Pre-AP Biology Fall 2022 Exam Review Guide PDF

# Pre-AP Biology - Ms. Ward Fall 2022 Exam Review Guide ## Unit 1: Chemistry of Life ### Identifying Chemical Components * What is an atom? | Particle | Charge | Location In Atom | If You Change the Number Of this Particle, What Happens? | |---|---|---|---| | Proton | + | Nucleus | Form new ele...

# Pre-AP Biology - Ms. Ward Fall 2022 Exam Review Guide ## Unit 1: Chemistry of Life ### Identifying Chemical Components * What is an atom? | Particle | Charge | Location In Atom | If You Change the Number Of this Particle, What Happens? | |---|---|---|---| | Proton | + | Nucleus | Form new element | | Electron | - | "Cloud" Around Nucleus | Forms ions ("+" or "-") | | Neutron | 0 | Nucleus | Forms isotopes | * Classify each of the following substances as either an element or a compound. - Tungsten (W): Element - Water (H₂O): Compound - Hydrochloric acid (HCl): Compound - Aluminum (Al): Element - Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆): Compound ### Chemical Bonding * Where are valence electrons located, and what makes them special? - Valence electrons are found on the outermost electron shell, furthest from the nucleus. - They are the only electrons capable of participating in a chemical reaction. * List the following types of chemical bonds in order from strongest (1) to weakest (3): hydrogen, covalent, ionic 1. Covalent 2. Ionic 3. Hydrogen * How do covalent bonds and ionic bonds form? Covalent: Electrons are *SHARED* between atoms. Ionic: Electrons are *TRANSFERRED* between atoms, resulting in the formation of ions. ### Acids and Bases * Substances between 0-6 on the pH scale are classified as *ACIDS*. Give an example and include its pH value. - Stomach Acid - pH 2 * Substances between 8-14 on the pH scale are classified as *BASES*. Give an example and include its pH value. - Ammonia, oven cleaner - pH 10 * Substances that have a pH value of 7 are classified as *NEUTRAL*. Give an example. - Water ### Macromolecules |Common Name(s)| Name of Monomer | Name of Polymer | Function(s) | Location in the Cell | |---|---|---|---|---| | Sugars | Monosaccharide | Polysaccharide | Structure or storage | Cytoplasm, membrane, mitochondria | | Fats, oils, waxes | | | Store energy | Membrane | | | Amino acid | Polypeptide | | Everywhere | | DNA/RNA | Nucleotide | Polynucleotide | Carry genetic information | Nucleus or cytoplasm | ## Unit 1 Vocabulary * Atom * Ionic Bond * Proton * Hydrogen Bond * Electron * pH * Neutron * Acid * Isotope * Base * Cation * Carbohydrate * Anion * Monosaccharide * Element * Polysaccharide * Compound * Lipid * Valence Electron * Unsaturated Fat * Covalent Bond * Saturated Fat * Trans Fat * Phospholipid * Hydrophilic * Hydrophobic * Protein * Amino Acid * Polypeptide * Nucleic Acid * DNA * RNA * Nucleotide **ADD:** * Cations: Positively charged ions (e- LOST) * Anions: Negatively charged ions (e- GAINED) * Major Polysaccharides - STARCH: Found in plants; used for energy storage - GLYCOGEN: Found in animals; used for energy storage - CELLULOSE: Found in plants; used for structure - CHITIN: Found in animals/fungi; used for structure ## Unit 2: The Cell and Its Parts ### Cell Theory and Cell Types * What are the three major premises of Cell Theory? 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. * All organisms can be classified as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Compare and contrast these two categories. | Feature | Prokaryote | Eukaryote | |---|---|---| | *Size* | Small | Large | | *Nucleus* | No nucleus | Nucleus | | *Organelles* | Few organelles | Many organelles | | *DNA* | Circular DNA | Linear DNA | | *Ribosomes* | 70S ribosomes | 80S ribosomes | | *Example* | Bacteria | Plants, animals, fungi, protists | * Determine the cell type (prokaryote/eukaryote) of each of the three domains. 1. Bacteria: Prokaryote 2. Archaea: Prokaryote 3. Eukarya: Eukaryote ### Organelles and Subcellular Structures * Based on the following descriptions, write the name of the organelle that best reflects the stated function. - Considered the "post-office" of the cell, this organelle receives packages (such as glycoproteins) from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them, and then ships each product to a specified destination in the cell: **Golgi Apparatus** - These structures are best utilized for storage of food, water, and waste products within the cell: **Vacuoles** - These organelles are exclusively responsible for the synthesis of new proteins: **Ribosomes** - This organelle stores nucleic acids and is the site of both DNA and mRNA synthesis: **Nucleus**