Respiratory System PDF

Cellular Respiration- ATP(adenosine triphosphate) Formed when energy from the breakdown of glucose is used to attach a phosphate group onto ADP(adenosine diphosphate) Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy The process is called phosphorylation Used to power most ene...

Cellular Respiration- ATP(adenosine triphosphate) Formed when energy from the breakdown of glucose is used to attach a phosphate group onto ADP(adenosine diphosphate) Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy The process is called phosphorylation Used to power most energy-requiring processes like growth, building new molecules and movement Using oxygen to create energy Internal vs. External Breathing External ○ Air enters lungs ○ Taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide Internal ○ Blood travels to body parts and exchanges gas with tissues ○ Exchange of gas Gas Exchange Oxygen diffuses into the body cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells Occurs in the lungs and body cells Oxygen needs to liquify to diffuse across the alveoli into the capillaries(blood that carries oxygen) Gas Exchange in Alveoli ○ Diffusion is high pressure to low pressure ○ PO2 in alveoli ~ 13.3 kPa ○ PO2 in pulmonary capillaries ~ 5.55 kPa ○ Result: O2 moves into pulmonary capillaries ○ PCO2 in pulmonary capillaries ~ 5.6 kPa ○ PCO2 in pulmonary alveoli ~ 5.3 kPa ○ Result: CO2 moves into alveoli Transportation Transportation of O2 ○ 1. Dissolving in plasma 1.5% (not very much is transported) ○ 2. Combined with hemoglobin (HB) (98.5%) ○ Oxygen binds to the hemo group making oxyhemoglobin (4 iron atoms combine with 1 O2 molecule) ○ Increases delivery by 70x Transportation of CO2  ○ 1. Bound to HB (20%) ○ Forms carbaminohemoglobin ○ 2. Dissolved in plasma (7%) ○ 3. 73% reacts with water to form carbonic acid which separates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ○ HB picks up hydrogen and brings it to the lungs to reform CO2 and water Partial Pressure and Altitude The total air pressure of a mixture of gasses is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the component gas Examples ○ Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 101.3 kPa ○ Oxygen is 20.9% of the atmosphere so 20.9% of 101.3 kPa is partial pressure (P O2) ○ Carbon dioxide is 0.0391% of the atmosphere so 0.0391% of 101.3 kPa is partial pressure (P CO2) This also applies to gasses dissolved in liquids The carbon dioxide inside soda will escape until its the same partial pressure of the carbon dioxide above it Higher pressure to lower pressure exchange until its even Altitude ○ High altitudes have low atmospheric pressure meaning less oxygen molecules in every breath ○ The pressure between P O2 in the air and P O2 in the blood is reduced ○ The rate of diffusion decreases and the supply of blood also decreases ○ Lack of oxygen can cause altitude sickness (nausea, shortness of breath, headaches, dizziness and tiredness) ○ What the body does about it When supply of oxygen is reduced the kidneys increase the secretion of erythropoietin (EPO) (hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells) Increasing the amount of red blood cells increases the amount of oxygen that can be absorbed through the air Nervous Control of Breathing Control center is brain stem (part that connects brain to spinal cord) Sends signals to intercostal muscles(muscles between ribs) and diaphragm to contract (inhale) Stretch receptors send signals back indicating the lungs have expanded  Brain stops signaling the intercostal muscles and diaphragm so they relax (exhale) Stretch receptor detects the reduction in stretch and sends a signal to the brain stem Levels of O2 and CO2 are monitored by chemoreceptors in the brain and major arteries Receptors detected lowered pH(due to H+ from carbon dioxide in plasma) Triggers signal to respiratory system to quicken breathing rate and volume Heart rate increases Disorders Asthma ○ Chronic, long term inflation of the lining of the bronchi and bronchioles ○ Inflammation is a protective character to eliminate foreign substances but it also restricts air flow ○ Can happen through cigarette smoke, dust, cold air, pollen, pollution, etc. ○ Inhalers have relief medication that open up and dilate the bronchi and bronchioles to allow air flow. ○ Symptoms are coughing, wheezing, tightness in chest and shortness of breath Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) ○ Combination of bronchitis and emphysema (air sacs in lungs are damaged and enlarged) ○ Commonly caused by smoking ○ The walls of alveoli are damaged or destroyed which causes a reduction in surface area. ○ With a reduction in surface area for gas exchange the amount of oxygen diffusing into blood is reduced causing carbon dioxide levels to increase. ○ Can be fatal and no cure ○ Symptoms are coughing, wheezing, tightness in chest and shortness of breath Influenza (Flu) ○ Caused by a virus ○ Symptoms are fever, dry cough, sore throat,runny nose, muscle and joint aches and pains ○ Antiviral medicine can be prescribed or can recover in a week ○ Highly contagious through coughs or sneezes Tuberculosis ○ Bacterial infection spread through sneeze or cough  ○ Normally affects lungs but can eventually affect other parts ○ An infected person may not show obvious signs ○ Symptoms are coughing, chest pain, weight loss, night sweat, and coughing up blood. Pneumonia ○ Infection of lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi ○ Causes inflammation of the lining of the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli ○ Causes pus and mucus to accumulate in the alveoli preventing gas exchange ○ Symptoms are fever, cough and shortness of breath ○ Diagnosed by analysing the mucus in respiratory system or phlegm that is coughed up ○ Can be treated by anti biotics Cystic Fibrosis ○ Mucus production is defective ○ Produces thick and sticky mucus that clogs airways ○ Air flow is decreased ○ Scar tissue forms in pancreas which prevent insulin production ○ Thick secretions of mucus can prevent secretion of digestive enzymes Sleep Apnea ○ When sleeping on your back the airway gets blocked ○ Oxygen devices can help keep breathing at night Lung Cancer ○ Abnormal cell grow out of control ○ Caused by smoking ○ Symptoms are a cough that doesn’t go away, chest pain and shortness of breath Bronchitis ○ Inflammation of bronchiole tubes ○ Can be chronic or short term ○ Symptoms are runny nose, low fever, tiredness Laryngitis ○ Inflammation of larynx ○ Makes voice hoarse Fish Respiratory System Gills are folded and branched structures that provide maximum surface area through which oxygen can be absorbed and carbon dioxide removed  The movement of the mouth and bony flap help move water through the mouth and over the gills Ensures a constant supply of oxygen- rich water to the gills. Fish gills are made of several gill arches which are made of rows of feathery filaments. In the filaments is a network of capillaries. Blood flows through the capillaries in the opposite direction to the flow of oxygen-rich water Known as countercurrent exchange, it maximizes the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood. Since they move in opposite directions the blood with lower oxygen is also adjacent to the water with a higher oxygen. When the difference in oxygen is greater the oxygen diffuses into the blood at the same time carbon dioxide fuses out. What Parts Do Nose ○ Hairs filter dust and particles ○ Tissues that line the cavity moisten the air (mucus membrane) Paranasal Sinuses ○ Space within the bones ○ Reduce the weight of skull and chambers for voice Pharynx ○ Space between nasal cavity and larynx ○ Pathway for food and air ○ Contains trachea (air) and esophagus (food) Epiglottis ○ Prevents food going into airway when swallowing ○ flap Larynx ○ Vocal chords ○ Top of trachea ○ Passageway for air ○ Covered by epiglottis ○ Prevents food and liquid from entering lungs Glottis ○ Part of the larynx ○ False vocal folds, close airway when swallowing ○ True vocal folds, produce sound  Bronchi ○ Trachea divides into 2 smaller tubes called bronchi Bronchioles ○ Bronchi divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles Alveoli ○ Clusters of air sacs at the end of bronchioles ○ Location of gas exchange ○ Increases surface area of lungs and increases the rate of gas exchange ○ Surrounded by capillaries Lungs ○ Bound by ribcage on the sides and diaphragm on the bottom Diaphragm ○ Contraction allows air to be drawn into lungs ○ Relaxation forces air out Mucus ○ Cells lining the bronchi and trachea secrete mucus that traps foreign particles ○ Mucus is directed up by cilia to the epiglottis where the mucus is swallowed and digested