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REVIEWER IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY AN INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY Media and Information Literacy refers to the skills required to interact with various media platforms and gain access to information from around the world. These are important to learn since we now live in...

REVIEWER IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY AN INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY Media and Information Literacy refers to the skills required to interact with various media platforms and gain access to information from around the world. These are important to learn since we now live in the information age when the media plays a significant role in disseminating information, connecting people, and acting as a change agent in our society. Communication Defined communication, n. The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing or using some other medium. …The successful conveying or sharing of ideas and feelings. The Oxford English Dictionary The word "communication" comes from the Latin word "communicare," which means "to share" or "to make common" (Weekley, 1967). The process of comprehending and exchanging meaning is called communication (Pearson & Nelson, 2000). The relationship that incorporates participant involvement is at the heart of our communication research. This term is useful since it emphasizes the act of effectively understanding and sharing another's point of view, which we'll lookat in-depth throughout this text. Communication Process: To better comprehend it, we can break down the communication process into a set of eight fundamental components. 1. Source - The source imagines, creates, and sends the message. The source in a public speaking scenario is the person giving the speech. 2. Message - The message is the stimulus or meaning provided by the source to the recipient or audience. When preparing to deliver a speech or write a report, your message may appear to be merely the words you chose to convey your meaning. 3. Channel - The channel is the path that a message or messages take between the source and the recipient (What Is Communication? 2012). Today, we have numerous communication avenues at our disposal. Face-to-face conversations, letters, phone calls, text messages, email, the Internet. 4. Receiver - The receiver receives communication from the source, analyzes it, and interprets it in ways intended or not by the source. She or he listens, sees, feels, smells, and/or tastes to receive a message. 5. Feedback - When the receiver responds to the source, whether consciously or unwittingly, she or he is providing feedback. Feedback is made up of messages sent back to the source by the receiver. 6. Environment - The environment is the physical and psychological atmosphere in which an individual sends and receives messages. This could include the tables, seats, lighting, and sound equipment in the space. The room itself exemplifies the setting. The setting can also include elements such as formal attire, which might reflect whether a discussion is open and caring or more professional and formal. 7. Context - The setting, situation, and expectations of the individuals participating are all part of the context of the communication exchange. A professional communication context may include business attire (environmental cues) that directly or indirectly impacts participants' language and behavior expectations. 8. Interference or noise - This includes everything that interferes with or alters the intended meaning of the communication from the source. For example, if you drove to work or school, you were most likely surrounded by noise. Car horns, billboards, or the radio in your car may have disrupted your thoughts or chitchat with a passenger. Psychological noise occurs when your thoughts take over your attention when you are listening or reading a message. Unlock the Definitions Literacy: The ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning, wherein individuals are able to achieve their goals, develop their knowledge and potential, and participate fully in their community and wider Media: The physical objects used to communicate with, or the mass communication through physical objects such as radio, television, computers, film, etc. It also refers to any physical object used to communicate messages. Media Literacy: The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms. It aims to empower citizens by providing them with the competencies (knowledge and skills) necessary to engage with traditional media and new technologies. Information: A broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived from study, experience, instruction, signals or symbols. Information Literacy: The ability to recognize when information is needed, and to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate information in its various formats. Technology Literacy: The ability of an individual, either working independently or with others, to responsibly, appropriately, and effectively use technological tools. Using these tools an individual can access, manage, integrate,evaluate, create and communicate information. Media and Information Literacy: The essential skills and competencies that allow individuals to engage with media and other information providers effectively, as well as develop critical thinking and life-long learning skills to socialize and become active citizens. Evolution of Media Channel – provides opportunities for people to communicate, share ideas, speculate, tell stories and give information Watchdog – exposes corrupt practices of the government and the private sector. Creating a space wherein governance is challenged or scrutinized by the governed. It also guarantees free and fair elections Resource center – acts as a gateway of information for the society’s consumption. Also, it becomes a keeper of memories of the community, preserver of heritage and source of academic knowledge. Advocate – through its diverse sources or formats, it bridges the gap of the digital divide. Media Convergence is the coexistence of traditional and new media. THE EVOLUTION OF MEDIA: TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s) People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper, and iron. Examples: Cave paintings (35,000 BC)- they believed that cave painting is symbolic and religious function. The oldest painting in the world is basically makikita sa pre historic cave and by that the lives of pre- historic people. Example of this is the PICTOGRAPHS AND PETROLYPHS PICTOGRAPHS ROCK PAINTING- EARLIEST FORM OF WRITING that convey a meaning through a representation of physical world PETROGLYPHS ARE ROCK CARVING designing carved into the surface of natural rock. Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)- in another region around 2400 bc PARTICULARLY IN MESOPOTAMIA ( FIRST CIVILISATION) is considered as the BIRTHPLACE OF WRITING Example of this is CUNEIFORM- one of the oldest of writing particularly in SUMERIAN (now Iraq). *EPIC OF GILGAMESH FOUND IN CLAY TABLET- epic from mesopotamia (Gilgamesh- the most ancient hero we know) Greatest literary work of Mesopotamia. Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)- FIRST MANUFACTURED in Egypt. Made of papyrus plant to make paper. It is a paper used by the chief or PHAROAH to communicate with the constituent. ‘’SO SHALL IT BE WRITTEN, SO SHALL IT BE DONE’’ the minion of the PHAROAH will write the law , remember it and enforce it. Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)- the first news paper. Acted as a form of communication between Roman empire and the public because it is a DAILY PUBLIC RECORDS, transcribed official message and matters of public interest into a SLAB OF STONE. Dibao in China (2nd Century)- Earliest news media in china Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century)- the CODEX was used by the Mayan to document their lives, to document their culture that is why when these was discovered mas nakilala natin ang ancient civilization. Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)- common in EAST ASIA to be specific sa CHINA, JAPAN, KOREA. Technique for printing text, image or pattern kung saan sinusulat or dinodrawing muna Nila sa papel then papatern nila sa mga wood blocks. Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) during the industrial age FACTORIES were build production was on rise so its mass production meaning producing many things at the same time particularly for the benefits of public consumptions.People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press). Examples: Printing press for mass production (19th century)- producing newspaper or other form of text materials or reading materials were already on rise so they have been using a moveable printer for this one. Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640)- kung ano Yung alam nating news paper Ngayon ay nagsimula po iyon noong 1640 like for example the London Gazette 1640 Typewriter (1800)Telephone (1876)- Alexander graham bell first sent a message via telephone. Motion picture photography/projection (1890) Commercial motion pictures (1913) Motion picture with sound (1926) *It brought us the development and production of sound film and kung ano ang movie na Meron Tayo Ngayon. Telegraph- a telegraph message sent by an elevtrical telegraph using MORSE CODE. Punch cards- same as telegraphs however punch card are used for computing process Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance communication became more efficient. Examples: Transistor Radio Television (1941) Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC (1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951 Mainframe computers – i.e. IBM 704 (1960) Personal computers – i.e. Hewlett-Packard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976) Information Age (1900s-2000s) The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound, and data are digitalized. We are now living in the information age. Examples: Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer (1995) Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), WordPress (2003) Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004) Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007) Video: YouTube (2005) Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts (2013) Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995) Portable computers- laptops (1980), netbooks (2008), tablets (1993) Smartphones Wearable technology Cloud and Big Data INFORMATION is the data that has been collected, processed, and interpreted in order to be presented in a usable form. In media world, information is often used to describe knowledge of specific events or situations that has been gathered or received by communication, intelligence, or news reports. LITERACY is the understanding of a specific subject. INFORMATION LITERACY a set of individual competencies needed to identify, evaluate and use information in the most ethical, efficient and effective way across all domains, occupations, and professions. It refers to the ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate information in its various formats. STAGE/ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION LITERACY FIRST STAGE: IDENTIFYING/ RECOGNIZING INFORMATION NEEDS Why do you need information? To be updated with the news for learning/ education purposes, for communication, to acquire knowledge needed for decision making. SECOND STAGE: DETERMINING SOURCES OF INFORMATION Where do you search for information? Internet, Television. Library, Radio, Newspaper, etc. THIRD STAGES: CITING OR SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION How do you acquire and store information? Write, Print, Photocopy, Photograph, Download, Cloud Storage, Record, External Memory Drives, Memory Cards. FOURTH STAGE: ANALYZING AND EVALUATING THE QUALITY OF INFORMATION How will you determine the quality and accuracy of the information that you have? It should come from reputable sources, such as an institution. FIFTH STAGE: ORGANIZING, STORING OR ARCHIVING INFORMATION How do you use the information that you have? Share, Apply, Announce, Post, Archive, Reminder, Answer a query SIXTH STAGE: USING INFORMATION IN AN ETHICAL EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE WAY How will you communicate information? Announcement, Text, Post to social media or face-to-face session includes the problems with the intellectual property, proper use, freedom of information, security of the information and plagiarism. PLAGIARISM is a ‘’wrongful appropriation’’ and ‘’stealing and publication’’ of another author’s ‘’language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions’’ and the representation of them as one’s own original work. COMMON KNOWLEDGE: Facts that can be found in numerous places and are likely to be widely known. Example: John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States in 1960. This is generally known information. You do not need to document this fact INTERPRETATION: You must document facts that are not generally known, or ideas that interpret facts. Example: Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player ever to have played the game. This idea is not a fact but aa interpretation or an option. You need to cite the source. QUOTATION: Using someone’s words directly. When you use a direct quote, place the passage between quotation marks, and document the source according to a standard documenting style. Example: According to John Smith in The New York Times, “37% of all children under the age of 10 live below the poverty line”. You need to cite the source. PARAPHRASE: Using someone’s ideas, but rephrasing them in your own words. Although you will use your own words to paraphrase, you must still acknowledge and cite the source of the information.Plagiarism has legal implications. While ideas themselves are not copyrightable, the artistic expression of an idea automatically falls under copyright when it is created. Under fair use, small parts may be copied without permission from the copyright holder. However, even under fair use - in which you can use some parts of the material for academic or non-profit purposes - you must attribute the original source. What is considered fair use is rather subjective and can vary from country to country. Strategies in Avoiding Plagiarism Submit your own work for publication. You need to cite even your own work. Put quotation marks around everything that comes directly from the text and cite the source. Paraphrase, but be sure that you are not simply rearranging or replacing a few words and cite the source. Keep a source journal, a notepad, or note cards- annotated bibliographies can be especially beneficial Use the style manual in properly citing sources Get help from the writing center or library. TYPES OF MEDIA: PRINT, BROADCAST, NEW MEDIA Print Media - media consisting of paper and ink, reproduced in a printing process that is traditionally mechanical. Broadcast Media - media such as radio and television that reach target audiences using airwaves as the transmission medium. New Media- Content organized and distributed on digital platforms. Example RAPPLER Media Convergence The co-existence of traditional and new media. The co-existence of print media, broadcast media (radio and television), the Internet, mobile phones, as well as others, allowing media content to flow across various platforms.  The ability to transform different kinds of media into digital code, which is then accessible by a range of devices (ex. from the personal computer to the mobile phone), thus creating a digital communication Environment. Media and Information language Media Language Media language denotes how media producers make meaning about a certain medium (advertisement, TV show, film, etc.) they are producing and how they transfer that meaning to their target audience. It allows the audience to convey the meaning of the text through its signs and symbols. These signs and symbols used in media text do not have a single meaning. It is expected that the audience have different interpretations and will use different meaning systems. In interpreting these signs and symbols, the audience may interpret the media text denotatively or connotatively. Denotative meaning is the literal meaning of the media text while connotative meaning refers to the various interpretations that the text suggests to the audience which are often associated with their culture, values, beliefs, etc. For example, the use of the nonverbal signal “thumbs up” may mean “Job well done!” to some cultures but it may mean “Up yours!” or “Sit on this!” in Australia, Greece and Middle East. Media Codes and Conventions In interpreting meaning of the media text, you have to be able to understand two of the most significant aspects of media and information language – the codes and conventions. Media codes and conventions are the very foundations of all the existing media. Media codes commonly have an established meaning, denotation or connotation, to the target audience. Meanwhile, conventions refer to the possible methods in which codes are organised in a product. Types of Media Codes There are three types of media codes: the symbolic codes, technical codes and written codes. Symbolic codes are audience-based. The meaning of the product is not based on the product itself but on the interpretation of the audience. For example, a film with a scene waiving a white flag symbolizes “retreat” or “surrender”. In reality, the audience who sees someone waiving a white flag may interpret it the same way. The symbolic codes in media include setting, mise en scene, acting and color. Setting refers to the time and place of the narrative or a specific scene. Mise en scene is a French term which means “everything within the frame”. It describes all the features (set design, costume, props, staging) within a frame of media products. Acting refers to the portrayal of the actors in creating media products. Color considerations are highly connotative when it comes to interpretations. It is also usually associated with cultural aspects. Technical codes refer to codes specific to a media form alone. The knowledge and connotations of different camera angles and shots make sense when looking at films and photographs but mean nothing outside those forms. The technical codes include camerawork (camera operation, positioning and movement for desired specific effects), editing (process of selecting, operating and ordering images and sound), audio (expression and utilization of sounds) and lighting (the manipulation of light based on the target mood). Written codes are the formal written language used in creating a media product. It includes the printed language (the text visible with the media frame which is the text you can see within the frame) and the spoken language which includes the dialogues and even the lyrics of the song. Types of Conventions Conventions refer to the recognized ways of using media codes. The types of conventions include form conventions, story conventions and genre conventions. Form conventions are ways in which the types of media codes are expected to be arranged. For instance, the title and main casts are expected to appear at the beginning of a movie while the credits are expected to appear at the end. Television series usually begin with the short recap of the previous episode and ends with a preview of the next episode. Story conventions refer to the basic structures of narratives. Examples of story conventions involve narrative structures, character constructions, and point of view. Genre conventions refers to the common use of the elements of narratives such as the characters, settings or themes in a certain type media. Genre conventions can be formal or thematic and are usually linked to the expectations of the audience. Media producers, stakeholders and audience Aside from media language, media practitioners also look into the elementssuch as the producers, the stakeholders and the audience. The media producersrefer to the people who initiate, plan and produce media texts. They need to have the skill in assessing the media texts; a thorough understanding of the target product; and the processes that go into creating the products. Meanwhile, the stakeholdersrefer to people or organizations that share the same interests or intentions. The audience, on the other hand, is a significant element in delivering media texts. All media texts are made with a target audience in mind. Producers, before coming up with a media text, conduct an audience analysis. The audience analysis is the process of looking into the demographics (age, gender, social status, etc.) and psychology (values, beliefs, attitude) of the audience. Producers also consider the reaction of the audience by looking into the following: Audience Engagement. This refers to the reaction of the audience with the media text. Different people react in varied ways to the same text. Audience Expectations. This refers to the anticipation of the audience about the text. Producers may satisfy or shatter the audience’s expectations.  Audience Foreknowledge. This refers to the exact information (not expectations) which the audience bring about the media output. Audience Identification. This refers to the connection built by the media text to the audience. Audience Placement. This refers to the strategies utilized by the producers which makes the audience feel that the media text is made specifically for them. Audience Research. This refers to the monitoring of the audience before, during and after the production of the media text. MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES Media and Information SourcesDetermining the type of information, you need or hope to find will help in locating appropriate sources of information and having access to them. There are three main sources of information: the indigenous knowledge, library and internet. In many instances, sources of information are also classified as primary, secondary and tertiary. A. Indigenous Knowledge Indigenous knowledge is the distinctive knowledge kept to a specific group of people. Local knowledge, folk knowledge, people’s knowledge, traditional wisdom ortraditional science are other terms used for it (Senanayak, 2006). Communities generate and transmit this knowledge in certain periods with the purpose of being able to adjust with their agricultural, ecological and socio-economic environments (Fernandez, 1994). Meanwhile, according to Brouwers (1993), indigenous knowledge is “generated through a systematic process of observing local conditions, experimenting with solutions and readapting previously identified solutions to modified environmental, socio-economic and technological situations”. It usually becomes the basis of a certain community for their daily life. Indigenous knowledge is transferred from one generation to another, either orally (oral tradition) or through cultural rituals. Oral traditions involve legends, folktales, epics, myths and folk songs. Furthermore, Dewalt (1994) identified certain topographies of indigenous knowledge which are very significant in conservation and sustainable growth: Locally appropriate. Indigenous knowledge signifies a way of life that has advanced with the local conditions. Restraint in resource exploitation. Production is for survival needs only; what is taken from the environment are only those that are necessary for immediate survival. Diversified production systems. There is no abuse of resources; various strategies are utilized to avoid risks. Respect for nature. A ‘conservation ethic’ often exists. Here, the land is treated as sacred.  Humans are dependent on nature for survival. All species are interrelated; hence, one affects the other. Flexible. Indigenous knowledge means adapting to new circumstances and being open to outside knowledge. Social responsibility. There are strong family and community ties, and with them feelings of obligation and responsibility to preserve the land for future generations. B. Library As defined in Cambridge Dictionary, A library is “a building, room, or organization that has a collection especially of books, music, and information that can be accessed by computer for people to read, use, or borrow”. Aside from books and journals, libraries also house advanced e-resources. Most libraries offer the following services: User services function in linking people to the information they are looking for. Technical services function in gathering, cataloging, and preparing library materials. Computer services function in maintaining databases, software programming, web page design, etc. in the library. Administrative services function in managing the library and services, conveying contracts with sellers, supervising library employees, and preparing budgets. In addition, libraries are classified as academic, public, school and special. Academic libraries attend to colleges and universities. Public libraries attend to cities and towns of all types. School libraries attend to students from Kindergarten to Grade 12. Special libraries are located in specific environments (i.e. hospitals, corporations, museums, military, private business). C. Internet As defined in the Oxford Dictionary, Internet is “a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols”. Essays, UK (2018) describes internet as a “network of networks” that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks. Internet is also defined as the “worldwide publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP)” (Meriam Dictionary). It transmits information stored in files or documents on one computer to another computer. It transfers together several information and services, such as file transfer, electronic mail, interlinked web pages, online chat, and other documents of the World Wide Web. It has to be clarified that the internet itself does not contain information. That is why it is wrong to say that, “the document was found on the Internet”. It would be more correct to say it was found through or using the internet. A. Primary Sources of Information: Primary sources refer to “original materials”. These are materials from a certain period of time which have not been filtered, modified through analysis, interpretation or evaluation. Also, primary sources are the bases of other researches. They are commonly the raw products of written texts (print or electronic format). Hence, they show original thinking, present a discovery, or impart new information. The following are examples of primary sources of information: Artifact. It refers to something made or created by humans, such as a tool or a work of art, especially an object of archaeological interest. Diary. It is a record with distinct entries organized by date reporting on daily activities or other periods. It can be personal which may include a person's experiences, thoughts, and/or feelings. Patent. This is the granting of a right to an inventor by a sovereign authority. This grant affords the inventor exclusive rights to the patented process, design, or invention for a designated period in exchange for a comprehensive disclosure of the invention. Other examples of primary sources include: e-mails, interviews, journal articles, letters, minutes of meetings, conferences and symposia, newspaper articles, original documents (i.e. birth certificate, marriage certificate), photographs, records of organizations, research survey results, speeches, works of art, literature, architecture and music, and websites. B. Secondary Sources of Information: Compared to primary sources, secondary sources are not easily defined. Generally, they are written after an original product which usually aim to give reflection or analysis. In short, they are analyses, interpretations and evaluations of primary sources. Secondary sources are not proof, but rather explanation on and discussion of evidence. Secondary sources may be classified as index type, survey type and reference type. Indexes are typically found as one or more individual volumes at the end of a set. Examples are index, bibliography, indexing periodicals, and abstracting periodicals. Survey type involves the product of examination or description of someone or something. Examples are reviews, treatises, and monographs. The reference type are materials collected from others’ works such as encyclopedia, dictionary, handbook, manual and critical tables. C. Tertiary Sources of information: Tertiary sources is commonly confused with secondary sources. Tertiary sources involve information which collects and organizes primary and secondary sources. Tertiary sources involve bibliography of bibliographies, directories and yearbooks, guide to literature and list of research in progress. Legal, Ethical and Societal Issues in Media and Information With the growing online community in this new information age, it is imperative that one must know and understand their rights and responsibilities as media and information providers and consumers to become digital citizens. Significantly encompassing these rights and responsibilities are the issues of Intellectual Property, Fair Use, Netiquette, Internet Addiction and Cyberbullying. A. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the global forum for intellectual property services, policy, information and cooperation, defined Intellectual Property as referring to the “creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce” (World Intellectual Property Organization, 2016). It can be classified into two categories namely, (1) Industrial Property which includes patents, trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications and appellations of origin; and (2) Copyright which covers literary works (such as novels, poems and plays), films, music, artistic works (e.g., drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures) and architectural design. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and broadcasters in their radio and television programs (WIPO, 2016).In the Philippines, IP could be protected under two legal bases – the Intellectual Property Code (RA 8293) and the Cybercrime Prevention Act (RA 10175). Both of thelaws protect the intellectual property rights allowing the rightful creators or owners of patents, trademarks or copyrighted works to benefit from their own work or creation – may it be of moral or material interests. Violation of this law or one of the rights is called infringement. Types of Intellectual Property 1. Copyright. It is a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works. This covers works ranging from books, music, paintings, sculpture and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps and technical drawings (WIPO, 2016). Registration of copyrighted work or displaying of the copyright symbol may not be mandatory but it is recommended to emphasize that the author is claiming copyright protection in the work. Nevertheless, the copyright law still protects the creator’s workfrom the moment of creation and the owners do not lose this protection. To learn more about IP registration in the Philippines, visit www.ipophil.gov.ph. 2. Patent. It is an exclusive right granted for an invention. It provides the patent owner with the right to consent on the invention or a way for others to use it. In return, the patent owner is responsible in makingtechnical information about the invention available in the published patent document or in public (WIPO, 2016). 3. Trademark. It is a distinguished sign of goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. It can be compared to what craftsmen used in ancient times as “signature mark” on their product (WIPO, 2016). TMdenotes that the owner of the mark is in the process of registration to indicate claim of ownership, while ® is only used for marks that have been granted registration. 4. Industrial Design. WIPO (2016) defines Industrial design as ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an item. A design may consist of threedimensional features such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two- dimensional features such as patterns, lines or color. An industrial design right protects only the appearance or aesthetic features of a product, whereas a patent protects an invention that offers a new technical solution to a problem. In principle, an industrial design right does not protect the technical or functional features of a product. Such features could, however, potentially be protected by a patent. 5. Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin. These are are signs used onproducts possessing qualities, a status,or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that location of origin. Generally, a geographical indicationincludes the name of the place of origin of the goods (WIPO, 2016).Republic Act No. 8293 or Intellectual Property Code of the PhilippinesThe copyrighted works are under this Term of Protection (Source: Official Gazette, 2012, section 213) Intellectual property is essential in creating a culture of creativity, progress and innovations as any content creator’s exclusive rights to their own creation are secured and protected through the IP law. This means one’s original work cannot be legally copied or used for profit. Otherwise, one can be penalized on grounds of infringement. Copyright law allows the owner to control access to his or her own work and consequently provides strong penalties for infringement of owners’ rights. However, the law also includes certain exemptions to the rule and considerations in the use of the copyrighted materials from owner’s control, which is under the doctrine of Fair Use. B. FAIR USE Fair use is a legal principle stating that one can use a copyrighted work without license for the following purposes: commentary, criticism, reporting, research and teaching. Furthermore, the copyrighted material must observeconditions such as (1) amount and substantiality of the portion taken; (2) purpose and character of one’s use; (3) nature of the copyrighted work; and (4) potential market effect (Stim, 2016). In general, one must own the majority of the new content, give full credit to the original source, and use the content for non-profit purposes to consider it fair use. In order to clarify the terms and conditions in control of the creative work between the author and the general public, one needs permission from the copyright holder which is called license. Some content creators choose to license their work more freely by giving their work a Creative Commons license or even putting their work in Public Domain. This CC licenses are copyright licenses providing a simple and standardized way to give the public permission to share and use the creative work. This is easier for both the author and public compared to an agreement in traditional licenses which are more restricting. Creative Commons is an American non-commercial organization which aims to expand the range of creative works available for others to build upon and to share legally. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public. Below are infographics about copyright, fair use and creative commons. C. NETIQUETTE One of the pressing problems in the digital age is the lack of basic manners in using the internet. Seemingly overwhelmed with the liberty one enjoys in digital media, online users tend to forget that they are still interacting with real people, although in virtual world or cyberspace. To help minimize mistakes, untoward encounter and unkind experience online, understanding and applying the rules in Netiquette is necessary. Simply put, Netiquette reminds you to respect and protect your own privacy, as well as others’. You must “self-reflect before you self-reveal” (Common Sense Education). In practicing the rules of Netiquette, you must also consider being careful in managing your virtual self and digital footprints, as well as being mindful of data privacy. Virtual Self is how you present yourself in online platforms. Whatever you say or do in the internet can be viewed and others can easily pass judgment without even knowing who you are outside the virtual environment. Digital Footprint Digital footprint is any data record of the things you do online. Anything in the internet with your name creates a trail of data about you. This could be information in your personal website, any activity in social media, your browsing history, online subscription and the like. With this being the case, youmust be vigilant in sharing personal information for this could pose potential dangers. There had been viral videos with private or sensitive content because of not being mindful of one’s digital footprint. Your digital footprint matters for it could remain in a lifetime. Data Privacy Not only are virtual self and digital footprint are incorporated in netiquette. Respecting and managing data privacy is also a responsible behavior in the internet. And this should be mutual – both from media user and producer. Data privacy or the fundamental right of an individual to protect private information from disclosure to information and communication systems is under Republic Act No. 10173 or the Data Privacy Act of 2012, as defined by the National Privacy Commission. If precautionary measures are not observed in sharing personal information, your online security can be compromised. Digital Divide As part of being mannerly towards others online, it is also helpful to know that not everyone has the same access to high-speed internet, or even so, regular digital access, or advanced digital knowledge so we are called to be understanding, helpfuland polite to the digitally disadvantaged. This digital inequality or gap between groups in terms of knowledge, usage, and access to ICT due to circumstances like location, income and age is called Digital Divide. D. COMPUTER ADDICTION AND CYBERBULLYING With the growing industry of digital media, many media users have become vulnerable to improper use of the internet. Computer addiction and cyberbullying are not only local problems but they are globally prevalent. These issues may come as result of an intention, or a habit which has gone worse. If not addressed, these issues could distress one’s health and relationships. Computer Addiction A study by Hootsuite and WeareSocial in 2019 finds that the Philippines ranks as the most internet- addicted country (Zulueta, 2019). The world internet usage index lists the Philippines’ average time spent on the internet as 10 hours a day. So, how do we know if we have addiction? Computer Addiction is the “overdependence or a damaging need to do something on computer or internet” (E-Learning Guide on Media and Information Literacy). Its impact could be linked to sleep deprivation, anxiety and even depression.Setting a limit and immersing yourself with outside activity can obviate addiction. Remember, anything beyond moderation is not good. To put it simply, learning to properly use digital resources is responsible internet behavior. Cyberbullying According to UNICEF Poll on September 2019, one in every three young people in 30 countries has reported of being a victim of online bullying (UNICEF, 2019). Cyberbullying is the use of digital means of communication that could hurt or harass a person. Examples of this are sending hurtful text or SNS messages, posting of embarrassing photos or videos, and spreading mean or malicious rumors online. It is cyberbullying if the offender does it intentionally and repeatedly; hence, it should be seriously addressed already.If this happens, you must prioritize your mental health so do not be afraid to seek help and defend yourself. GOOD LUCK KIDDOS!! HARD WORK BEATS TALENT WHEN TALENT DOESN’T WORK HARD. LABAN LANG!