Questions and Answers
Which philosopher is known for the quote 'I think therefore I am'?
What is Aristotle’s view on happiness?
Human happiness is achieved through the Golden Mean, which is moderation and balance.
Plato believed that the soul is tripartite.
True
The concept of self developed from social experiences is attributed to _____ .
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Who proposed the theory of Tabula Rasa?
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Which perspective emphasizes the relationship between body and mind?
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The _____ self refers to the online identity that individuals construct.
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What is the significance of the Looking Glass Theory?
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Which philosopher believed in the relationship between God and happiness?
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The Internal Self is synonymous with the Outer Self according to Immanuel Kant.
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The _____ self is characterized by the individual's search for purpose and meaning in life.
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What does the term 'Metacognition' refer to?
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Which of the following is a pitfall to avoid in an anthropological perspective?
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Match the following philosophers with their theories:
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Study Notes
Ancient Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
- Socrates: Advocated for the distinction between the physical body (changing) and the immortal soul (unchanging), emphasizing self-awareness and critical examination of life. Known for quotes like "Know thyself" and utilized the Socratic Method of questioning.
- Plato: Socrates' student; proposed that the soul consists of three parts: appetitive (bodily desires), rational (logical reasoning), and spirited (emotions). Believed life’s purpose is freeing the soul from the body.
- Aristotle: Viewed the self as a composite of body and soul, promoting balance between reason, passions, and intellect. Emphasized happiness achieved through moderation, termed the "Golden Mean."
Medieval Philosophers: St. Augustine & St. Aquinas
- St. Augustine: Asserted that true happiness is found in a relationship with God.
- St. Thomas Aquinas: Advocated for the harmony of faith and reason, stating that truth from divine revelation aligns with rational thought.
Modern Philosophers: Descartes, Locke, Kant
- René Descartes: Introduced dualism separating the immaterial mind (consciousness) and material body (unreliable senses). Famous for "I think, therefore I am."
- John Locke: Proposed the mind as a 'Tabula Rasa' or blank slate shaped by experiences, emphasizing the influences during infancy.
- Immanuel Kant: Discussed the moral self as a combination of psychological and rational aspects. Introduced the Categorical Imperative emphasizing universal moral laws.
Contemporary Perspectives: Merleau-Ponty, Ryle, Churchland
- Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Promoted the inseparable union of mind and body, suggesting that experiences are embodied.
- Gilbert Ryle: Clarified understanding through practical and factual knowledge, linking the connection of mind and body.
- Paul Churchland: Advocated for a materialist view of self, asserting that sense experiences are fundamental to the conception of self.
Sociological Perspectives: Mead and Cooley
- George Herbert Mead: Proposed the self develops through social interactions, distinguishing between the "I" (individual) and "ME" (social self).
- Charles Cooley: Introduced the "Looking Glass Self" theory explaining self-image is shaped by perceived judgments from others.
Anthropological Perspectives
- Recognized a holistic approach to self, emphasizing that culture influences individual identity.
- Naomi Quinn described the self as a totality; warned against strategic and reductionist views of self.
Psychological Perspectives: William James
- William James: Distinguished between the "I" (subjective self) and "ME" (objective self), which includes material, social, spiritual, and empirical aspects.
Western and Eastern Thought
- Western thought emphasizes individualism; Eastern thought focuses on collectivism and interconnectedness within society.
Unpacking the Self
- Physical Self: Refers to the tangible body, subject to external judgments.
- Sexual Self: Development of sexual characteristics influenced by hormonal changes during prenatal stages and puberty.
- Spiritual Self: Represents the quest for meaning and truth beyond external influences.
- Political Self: Involves functions within society and encompasses national, tribal, linguistic, and religious identities.
- Digital Self: Constructed online identity that reflects one’s chosen self-representation, demanding careful management.
Ecological Self
- Covers prenatal development affected by genetic factors and hormone influences during puberty, including the SRY gene's role in sex differentiation.
Metacognition and Self-regulation
- Encourages self-awareness in learning processes through strategies like PQ4R. Highlights the importance of self-regulation in managing stress and adopting a growth mindset.
Stress Management
- Identifies types of stress (acute, episodic acute, chronic) and addresses coping strategies involving self-care, compassion, and positive interpersonal interactions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key ideas of ancient philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, as well as medieval thinkers like St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. Discover their concepts of self, happiness, and the relationship between reason and faith.
