and personal responsibility. From this violate moral duties and perspective, vices might be seen as behaviors that principles. Kantian ethics asserts that moral actions must betray one's authentic self or fail to embrace personal adhere to universal responsibility. Nietzsche, in particular, critiques maxims or laws. Vices are thus considered morally conventional moral values and explores how they wrong because they fail to constrain individual will and self-creation. respect these universal principles and are performed out of a lack of respect for 7. Religious Perspectives moral law. Christian Ethics: In Christianity, vices are often viewed as sinful behaviors that contradict divine commands or ○ Deontological Ethics is a branch of moral philosophy moral teachings. The Seven Deadly Sins—pride, greed, that focuses on the inherent wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, and sloth—are traditionally rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, rather considered fundamental moral failings that separate than their consequences. The individuals from spiritual and moral ideals. This term "deontology" comes from the Greek words deon perspective emphasizes that vices are offenses against (duty) and logos (study), God and disrupt one's spiritual relationship with the emphasizing the study of duty or moral obligation. divine. 2. Virtue Ethics Elements of Vice Virtue ethics focuses on the development of good 1. Moral Wrongness: Vices are typically viewed as character traits and moral virtues. Vices are seen as the morally wrong or unethical. They often involve actions or opposite of virtues and represent deficiencies in attitudes that are contrary to accepted moral principles character that lead to unethical behavior. According to or virtues. Aristotle, vices disrupt the balance and harmony 2. Habitual Nature: Vices are often seen as persistent necessary for achieving eudaimonia (flourishing or well- behaviors or habits rather than isolated incidents. They being). Vices are harmful to become ingrained in a person's character and are personal development and moral integrity. difficult to change. 3. Negative Impact: Vices usually have detrimental Utilitarianism effects on the individual practicing them, as well as on others. They can lead to personal harm, societal harm, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill or both. “for review PurPoses only”  “Prefer even to fail with honor, than win by cheating” 4. Self-Destructiveness: Many vices have self- Symptoms of Alcohol Poisoning: Symptoms such as destructive elements. For instance, excessive drinking or confusion, stupor, seizures, slow or irregular breathing, drug use can harm one's health and well-being. and hypothermia, indicating a serious risk of alcohol 5. Reinforcement of Negative Traits: Vices can poisoning. reinforce and exacerbate other negative traits or behaviors, such as greed leading to dishonesty or anger Coma-in relation to being "drunk" refers to a severe and leading to violence. potentially life-threatening state of unconsciousness that 6. Lack of Self-Control: Often, vices are associated can result from excessive alcohol consumption. When with a lack of self-control or discipline. People may someone is described as being in a coma due to struggle to resist the temptations associated with their intoxication, it typically indicates a critical level of alcohol vices. poisoning where the individual’s brain function is 7. Moral and Social Judgment: Vices are often judged profoundly impaired. negatively by both moral standards and social norms. What is considered a vice can vary depending on Causes of Coma Due to Alcohol cultural and societal context. Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Drinking large 8. Contrast to Virtue: Vices are usually contrasted with amounts of alcohol in a short period can overwhelm the virtues, which are positive traits or behaviors that liver’s ability to metabolize alcohol, leading to high blood contribute to individual and societal well-being. For alcohol concentrations (BAC). example, the virtue of temperance is often seen as the Alcohol Poisoning: High BAC levels can cause severe opposite of the vice of excess. depression of the central nervous system, leading to respiratory depression, impaired heart function, and ultimately coma. MODULE 2 Reviewer Symptoms: Symptoms of alcohol poisoning include confusion, vomiting, seizures, slow or irregular Alcoholism- also known as Alcohol Use Disorder breathing, and hypothermia. In severe cases, this can (AUD), is a chronic and often progressive condition progress to a coma. characterized by an individual's inability to control or limit their alcohol consumption despite the negative impact it has on their life. Legal and Medical implications Drunkenness as a Crime Medical Attention: Immediate medical intervention is required for individuals in a coma due to intoxication. Public Disorder and Disturbance: If someone is This often involves hospitalization and supportive care to publicly drunk and causing a disturbance, they can be manage the effects of alcohol poisoning and prevent charged with disorderly conduct or public nuisance. This complications. is covered under local ordinances rather than national Legal Implications: From a legal perspective, law. individuals who cause harm to themselves or others Driving Under the Influence (DUI): Driving while while in a coma due to alcohol intoxication may face intoxicated is a serious offense in the Philippines. The legal consequences related to their actions leading up to Republic Act No. 10586, also known as the “Anti-Drunk the state of coma, especially if it involves dangerous and Drugged Driving Act of 2013,” criminalizes driving behaviors like driving. under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. Penalties include fines, imprisonment, and suspension or Forms of Chemical and Scientific Test of Intoxication revocation of the driver's license. Drunk and Disorderly Conduct: In some cases, if an 1. Breathalyzer Tests- Measures blood alcohol individual's drunken behavior leads to violent actions or concentration (BAC) through a breath sample. other criminal activities, they can be charged with 2. Gas Chromatography- Separates and analyzes offenses such as assault or public disturbance. compounds in a sample to determine BAC or the Drunkenness in Specific Places: Certain regulations presence of drugs. might apply in places like bars or public events where 3. Field Sobriety Tests- Assesses an individual's intoxication can lead to charges if it violates specific local physical and cognitive impairment due to alcohol ordinances or regulations. consumption. 4. Hair Tests- Detects long-term use of drugs or alcohol The Republic Act No. 10586, also known as the “Anti- by analyzing hair samples. Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013,” criminalizes 5. Saliva Tests- Detects recent use of alcohol and drugs driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. through a saliva sample. Penalties include fines, imprisonment, and suspension 6. Urine Tests-Detects the presence of alcohol and or revocation of the driver's license. drugs, and measures their concentration. “for review PurPoses only”  “Prefer even to fail with honor, than win by cheating” 7. Blood Tests- Measures the precise BAC or the 3. Psychological and Emotional Factors presence of drugs in the bloodstream. Trauma and Abuse: "Very drunk" refers to a state of severe intoxication Individuals who have experienced trauma, abuse, or caused by the excessive consumption of alcohol or other neglect during their upbringing may be more vulnerable substances. This level of intoxication is marked by to entering prostitution. These experiences can lead to profound impairment across various physical and difficulties in forming healthy relationships and managing cognitive functions, leading to substantial disruption in emotions. behavior and functionality. Low Self-Esteem and Psychological Distress: Characteristics of Being Very Drunk Low self-esteem and psychological distress can -Severe Impairment of Motor Skills contribute to an individual's decision to engage in -Profound Cognitive Impairment prostitution, often as a result of seeking validation or -Significant Speech Alterations coping with emotional pain -Extreme Emotional Changes -Physical Symptoms 4. Systemic and Structural Factors MODULE 3 Reviewer Human Trafficking and Exploitation: Many individuals involved in prostitution are victims of Prostitution- is the practice of engaging in sexual human trafficking and exploitation, where traffickers use activities in exchange for money or other forms of coercion, deception, and force to control and exploit compensation. them. Prostitution-is defined as the act of exchanging sexual favors for monetary gain or other benefits. This 5. Societal Norms and Gender Inequality exchange can occur in various forms, including direct transactions or through intermediaries. The causes of Gender Inequality and Social Norms: prostitution are complex and interrelated, involving Societal norms and gender inequalities can influence the economic hardship, social and cultural factors, prevalence of prostitution, often leading to the psychological issues, systemic exploitation, and societal objectification and commodification of individuals, norms. particularly women. THE CAUSES OF PROSTITUTION TYPES OF PROSTITUTION The causes of prostitution are multifaceted and can be categorized into various factors, including economic, Street-Based Prostitution social, psychological, and systemic influences. Individuals solicit clients in public areas, such as streets Understanding these causes is crucial for addressing or parking lots. This type of prostitution often involves and mitigating the issues associated with prostitution. higher risks of violence and legal issues. Here are some primary causes of prostitution: Escort Services: 1. Economic Factors Prostitution conducted through agencies or independently where individuals provide Poverty and Financial Necessity: companionship or sexual services at various locations, Individuals facing financial hardship or poverty may turn including private homes or hotels. to prostitution as a means of survival or to support Brothels: themselves and their families. Establishments where multiple sex workers operate under one roof, either legally or illegally. Workers may be 2. Social and Cultural Factors employed by the brothel or work independently. Social Inequality and Marginalization: Online or Digital Sex Work: Social inequality, discrimination, and marginalization can Involves soliciting clients or providing sexual services via increase the likelihood of individuals engaging in the internet, such as through prostitution, particularly among marginalized groups. webcam shows, online chat, or escort websites. Lack of Education and Employment Opportunities: Transactional Sex: Limited access to education and job opportunities can Broader category including non-commercial forms of push individuals into prostitution as a viable option for sexual exchange, where sex is exchanged for goods or earning income. services rather than money. Disorderly houses- refer to establishments or residences where illegal or disruptive activities are “for review PurPoses only”  “Prefer even to fail with honor, than win by cheating” occurring. This term is often used in legal contexts to MODULE 4 Reviewer describe properties associated with crime, vice, or public disturbances. A property or establishment were illegal Smoking- is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke activities or behaviors, such as gambling, prostitution, of burning plant material, typically tobacco, though other drug dealing, or excessive noise, are regularly occurring. substances may also be used. The most common form Furnished room houses- in relation to prostitution refer of smoking involves tobacco cigarettes, cigars, or pipes. to rental properties where individual rooms are provided As early as 5000 BC, the history of smoking has been and utilized for engaging in sex work. These properties recorded in many different cultures across the world. may be intentionally or unintentionally used for such Early smoking has evolved in association with religious activities. ceremonies, as offerings to deities in cleansing rituals or Call houses-are establishments specifically used for to allow shamans / members of certain tribal societies in prostitution, where individuals, often referred to as "call North American and Asia who acts as a medium girls" or "escort girls," are available for sexual services. between the visible world and an invisible spirit world; These types of houses are typically organized to practices magic or sorcery for purposes of healing, facilitate the arrangement of sex work through telephone divination, and control over natural events) and priests to calls, advertisements, or online platforms. Massage alter their minds for purposes of divination or spiritual clinics in relation to prostitution are establishments that, enlightenment. After the European exploration and while ostensibly providing legitimate massage and conquest of the Americans, the practice of smoking therapeutic services, may be used as fronts or venues tobacco quickly spread to the rest of the world. In for engaging in prostitution. regions like India and Subsaharan Africa, it merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly of cannabis). In Vagrants- are individuals who are homeless and Europe it introduced a new type of social activity and a wandering without a fixed residence. form of drug intake which previously had been unknown. They often live on the streets, in temporary shelters, or Tabacco smoking- This refers to the act of burning the in other public or private spaces not intended for tobacco leaves and inhaling the smoke. The Frenchman habitation. Jean Nicot, from whose name the word "nicotine" was based, first introduced tobacco to France in 1560. It then Several Types of Vagrants spread to England and to other parts of the world. 1. Street Homeless- Individuals who live on the streets, Similar to other intoxicating substances like coffee, tea in public spaces, or in vehicles. They have no stable or and even opium, tobacco was initially used as a kind of permanent residence and often rely on public areas for medicine (Gately, 2004). shelter. 2. Shelter Residents- Individuals who live in emergency Key Aspects of Smoking: shelters or transitional housing programs. Shelters Tobacco Use: Smoking tobacco is the most prevalent provide temporary accommodation and basic services form of smoking. Tobacco products like cigarettes, but do not o 3. Chronic Homeless- Individuals who cigars, and pipes contain nicotine, which is a highly have experienced long-term homelessness, often addictive substance. characterized by repeated episodes of homelessness Health Risks: Smoking is associated with a wide range over an extended period permanent solution. of serious health problems, including lung cancer, 4. Episodic Homeless- Individuals who experience chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart repeated cycles of homelessness, often due to unstable disease, and stroke. It also harms nearly every organ in living conditions or temporary crises. the body. 5. Hidden Homeless- Individuals who are technically homeless but do not live in public spaces or shelters. Addiction: Nicotine in tobacco is addictive, making it They may stay temporarily with friends or family or in difficult for many people to quit smoking once they have unsafe or unconventional housing arrangements. started. 6. Transitional Homeless- Individuals who are temporarily homeless due to specific life events such as Methods of tobacco smoking eviction, job loss, or family crises but are expected to return to stable housing in the near term. Cigarettes 7. Youth Homeless- Young people, including teenagers The word "cigarette" means "small cigar" in French. and young adults, who experience homelessness. This Perhaps these are the most commonly used type of group includes those who have run away from home or tobacco product because they are convenient and been thrown out. relatively cheaper. These are manufactured from finely 8. Rural Homeless- Individuals who experience cut and cured tobacco leaves, sometimes combined with homelessness in rural areas, often facing different additives, which are rolled into slim, cylinder-shaped challenges compared to urban homelessness. paper tubes (Tobacco Smoking, n.d.). Cigars “for review PurPoses only”  “Prefer even to fail with honor, than win by cheating” Larger than cigarettes, cigars are tightly rolled bundles of Smoking accelerates the buildup of plaque in arteries, fermented and dried that are ignited in one tip so that the increasing the risk of coronary artery disease and heart smoker can draw out the smoke from the other tip using attacks. one's mouth. Smoke from cigars is typically not inhaled Stroke: Smokers are more likely to have a stroke due to because of the high alkalinity of the smoke, which can increased blood pressure and damage to blood vessels. irritate the trachea and the lungs. Cancer Hookah Other Cancers: Besides lung cancer, smoking is linked These are common in Mediterranean countries. A to cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, hookah is a single or multi-stemmed glass water pipe pancreas, bladder, and kidneys. used for smoking. Originally from India, the hookah used to be a symbol of pride for wealthy and high-class Weakened Immune System people. A hookah runs via water filtration and indirect Smoking impairs the immune system, making it harder heat and can be used for smoking tobacco, herbal fruits, for the body to fight off infections and diseases. or even cannabis (Tobacco Smoking, n.d.). Premature Aging: Smoking accelerates skin aging, leading to wrinkles and a dull complexion due to decreased blood flow and the Pipe smoking breakdown of collagen. In the old times, pipe smoking used to be more popular. Reduced Fertility: Here, shredded pieces of tobacco are placed into the In men, smoking can reduce sperm count and motility. In pipe's chamber and then guiled. The smoke is inhaled women, it can affect fertility and increase the risk of through a pipe that is connected the chamber. Tobaccos miscarriage and complications during pregnancy. used for pipe smoking are carefully cured and blended to Dental Issues: infuse flavor. Smoking causes gum disease, tooth loss, and bad breath. It also increases the risk of oral cancer. Electronic Cigarette (E-Cigarette) Mental Health Effects: This is a battery-powered vaporizer that has recently Addiction: Nicotine is highly addictive, making it difficult gained popularity among smokers. This gadget for many people to quit smoking despite knowing its simulates tobacco smoking by generating an aerosol health risks. that resembles smoke via a heating element tomizer). The atomizer vaporises a liquid solution known as e Mood Disorders: Smokers are at a higher risk of liquid. thus, producing tobacco-free smoke. E-liquids developing anxiety and depression. While some people usually contain propylene glycol, trace amounts of use smoking as a coping mechanism, it often nicotine, flavorings and vegetable glycerin exacerbates mental health issues over time. Cognitive Decline: Passive Smoking Long-term smoking can contribute to cognitive decline It may be surprising for some buhe involuntary is also a and increase the risk of form of tot may be oking. This smoked tobacco neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. generated by to its those around the passive smoker. Owing perceived negative implications, kind of Social and Economic Effects: consumption (Vainio, 1987) Financial Costs: The cost of purchasing cigarettes adds up over time. EFFECTS OF SMOKING CIGARETTES Additionally, there may be higher medical expenses related to smoking-related illnesses. Physical Health Effects Social Impact: Respiratory Issues: Smoking can lead to social stigma and affect Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): This relationships, as well as cause issues for includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, leading to non-smokers due to secondhand smoke exposure. persistent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Environmental Effects: Pollution: Asthma: Smoking can trigger asthma attacks and Cigarette butts are a major source of litter and pollution. worsen symptoms. The chemicals from cigarette smoke and discarded butts Lung Cancer: Smoking is the leading cause of lung can harm wildlife and ecosystems. cancer and significantly increases the risk of developing Secondhand Smoke: it. Non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk of similar health problems as Cardiovascular Problems smokers, including respiratory issues and increased Heart Disease: cancer risk. “for review PurPoses only”  “Prefer even to fail with honor, than win by cheating” Street Games- People from corners of the street sometimes play simple games like pusoy dos, mahjong, MODULE 5 Reviewer tongits, and sakla, where money is on the line. Gambling- the betting or staking of something of value, Illegal Gambling with consciousness of risk and hope of gain, on the outcome of a game, a contest, or an uncertain event Jueteng- Is an illegal numbers game that is a form of whose result may be determined by chance or accident local lottery, and is popular in the country due to its or have an unexpected result by reason of the bettor’s nature. The game was probably introduced during the miscalculation. Spanish colonization, and like cockfighting, it was done so by Chinese entrepreneurs. History of Gambling Organized gambling on a larger scale and sanctioned by Masiao- A related numbers game, played predominantly governments and other authorities in order to raise in Visayas and Mindanao, is originally was played based money began in the 15th century with lotteries—and on radio broadcasts announcing the winning players in centuries earlier in China with keno. With the advent of jai alai. legal gambling houses in the 17th century; gambling started at 15th to 17th century. Last Two- An illegal numbers game where the winning combination is derived from the last two numbers of the Types of Gambling in the Philippines first prize of the winning Sweepstakes ticket which comes out during the weekly draw of the Philippine Legal Gambling Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO), and its variants. Casino- are venues where people go to in order to engage in legal gambling activities usually for entertainment and earning's sake. Gambling in casinos is usually played via cards and casino chips, slot machines, and more. Some of the games that are often played in casinos include poker, blackjack, roulette, and ==End of Reviewer== slot machines. Sweepstakes- is a type of contest where a prize or prizes may be awarded to a winner or winners. Sweepstakes began as a form of lottery that were tied to products sold. Lotteries- in the Philippines are held by the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO). How it works is that there are 6 numbers randomly drawn within a certain range of numbers, depending on the type of lottery. Horse Racing Betting- In this race betting, people bet their money on which horses will win the race. People bet by giving their betting money to the selling windows or betting stations, then they claim their prizes there, if they win their bets. People can bet on multiple horses for higher chances of winning, and can choose among different types of horse race betting. Some of the different types of betting are win, place, show, Double Quinella, Forecast, Trifecta, Quartet, Daily Double, Pick 4, and Pick 6, etc. Cock Fighting- is a sport wherein 2 cocks that have been carefully bred and specially fed wrestle each other inside cockpit arenas until one die or is unable to go on and the people bet their money on which cock will win. Most cockpits have a maximum of 10 minutes of fighting time. “for review PurPoses only”