SHS Earth and Life Science First Quarter Module 2 PDF

EARTH and LIFE SCIENCE First Quarter – Module 2 Minerals, Rocks and Exogenic Processes Earth and Life Science – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 2: Minerals, Rocks and Exogenic Processes Second Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright...

EARTH and LIFE SCIENCE First Quarter – Module 2 Minerals, Rocks and Exogenic Processes Earth and Life Science – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 2: Minerals, Rocks and Exogenic Processes Second Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Compiler/Writer: Ailen B. Revales Content Editors/: Miss Celia C. Gepitulan, Principal I, Regino Mercado Night High School Reviewers Mr. Bonnie James Saclolo, Teacher III, Cebu City National Science High School Mrs. Jocelyn C. Butanas ,Master Teacher,Talamban National High School Dr. Rey Kimilat, Head Teacher V, Abellana National School Language Editor: Mrs. Roquesa B. Sabejon, PSDS-ND7 Management Team Chairperson: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Mrs. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS-LRMS Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS-Science Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Office Address: New Imus Road, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City Telephone No: (032) 253 2559 E-mail Address: [email protected]  What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of Minerals, Rocks and Exogenic Processes. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module is divided into two lessons, namely: Lesson 1 – Earth Materials and Processes: Minerals and Rocks Lesson 2 – Earth Materials and Processes: Exogenic Processes Content Standard: The learners demonstrate understanding of: 1. The three main categories of rocks. 2. The origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks. 3. Geologic processes that occur on the surface of the Earth such as weathering, erosion, mass wasting and sedimentation. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Identify common rock forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties. 2. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. 3. Explain how the products of weathering are carried away be erosion and deposited elsewhere. What I Know Directions: Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet. 1.Which of the following is an igneous rock? A. conglomerate B. granite C. limestone D. marble 2.If you live in an area near volcano, what type of rock would likely to be found in the area? A. igneous B. metamorphic C. porous D. sedimentary 3. The following are examples of physical weathering, EXCEPT: A. freeze-thaw C. human activity such as mining B. acid rain falling on limestone D. wind blowing sand onto a rock 4. Which of these is an example of erosion? A. men digging mines C. wind blowing away sediment B. rain breaking down rocks D. light shining onto a mountain 5. If metamorphic rock is formed from limestone, where does shale come from? A. igneous B. metamorphic C. sedimentary D. al the above 6. Where are the oldest layers of sedimentary rocks usually located in a cliff? These are located __________. A. at the top B. in the middle C. at the bottom D. in between rocks 7. What does the presence of tiny crystals in a piece of igneous rock tells us about? It tells us that the igneous rock ________________. A. remains melted C. has very slow cooling process B. cools very quickly D. cools deep under the Earth’s crust 8. In hydration, water is an active agent of chemical weathering. What happens when water loosely combines with the minerals of the rocks? It _____________________. A. cements them together B. converts the mineral into another kind C. transports the rock into a lower altitude D. weakens the molecular binding of the minerals 9. Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding. Which property of minerals is more likely related to cleavage? A. color B. streak C. fracture D. specific gravity 10. Gold is shiny and tourmalines are glassy. What property is being exhibited by gold and tourmalines? A. color B. hardness C. luster D. streak 11. Which type of sedimentary rock is formed by the accumulated sedimentary debris caused by organic processes? A. chemical B. clastic C. organic D. none of these 12. Which sedimentary rock is made up of pebbles and pieces of gravel cemented together? A. conglomerate B. limestone C. shale D. sandstone 13. It is a process in which a molecule of a substance in rocks chemically combine with water molecules. What is this process? A. carbonation B. erosion C. hydration D. oxidation 14. What happens during the process when oxygen combines with another substance like minerals in rocks yielding compounds called oxides? There is _____________. A. carbonation B. erosion C. hydration D. oxidation 15. Why is it that erosion is an exogenic process? It is because erosion _______________. A. cannot cause mass wasting B. takes place on the earth surface C. involves the breakdown of rocks D. involves the movement of the eroded materials and sediment What’s In A rock is naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more different minerals and other organic matter while a mineral is a naturally occuring substance which is usually solid, and crystalline. Activity 1: Rocks and Minerals Using a graphic organizer write at least 3 uses of rocks and minerals. ROCKS MINERALS 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. What’s New What’s New Activity 2 Rock Cycle Objectives: Identify and describe the processes involved in rock cycle. Procedure: 1.Study the diagram. 2.Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Question: What are the processes involved rock cycle? Discuss each process. What Is It Earth Materials and Processes: Minerals and Rocks Minerals and Rocks Minerals and rocks are the significant building blocks of our dynamic Earth. They make up the solid part of the lithosphere and provide us with valuable resources. There are over 5,000 minerals but only a few occur as rock-forming minerals. Rocks are classified according to their origin of the formation. Overtime, rocks are gradually transformed from one type to another in what we call Rock Cycle. The origin of any rock is determined by careful examination of its texture, composition, and internal structure. This is the basis of rock identification and classification. Properties of Rocks 1.Rocks exhibit different properties. As to color, rocks may be dark, light, reddish, gray, brown, yellow or even black. 2.Rocks differ in textrure: some are fine, others are rough. 3. Some are glossy in appearance and smooth to touch. 4. Most rocks are hard others are brittle.  Figure 1 https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/oliversmith/the-rock-cycle The rock cycle summarizes the transformational processes that change rocks from one kind to another. It shows the entire journey of rocks formed as they changed. As magma cools and solidifies either deep in the Earth’s crust or at the surface, igneous rocks are formed. When the rocks are exposed, they are subjected to weathering and erosion. The weathered and eroded materials form sediments which are transported and deposited by agents of weathering and erosion such as water and wind. Loose sediments accumulate, compacted, and cemented and form sedimentary rock in the process called lithification. Sedimentary or igneous rocks may be subjected to further heating and more pressure; thus, they undergo further alteration in the process called metamorphism. The transformed rocks are known as metamorphic rocks. With high temperature alternating with cold temperature, metamorphic rocks are melted producing molten rock or magma. The cycle begins again, and the same processes take place. Types of Rocks According to geologists, rocks form in different ways. All rocks can be put into one of those fundamental categories based on their origin. The differences between them have to do with how they are formed. Igneous Rock got its name from a Latin word “ignis” which means fire. The parent material of igneous rock is usually magma, a molten material from deep within the Earth that cools and harden. These rocks are hard and tough. Table 1.1. Some examples of Igneous Rocks and its description. Granite a very hard, granular, crystalline, igneous rock consisting mainly of quartz, mica, and feldspar and often used as a building stone. Pumice a very light and porous volcanic rock formed when a gas-rich froth of glassy lava solidifies rapidly. Obsidian a hard, dark, glasslike volcanic rock formed by the rapid solidification of lava without crystallization. Metamorphic rocks have been changed from heat and high pressure. These rocks got their name from “meta” (change) and “morph” (form). Earth movements can cause rocks to be pressed, bent, or deeply buried under layers of other rocks due to an increase in temperature and pressure. These conditions cause physical and chemical changes in the original rock- prolith. The old rocks are forcefully into new kind in the process known as metamorphism. Table 1.2. Some examples of Metamorphic Rocks and its description.  Marble a hard-crystalline metamorphic form of limestone, typically white with mottling or streaks of color, that can take a polish and is used in sculpture and architecture. Gneiss a metamorphic rock with a banded or foliated structure, typically coarse-grained and consisting mainly of feldspar, quartz, and mica. Quartzite an extremely compact, hard, granular rock consisting essentially of quartz. It often occurs as silicified sandstone, as in sarsen stones. Sedimentary rock When igneous rocks are exposed at the surface, they begin to wear away. They are altered either by physical or chemical weathering processes. Heat from the sun break rock apart. Rainwater may fill cracks in rocks and eventually break them down. Sedimentary rocks are formed from lithification a process of cementing soft, unconsolidated sediments into hard rocks. Three Main Types of Sedimentary Rocks 1.Clastic sedimentary rocks are derived from mechanical weathering which involves the breakdown of rocks into smaller ones at the surface of the crust, accumulate as clasts, piled on top of one another and lithified. 2. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved materials precipitate. Precipitation is the process of separating a solid substance from liquid. 3. Organic sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulated sedimentary debris caused by organic processes. These are rocks that may contain fossils of plants and animals trapped in the sediments as the rock was formed. Table 1.3. Some examples of Sedimentary Rocks and its description. Conglomerate a rock made up of pebbles, pieces of gravel cemented together. Sandstones are sedimentary rock consisting of sand or quartz grains cemented together, typically red, yellow, or brown in color. Coal a combustible black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits, and widely used as fuel. Minerals Mineralogy is the study of minerals. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. It is defined as naturally formed, generally inorganic, crystalline solid composed of an ordered array of atoms and having a specific chemical composition. Minerals of the same kind have the same crystal shape. The crystal shape is an external expression of the mineral’s atomic structure. The minerals that make up rocks are called rock- forming minerals. Minerals therefore can be described as: Inorganic-formed by natural geologic process Formed in nature  Solids- crystalline substance that are solid at temperature at Earth’s surface Atoms have the same crustalline pattern and with specific chemical composition. Crystalline atoms are arranged in an orderly repetitive manner. Can be represented by a chemical formula Physical Properties of Minerals Luster-refers to the way light is reflected from a mineral surface Hardness-refers to the minerals resistance to being scratched. Streak- along thin line or mark of a different substance or color from its surroundings Cleavage- is the tendency of minerals to break along planes of weak bonding. Fracture- minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to fracture when broken. Color- some are of the same color like azurite is always deep blue, sulfur is yellow. Specific gravity- is a number which represents the ratio to the weight of an equal volume of water. Crystal form-external features of a mineral reflect its orderly internal arrangements of atoms. Chemical Properties of Minerals 1.It has distinctly salty taste. 2.Effervesce in hydrochloric acid. 3. Giving off bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. Moh’s Scale of Hardness One of the most important tests for identifying mineral specimens is the Mohs Hardness Test. This test compares the resistance of a mineral to being scratched by ten reference minerals known as the Mohs Hardness Scale. The test is useful because most specimens of a given mineral are very close to the same hardness. This makes hardness a reliable diagnostic property for most minerals. Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, developed the scale in 1812. He selected ten minerals of distinctly different hardness that ranged from a very soft mineral (talc) to a very hard mineral (diamond). Except for diamond, the minerals are all relatively common and easy or inexpensive to obtain. Mohs Hardness Scale Mineral Hardness Mineral Hardness Talc 1 Orthoclase 6 Gypsum 2 Quartz 7 Calcite 3 Topaz 8 Fluorite 4 Corundum 9 Apatite 5 Diamond 10 Metallic Minerals Metallic minerals are the minerals that contain one or more metals. In general, they occur as mineral deposits and are a good conductor of heat and electricity, e.g. iron, copper, gold, bauxite, manganese etc. They are malleable and ductile in nature so they can be easily pounded into thin sheets or stretched into wires to make new products. They are generally found in igneous rocks that are formed by cooling and solidification of lava or magma. They are hard and have a shiny surface, so some of them can be used as gems in jewelry. They are also used in various industries for different purposes, e.g. silicon, which is obtained from quartz, is extensively used in the computer industry; aluminum which is obtained from bauxite is used in automobile and bottling industry. Nonmetallic Minerals  Non-metallic minerals are the minerals that do not contain metals, e.g. limestone, mica, coal, gypsum, dolomite, phosphate, salt, manganese, granite etc. They are used in various industries to produce a variety of products, e.g. mica is used in electrical industry, limestone is used in cement industry. Furthermore, they are also used in the production of fertilizers and manufacturing of refractories. They are generally found in sedimentary rocks that are formed by the aggregation of various materials like minerals, remains of organisms, rock particles etc. Earth Materials and Processes: Exogenic Processes Exogenic Process Exogenic processes are processes that take place at or near the Earth’s surface that makes the surface wear away. It is very destructive; they are responsible for degradation and sculpting the Earth’s surface. Weathering Weathering refers to the changes occuring at or near the surface of the Earth which includes disintegration and decomposition. Disintegration is a mechanical process that breaks large masses of rocks into small fragments while decomposition is a chemical process which results in the formation of new substances such as from elements to rocks. Below is the comparison between mechanical and chemical weathering. TYPES OF WEATHERING MECHANICAL/ PHYSICAL CHEMICAL Cause rocks to break into small pieces Occurs when the internal structure of minerals with each piece retaining the is changed by the removal or addition of characteristics of the original elements Process that can cause physical weathering Thermal and Pressure Change Rocks crumble and break into fragments because they are subjected to alternating hot and cold temperatures in many times. Wind and Waves Wind and Waves can cause all physical weathering. Tiny grains of sand are picked up and carried off by the wind which are then blasted on the surface of rocks, smoothening them. Freeze and Thaw If you put a glass in the freezer it will soon break. This is because water expands when it freezes. Similarly, when water collects in the rock pores and slits, it expands when it freezes. Organic Activity Animals and plants also take a heavy toll on rocks and cause them to wear away. For example, there are animals that dig holes on the ground and exposed rocks. Processes that bring about chemical weathering 1.Hydration/hydrolysis Water is nature’s versatile tool that can bring about chemical weathering. There are other chemical compounds in water that become the main agents of chemical weathering. Molecules of some substance in rocks chemically combine with water molecules. This process is called hydration. 2.Carbonation Carbon dioxide may bond with other substances in a process known as carbonation. Rainwater is naturally acidic because CO2 gas from the atmosphere chemically reacts with it and produces carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts slowly with carbonate minerals in rocks. 3.Oxidation This is another kind of chemical weathering process. This occurs when oxygen combines with another substance like minerals in rocks yielding compounds called oxides. Erosion Erosion involves the movement of the weathered rock. Loosened rock and mineral debris produced by weathering are eroded and transported to a new location by means of air, wind, water, and gravity. Erosion could result to denudation. The lowering surface of the land mass from which the material was removed called denudation. Causes of Erosion 1.Kaingin Method. Trees are cut and burned.Soil losses its fertility. 2. Logging-practice of illegal logging disturbs the soil. 3.Infrastructure projects such as dams, roads, bridges, irrigations and drainage basins, resorts and hydroelectric plant. 4.Mining-companies loosen and dig rocks exposing them to further erosion. 5.Burning grasslands which may lead to accidental fires can destroy plants and leave the soil bare. Effects of Erosion 1.Loss of fertile land 2.Led to increased pollution and sedimentation in streams and rivers Mass Movement (Mass Wasting) Mass wasting, also known as slope movement or mass movement, is the geomorphic process by which soil, sand, regolith, and rock move downslope typically as a solid, continuous or discontinuous mass, largely under the force of gravity, frequently with characteristics of a flow as in debris flows and mudflows. It is the movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity. Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all examples of mass wasting. Often lubricated by rainfall or agitated by seismic activity, these events may occur very rapidly and move as a flow. What’s More Activity 3A Materials and Processes of the Earth Objective: 1.Identify the different materials and processes on the Earth’s surface. Procedure: 1.Examine the table containing the letters.  2. Trace 15 word/s horizontally, vertically, and diagonally that may refer to the different materials and processes of the Earth’s surface. 3. Write the identified traced word/s on a piece of paper. W G A I M A S S W A S T I N G R M N T I E R O S I O N R I S E O X I D A T I O N A A T S N B I O N X D L M X T W E D C B T N C H E M I C A L W E A T H E R I N G H I M N R B X K X S M A R B L E R A R P E T T T A L C S D N E W R B L C C M S U R E C O L O R T D H N P U M I C E O A M I S E D I M E N T A T I O N T S A N V I N R O N C A R B O N A T I O N S S D X C G H Y D R O L Y S I S G F R A C T U R E Activity 3B The Mohs Hardness Scale Objective: Identify the hardness of each mineral using the Mohs hardness scale. Procedure: 1.Study the table below. 2.Identify the hardness value of each mineral as listed below based from the Mohs scale. 3.Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Apatite Corundum Feldspar Gypsum Talc Calcite Diamond Fluorite Quartz Topaz Hardness Mineral Hardness Mineral 1 6 2 7  3 8 4 9 5 10 What I Have Learned Choose your answer from the word bank to complete the paragraphs. Write your answer on a separate sheet. Chemical weathering lithification chemical magma fire Rock- forming minerals mechanical hydration rock Rocks are mixtures of different minerals. Some (1) _____ are made up of many minerals while others are made of just one mineral. The minerals that make up rocks are called (2) _______________. All rocks can be put into one of those fundamental categories based on their origin. Igneous rock got its name from a Latin “word” ignis which means (3) ___________. The parent material of igneous rocks is usually (4) ____________ a molten from deep within the Earth that cools and hardens. When igneous rocks are exposed at the surface, they begin to wear away. They are altered either by physical or (5) ________________ processes. Rainwater may fill cracks in rocks and eventually break them down. Sedimentary rocks are formed from (6) ___________ a process of cementing soft, unconsolidated sediments into hard rocks. Rocks when exposed to the environment tend to break down. It is said that rocks experience weathering. Physical weathering also known as (7) ____________ Weathering refers to the breakdown of rocks without a change in its composition. Chemical weathering is the decomposition of rocks due to (8) _______reactions occurring between the minerals in rocks and the environment. Water is nature’s versatile tool that can bring about (9) _________________. Molecules of some substance in rocks chemically combine with water molecules in a process called (10) ______________. What I Can Do Poster making Based from what you have learned about weathering and erosion, create a poster showing the negative effects of weathering and erosion and the ways to minimize these. Rubric Category Description Points Required The poster includes all required elements as well as 5 Elements additional information. Labels All items of importance on the poster are clearly labeled 5 with labels that can be read from at least 3 feet away.  Graphics All graphics are related to the topic and make it easier 5 Relevance to understand. All borrowed graphics have a source citation. Attractiveness The poster is exceptionally attractive in terms of design, 5 layout, and neatness. TOTAL POINTS 20 Assessment Direction: Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet. 1. A steel nail can scratch a certain mineral. A copper penny cannot scratch the same mineral. Which statement is TRUE about the mineral? A. It is softer than both copper and steel. B. It is harder than both copper and steel. C. It is harder than steel, but softer than copper. D. It is harder than copper, but softer than steel. 2. Paul wants to identify a mineral. He rubs a corner of the mineral across a white tile and records the color of the mark. What property is Paul testing? A. cleavage B. color C. luster d. streak 3. A scientist is investigating an unknown mineral. As a safety precaution, what should he NEVER do in this investigation? A. Use another mineral to scratch it. B. See if the mineral leaves a streak. C. Compares its taste to another mineral. D. Check to see if the mineral is magnetic. 4. While walking in his backyard. Bill picked up an object that he thought was a rock. When he dropped, it broke. He noticed that there were crystals inside. Now he is not sure if the object was a rock. What did Bill find? He picked up__________________. A. a rock, and the crystals inside rocks, too B. a mineral, and the crystals inside are rocks C. a rock, and the crystals inside are minerals D. a mineral, and the crystals inside are made of dirt 5.Which causes sedimentary rock to change into metamorphic rock? A. heating and pressure C. weathering and pressure B. cooling and hardening D. cementing and weathering 6. What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? A. A rock is prettier. C. A mineral is more valuable B. A rock is made of minerals D. Both A and B 7. Which is NOT TRUE about rock cycle? ______________ A. It shows that rock is lost forever. B. It shows that the rocks are recycled. C. It shows the rock’s journey as it changes. D. It is a summary of the processes that change rock from one kind to another. 8. What is the process where sediments are dropped off in a new location? A. cementation B. compaction C. deposition D. transportation 9. Which of the following activities has resulted in an increased rate of weathering? A. The release of too much carbon dioxide in the air that turns rain into “acid rain” B. The physical disintegration of rocks during construction and mining. C. Both A and B  D. Neither A nor B 10. In which of the following climates will chemical weathering be most rapid? A. cold and dry C. hot and dry B. cold and humid D. hot and humid 11. What is the term for the general process by which rocks are broken down at the earth’s surface? A. deposition B. erosion C. metamorphism D. weathering 12. How is the texture described if an igneous rock has large crystals and is coarse-grained? A. aphanitic B. aliphatic C. glassy D. phaneritic 13.How do igneous intrusive rocks form? A. As a result of increasing heat and directed pressure. B. From magma that cools and hardens deep within the earth’s crust. C. From magma that are erupted, cools and hardens onto the earth’ surface. D. Made from fragments of rocks, sand, mud, and other materials carried by stream into lakes. 14. Metamorphic rocks form deep inside Earth from other types of rocks. Which forces produce metamorphic rocks? A. rain and snow C. extreme pressures and temperatures B. cold temperatures D. strong winds and earthquakes 15. How does freezing water cause the weathering of rocks? A. Keeps rocks in place C. causes rocks to fall in landslides B. Makes the rocks last longer D. expands cracks and breaks rocks References Salandan, Gloria G. Ph.D., et al. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School. Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2016 Bayong, Roel B, et.al. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School.Educational Resources Corporation. 2016 Web Sources www.EasyTeacherWorksheets.com https://www.google.com/search?q=rock+cycle+diagram https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ducksters.com%2Fscience%2 Frocks.php&psig=AOvVaw0djUy2bAqRAtJZiDCrIcdn&ust=1593741840552000&source=ima ges&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOCRvrvKreoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD https://www.google.com/search?q=rubrics+for+poster+making https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/56aa36ddcb9632e935dc4445/rocks-and-minerals-test https://www.scribd.com/document/164851874/Drawing-Rubrics-General What’s New The rock cycle summarizes the transformational processes that change rocks from one kind to another. It shows the entire journey of rocks formed as they changed. As magma cools and solidifies either deep in the Earth’s crust or at the surface, igneous rocks are formed. When the rocks are exposed, they are subjected to weathering and erosion. The weathered and eroded materials form sediments which are transported and deposited by agents of weathering and erosion such as water and wind. Loose sediments accumulate, compacted, and cemented and form sedimentary rock in the process called lithification. Sedimentary or igneous rocks may be subjected to further heating and more pressure; thus, they undergo further alteration in the process called metamorphism. The transformed rocks are known as metamorphic rocks. With high temperature alternating with cold temperature, metamorphic rocks are melted producing molten rock or magma. The cycle begins again, and the same processes take place. What’s In ( Rocks and Minerals) What I Have Learned What’s more 1. Rock Weathering 2. Rock-forming Mass wasting Rocks minerals Erosion 3. Fire Granite 1. construction 4. Magma Talc 5. Chemical Fracture 6. Lithification Sedimentation 2. Home and office decor 7. Mechanical Hydrolysis 8. Chemical Carbonation 3. landscape 9. Chemical Oxidation weathering Chemical weathering Minerals 10. Hydration Marble Pumice 1. construction Rocks Diamond 2. electricity 3. transportation 4. cosmetics Answer Key  For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd- BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]