Week 3 PDF - Minerals and Rocks

 Discover terminologies regarding the minerals and rocks Differentiate the rocks, minerals, and the types of rocks Explain the process of rock cycle Recognize the importance of minerals and rocks to humans are elements or compounds that are found in rocks and soil. Some minerals ar...

 Discover terminologies regarding the minerals and rocks Differentiate the rocks, minerals, and the types of rocks Explain the process of rock cycle Recognize the importance of minerals and rocks to humans are elements or compounds that are found in rocks and soil. Some minerals are single elements but most of those minerals are compounds. Mineral deposits that have economic value are called ore minerals. They are minerals that contain a large amount of metallic elements and compounds.  Some minerals are used as ornaments or jewelries. They are called gems. The value of a gem is determined by its size, lack of flaw, beauty of color, luster, hardness, and perfection of crystal form. Diamonds, emeralds, opal, jade, and ruby are few of them.  Minerals are the fundamental building blocks of rock Minerals and all other Earth materials are composed of chemical elements  Elements are fundamental component of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler particles by ordinary chemical processes. A total of 88 elements occur naturally in Earth's crust. However eight elements- Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Potassium and Magnesium make up more than 98% of the crust. The atoms in minerals are arranged in regular geometric patterns that are repeated. This regular pattern results in the formation of a crystal. A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns. Every mineral has a crystalline structure and therefore every mineral is a crystal.  is any solid element or compound whose atoms are arranged in a regular, periodically repeated pattern.  the orderly, repetitive arrangement of atoms in a crystal.  The flat surface that develop if a crystal grows freely in an uncrowded environment. Under perfect conditions the crystal that forms will be symmetrical. refers to the appearance of mineral surface in reflected light. Some minerals have metallic luster like gold, silver, and copper. Non- Metallic Luster can be described as greasy, glassy, pearly, silky, resinous, and earthy. it is the minerals resistance to being scratched. The harder the mineral, the more difficult it is to scratch, the softer the mineral, the lesser is its resistance. Friedrich Moh a German minerologist identified the scale of hardness for minerals. 1 is the softest mineral and 10 is the hardest known substance. Was named after Friedrich Mohs, an German mineralogist who developed it in the early 19th century. A scale based on a series of 10 fairly common minerals and numbered one (1) to ten (10) from softest to hardest, used to measure and express the hardness of minerals it refers to the color of the powdered mineral. Streak is produced by rubbing the mineral in a ceramic plate or by grinding up a small piece of the mineral. is the tendency of minerals to break along definite smooth planes. Some minerals may exhibit distinct cleavage along one or more planes. the most visible physical property. It has a limited use because many mineral species have a variety of colors. There are also instances that the color of minerals is cause by the presence of small amounts of impurities. Is the ratio of weight of the mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water. is the external shape of a mineral that reflects the internal arrangements of the atoms of minerals. Most minerals are crystalline while some are amorphous.  The rock, which forms the Earth’s lithosphere, has formed a solidified floating crust on the semi-molten material of the earth’s mantle below it. Rock is composed of one or more naturally occurring chemical compounds called minerals. When magma moves up into the crust, it cools and eventually solidifies. The resulting rock formed by this process called Igneous Rock. are formed when magma is intruded into the existing rock of the earth’s continental crust. rocks that are formed when magma is extruded onto or close to the surface of the continental or oceanic crust. Close to or at the surface, the magma cools down and solidifies quickly. are rocks that are formed from pre- existing rocks or pieces of once living organisms. These rocks may be a fragment of other rocks that have been carried away from their source by water, wind, or ice. Clastic Sediments- are rock fragments formed weathering and erosion. Chemical Sediments- are formed from the minerals and rocks that are dissolve in water. Organic Sediments- are the remains of once living organism. These remains are called fossils. igneous and sedimentary rocks undergo changes. Heat and pressure bring about both physical and chemical changes in the rock-forming minerals. Is the process of changing rocks from igneous or sedimentary to metamorphic rock. The work metamorphism is derived from the Greek words Meta, meaning change, and morphé, meaning form. During metamorphism, a rock changes form while remaining solid. Contact Metamorphism – surrounding the parent rock or country rock near to or touching an intruding mass of magma is metamorphosed by the high temperature of the intruded material. Regional Metamorphism – is more wide spread. Here the parent rock is affected by high pressure and temperature during large scale orogeny or mountain building.  Rocks undergo changes. Rocks maybe changed from one form to another through the process called the rock cycle. In the first stage of this cycle, igneous rocks are formed. They are considered the ancestors of all rocks. These rocks maybe from lava that pours out onto the earth surface, or they maybe formed beneath the earth’s surface from magma. When igneous rocks break into sediments through weathering, the second stage occurs. The running water, wind, or ice may carry those sediments away and deposit them in layers. These layers harden, or are pressed together by the weight of the materials above them. The sedimentary rocks maybe buried deep within the earth. Here, the rocks may be exposed to heat, pressure, and the action of liquids and gases. There they can be changed into metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks can still undergo changes. When they are exposed to more heat and pressure, they may melt into magma. As magma cools, igneous rocks are formed. Then the rock cycle begins again. This cycle happens continuously but very slowly. Great changes in rocks usually take millions of years.