Classification of Rocks PDF

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS ======================= - IGNEOUS ROCKS OR MAGMATIC ROCKS- are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rock can be classified into: IMPORTANT MINERALS TO SOCIETY ============================= In households, we use toothpaste that c...

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS ======================= - IGNEOUS ROCKS OR MAGMATIC ROCKS- are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rock can be classified into: IMPORTANT MINERALS TO SOCIETY ============================= In households, we use toothpaste that contains fluoride from fluorite mineral. It prevents tooth decay by protecting teeth from acids in the mouth. Face powder contains talc -- the softest mineral. In the kitchen, salts are commonly used to enhance the flavor of our food. Stainless kitchen wares that are less reactive to food, durable and non-corrosive, contain mostly of alloy of iron and chromium while other kitchen wares like casserole are made of aluminum -- a durable metal, corrosion resistant and a better conductor of heat and lighter than stainless steel. Moreover, minerals such as silicon, silver, and gold are used as components of gadgets like cellphones and computers. Copper is the mostly used electrical wiring because it is less expensive. In construction, skyscrapers that tower up to 50 stories high use durable materials like iron steel -- a combination of iron and carbon and concrete that contains limestone, lime, and chalk that make them strong and stand still against strong wind and earthquake. They also use glass made of silica or quartz. Floors are made up of granite and marbles. Aluminum is used in window and door panels. Titanium is a strong but very light metal and is used in making medical and dental tools. It is also known for its biocompatibility which makes it important in prosthetics and in dental implants. In taking care of our dental health, dentists use many tools appropriate for a purpose. There are also lots of other minerals that they use for cleaning and surgery. Examples are gypsum in plaster cast, and alloys like stainless steel that is primarily composed of iron, chromium, and carbon in their tools. Minerals are also important for generation of power and electricity. In nuclear power plant, radioactive minerals like Uranium are used as source of heat to run a nuclear reactor and generate electricity. On the hand, batteries for electric cars need minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. In producing dry cell batteries, zinc and carbon are used on its electrodes while cadmium, carbon, lead, and nickel are also used to manufacture different dry cell. In agriculture, NPK Fertilizers contain vital minerals for the plant to grow healthy. These minerals include nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. Moreover, minerals like lime are also used to lower the acidity of the soil. For our health, the pharmaceutical industry manufactures supplements that contain many essential minerals that keep us strong and healthy like Calcium that helps body in developing strong and healthy bones, Magnesium and Zinc that are essential in improving health by helping our immune system to function properly. (Please refer to the hard copy I've given with the table) ORE MINERALS: HOW THEY ARE FOUND, MINED AND PROCESSED FOR HUMAN USE =================================================================== Mining is the process of mineral extraction from a rock seam or ore --a natural rock or sediment containing one or more valuable mineral. The minerals can range from precious metals and iron to gemstones and quartz. Modern mining technology uses geophysical techniques that involve measuring the magnetic, gravity and sonic responses of rocks above and around a prospective mineral ore body. There are two methods of mining: A. Surface Mining -- is used to extract ore minerals near the surface of the earth. The soil and rocks that covered the ores are removed through blasting. Blasting is a controlled use of explosives and gas exposure to break rocks. Some examples of surface mining are: 1. Open-pit mining - This is the most common type of surface mining. Open pit means a big hole (or pit) in the ground. The pit in mine is created by blasting with explosives and drilling. It is used to mine gravel and sand and even rock. FOSSIL FUEL FORMATION ===================== predominantly where forest trees, plants and marshes 2. Oil - Most of the oil that we are using today started forming millions of years ago. Oil is an organic material, mostly algae, which was buried in mud at the bottom of the sea and lakes. It is used mainly to produce transportation fuels and petroleum-based products. Philippines imports crude oil and petroleum from Saudi Arabia and Russia. The majority of the market are Petron Corporation, Pilipinas Shell, and Chevron Philippines. 3. Natural gas - is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas with the mixture of methane. It is the Earth's cleanest fossil fuel and is odorless and colorless in its natural state. Natural gas is produced from sedimentary rock formation by forcing chemicals, water, and sand down a well under high pressure. The Philippines' main domestic source of energy is the Malampaya natural gas field which is located at Palawan Island. How are fossil fuels formed? Millions of years ago the remains of prehistoric plants and animals are buried beneath the Earth's surface. These remains were covered by mud. The mud sediment was buried by more sediments, and it started to change into rock as the temperature and pressure increase. In that case fossil fuels are formed in a low oxygen environment. The plant and animal remains were altered chemically By this process, and slowly changed into crude oil and natural gas. Through the spaces of permeable rock, the oils move upwards and will be trapped if it reached impermeable rock. Oil companies can drill down through the impermeable rocks to get it out. They are then able to turn it into products we can use, such as petrol and diesel. On the other hand, coal can be extracted from the Earth through underground mining. Once it has been extracted, it can be used to fuel power plants for electricity.