RESEARCH3-MIDTERM LECTURE-Unit 1.pdf

RESEARCH3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE FELIZARDO JR. G. ARADOR | Instructor I RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE Unit 1 REVIEW ON THE PARTS OF THESIS  RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE a The Problem and its Setting...

RESEARCH3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE FELIZARDO JR. G. ARADOR | Instructor I RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE Unit 1 REVIEW ON THE PARTS OF THESIS  RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE a The Problem and its Setting Review of Related Literature Unit 1 b and Studies REVIEW ON THE c Methodology PARTS OF THESIS Results, Analysis and d Interpretation of Data e Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation  RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE Unit 1 REVIEW ON THE a The Problem and its Setting PARTS OF THESIS Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 1. Background of the Study 2. Statement of the Problem 3. Hypothesis 4. Scope and Delimitation 5. Importance of the Study 6. Definition of Terms U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 1. Background of the Study introduces the reader on the topic investigated. you should try to arouse the interest of the reader and convince them that the research is novel and worth reading. should NOT be too lengthy as to discourage the reader from reading them NOR should it be too short that it will fail to cover salient items of the introduction. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 1. Background of the Study GUIDELINES: a. Describe the problem situation considering global, national and/or local forces whenever applicable b. Cite the legal bases of the study (if applicable) c. Link the situation to the existing body of knowledge. Where applicable, present historical developments leading to the occurrence of the situation. Preferably cite statistics and authoritative sources to support the idea. d. Make a clinching statement that will relate the background to the proposed problem. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 2. Statement of the Problem (Research Objectives) specific result that the researcher aims to achieve within a time frame and with available resources. aim or goal of research, defines the expectations of a research, gives direction of the research and is derived from the research problem. could be GENERAL and SPECIFIC. General statement – overall purpose of research, derived from the research problem or title and the hypothesis. Specific problems – specific outcomes expected of the study derived from the general problem. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 2. Statement of the Problem (Research Objectives) generally stated in question form while objectives are stated in declarative form. Objectives must follow the acronym SMART: ✓ Specific, ✓ Measurable, ✓ Achievable, ✓ Relevant and ✓ Time-bound. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 2. Statement of the Problem (Research Objectives) ELEMENTS: 1. It must be stated in action verb 2. Must show the factors/treatments to be tested 3. Variables to be measured must be present 4. Species involved should be specified 5. Methodology (optional) should be included U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 2. Statement of the Problem (Research Objectives) Research objectives are grouped into three (3): 1. DESCRIPTION: Describing the sample (ex. Characterize, describe, tabulate, identify, classify, etc.) 2. COMPARISON: Comparing two or more groups. (ex. Compare, contrast, differentiate, select, etc.) 3. RELATIONSHIP: Determining relationships between variables (ex. Predict, relate, associate, etc.) U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 2. Statement of the Problem (Research Objectives) NEVER USE the following action verbs: appreciate, have faith in, know, learn, understand U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 2. Statement of the Problem (Research Objectives) 1. The general problem should have the following characteristics: a. It results from a felt need b. It must reflect a noteworthy contribution to knowledge c. it must be within the researcher’s competence and interest d. it must be within the resources of the investigator with reference to time (within the thesis writing period), money (financial plant) and workability (availability of data) U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 2. Statement of the Problem (Research Objectives) 2. The general problem should be stated in such a way that it is NOT answerable by yes of no, when and where. 3. Each sub-problem should be as extensive in coverage as the others along mutually exclusive dimensions (no overlapping). 4. The sub-problems should be arranged in logical order from factual to analytical. 5. Sub-problems on the background, expected conclusions, implications and recommendations of the research should be excluded. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 3. Hypothesis a statement describing a phenomenon or which specifies a relationship between two or more phenomena”. It is formulated after the problem has been adequately defined as a result of extensive review of related literature which enables the researcher to have a thorough theoretical and empirical background about the problem. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 3. Hypothesis Null hypothesis (Ho) – assumes that association does NOT exist Sample is not different from population Cause is not associated with outcome Intervention is not effective or more effective than another intervention Null hypothesis is used for testing safety of intervention or proving a certain belief as erroneous. Example: Ho: milk yield in cows fed ration A is not the same as that with ration B U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 3. Hypothesis Alternative hypothesis(Ha)- assumes that association exists Two-tailed – does not indicate direction of association, whether direct or inverse One-tailed – gives direction of relationship or states which is greater Alternative hypothesis is used for testing suspected risk, prognostic factor and intervention Example: Ha: milk yield is the same in cows fed with ration A and B U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 4. Scope and Delimitation Indicate the principal variables used in the study and the exclusion of other relevant variables not included in the study. Indicate the extent of applicability of results arising from the sampling population U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 4. Scope and Delimitation Example: The study will measure (measured) the yield of garlic in terms of weight, size of bulbs and the number of cloves per bulb. There are (were) three spacing and 4 rates of inorganic fertilizers. The study will be (was) conducted at the CatSU-CAF from January to June 2021. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 5. Importance of the Study 1. Describes the contributions of the study to knowledge. a. new knowledge in the field b. a check on the major findings of other studies c. a check on the validity of findings in a different population d. a check on trends over time e. a check on other findings using a different technology U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 5. Importance of the Study 2. It should describe its application to practice in the field and its benefits to specific groups. 3. This section discuss the benefits of your study in terms of results or findings are cited and the person or group of persons who will be benefited by the result of the study. Start with the very important person/people/policy makers, etc. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 6. Definition of Terms Defining these terms and concepts enable readers to better understand and appreciate the research work. Defining which terms and concepts to define is one of the problems beginning researchers usually encounter. It should be understood that not all terms used in the research is defined. Boundaries therefore be set. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 6. Definition of Terms Two (2) Way of Defining Terms: Conceptual definition or so called the technical definition of the term comes from authoritative source like dictionary, books and other sources; Operational definition is defining the terms/concepts as used in the investigation. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting Chapter 1 – The Problem and Its Setting 6. Definition of Terms CONSIDERATIONS: 1. The terms to be defined are those used throughout the study and may be a word or a phrase, usually (but not exclusively) taken from the title, the statement of the problem, assumptions and hypothesis. 2. The operational definition of terms used may include/specify tests, measures, indices, etc. used in measuring each concept and as employed in the gathering of data. It may refer to responses in the data-gathering instrument. 3. The terms should be arranged either alphabetically or logically, stated in complete sentences. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L1 The Problem & its Setting  RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE a The Problem and its Setting Review of Related Literature Unit 1 b and Studies REVIEW ON THE c Methodology PARTS OF THESIS Results, Analysis and d Interpretation of Data e Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation  RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE Unit 1 REVIEW ON THE b Review of Related Literature & Studies PARTS OF THESIS Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature & Studies RELATED LITERATURE/STUDIES defined by See, et.al (2000) are all information which have substantial bearing on the study at issue whose source/s could be quoted appropriately. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L2 Review of Related Lit. & Studies Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature & Studies 1. Related Literature 2. Related Studies 3. Synthesis of the Related Literature & Studies 4. Gaps in the Review Bridged by the Present Study 5. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L2 Review of Related Lit. & Studies Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature & Studies 1. Related Literature a class refers to books, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, journals, legal reports and other published materials containing facts, laws, theories and other documented observations U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L2 Review of Related Lit. & Studies Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature & Studies 2. Related Studies refer to theses, dissertations and research studies substantially characterized by the presence of the following parts: research problem, hypotheses, objectives, related literature, methodology, findings, conclusions, recommendations and bibliography or references. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L2 Review of Related Lit. & Studies Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature & Studies GUIDELINES IN CITING RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES: a. The materials must be as recent as possible (at least 10 years from the present). b. The materials must be objective and unbiased as possible. c. Materials must be relevant o the study. d. Materials must not be too few nor too many (at least 20 related lit and studies). U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L2 Review of Related Lit. & Studies Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature & Studies 3. Synthesis of the Related Literature and Studies includes a summary of the literature and studies reviewed. It specifically stresses on the subject matter reviewed. From the related studies reviewed, the researcher should be able to identify the similarities and differences of the reviewed studies with the present investigation. part of the research where one can identify whether the research being investigated is a novel one, a replication or a duplication of another research. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L2 Review of Related Lit. & Studies Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature & Studies 4. Gaps in the review bridged by the Present Study identifies the variables which were NOT explored by other researchers, thus became the focus of the investigation. The gaps may either be along the subject of the study, the methodology, the scope or coverage of the study or the respondents of the study. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L2 Review of Related Lit. & Studies Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature & Studies 5. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework 1) Identify and discuss the theory/concept to be used in evolving the proposed research problem. 2) Identify and discuss the variables related to the problem. 3) Construct the paradigm of the research and discuss the elements of variables therein. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L2 Review of Related Lit. & Studies  RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE a The Problem and its Setting Review of Related Literature Unit 1 b and Studies REVIEW ON THE c Methodology PARTS OF THESIS Results, Analysis and d Interpretation of Data e Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation  RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE Unit 1 REVIEW ON THE c Methodology PARTS OF THESIS Chapter 3 – Research Methodology It has a roadmap which needs to be followed when undertaking the investigation. That is why it is necessary to be as specific as possible because this part will serve as a guide for implementation as well as a specification of the work to be done under the contract. It is the fundamental to consider important concerns such as access to data and research material, cost, time, ethical issues, and technical skills (e.g., conducting interviews, statistical analysis, among others U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 1. Design of the Study 2. Sources of Data 3. Sampling Procedure 4. Instrumentation & Validation 5. Methodology 6. Data Gathering Procedure 7. Statistical Treatment of Data U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 1. Design of the Study AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS 2. Sources of Data 1. Design of the Study 3. Sampling Procedure 2. Sources of Data 4. Instrumentation & Validation 3. Methodology 5. Methodology 4. Data Gathering Procedure 6. Data Gathering Procedure 5. Statistical Treatment of Data 7. Statistical Treatment of Data U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 1. Design of the Study It constitutes the blueprint for collection, measurement of analysis of data. It aids the researcher in the allocation of his limited resources by posing crucial choice. It is the blueprint to include experiments, interviews, observations, analysis of records, or combinations of theses. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 1. Design of the Study EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Refers to the entirety of procedures used in arranging the treatments in the experimental site. It is a blue print of procedures that enables the researcher to test his hypothesis by reaching valid conclusions on the relationships of variables under study U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 1. Design of the Study EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Factors affecting the choice of design: Nature and objectives of the study; Kinds of experimental factors involved; and Environmental conditions under which the study will be conducted. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 1. Design of the Study PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN a) Principle of REPLICATION b) Principle of RANDOMIZATION c) Principle of LOCAL CONTROL U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 1. Design of the Study COMMON EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 1. Design of the Study DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN employs the descriptive techniques to answer questions regarding current conditions. focuses on determining the relationship (correlation or causation) U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 2. Sources of Data DATA are a collection of numbers, qualities, facts, or records used as bases for drawing conclusions or making inferences. DATA are what the research is searching and which are subjected to analysis using statistical procedures and interpretation, so that inferences, principles of generalizations are drawn. Two (2) Classifications: (a) Primary Data; and (b) Secondary Data U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 3. Sampling Procedures SAMPLE – small group that the researcher wants to observe POPULATION – total collection of elements about which to make inferences Two (2) Types of Sampling: a. Probability Sampling – every element from population has the chance b. Non-probability – no system in selecting the sample U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 3. Sampling Procedures U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 4. Instrumentation & Validation describes the instruments to be used in gathering data and how it will be validated. 5. Methodology the highest interest of every researcher to conduct his research in a manner that conforms with the standard procedures. primarily done to ascertain that the results obtained from the study are valid and reliable. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 6. Data Gathering Procedure a research activity which is very sensitive and delicate that demands adequacy and accuracy. Needs patience, expertise to make measurements accurate & precise Requires established/refined procedures to ensure that the data & information gathered are valid and answer the objectives for which the study is carried out. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 7. Statistical Treatment of Data describes the statistical tools to be used in analyzing the data gathered in research. Answers the research questions/objectives Level of probability: 1 or 5%, to determine the degree of significance of the findings U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L3 Methodology  RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE a The Problem and its Setting Review of Related Literature Unit 1 b and Studies REVIEW ON THE c Methodology PARTS OF THESIS Results, Analysis and d Interpretation of Data e Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation  RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE Unit 1 REVIEW ON THE d Results, Analysis and Interpretation of Data PARTS OF THESIS Chapter 4 – Results, Analysis & Data Interpretation 1. The Presentation of Data This part of the study exhibits the data in tabulated (table) form that has gone through statistical analysis. Organized in a way where it presents significant meaning. These tabulated data sets are supposed to be aligned with the order and sequence of the specific problem of the study. Presentation of tabulated data sets follows fundamental mechanics; The TABLE number should be written above the tabulated data set and immediately below is the title of the table. When a figure is presented, the word FIGURE should be place below the image or diagram with its corresponding name. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L4 Results, Analysis & Interpretation of Data Chapter 4 – Results, Analysis & Data Interpretation 2. The Analysis of Data After presenting the data, the analysis refers to the identification of data sets or VALUES that are significant in giving meaning to the tabulated form. This is usually done by getting the highest and lowest value from the tabulated form. These will present significant and contrasting meaning to the study being investigated. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L4 Results, Analysis & Interpretation of Data Chapter 4 – Results, Analysis & Data Interpretation 3. The Interpretation of Data After the data sets have been presented and analyzed, the interpretation presents the meaning of data sets by presenting the verbal description and significance of the chosen numeric values. It presents brief descriptive implications and meaning for the data sets to provide the readers a narrative meaning of the tabulated numeric values. These data interpretations should always be based and anchored to what the numeric value supports avoiding unsolicited and biased inferences. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L4 Results, Analysis & Interpretation of Data Chapter 4 – Results, Analysis & Data Interpretation TABLE > VALUE > NARRATIVE U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L4 Results, Analysis & Interpretation of Data Chapter 4 – Results, Analysis & Data Interpretation TIPS 1. Write the introductory statement 2. Present the result of the statistical analysis in tabular (table) form 3. Follow and use the sequence of the SOP in presenting the tables 4. Immediately below the table present a narrative interpretation of the data 5. If there are multiple results presented in the table, get the highest and lowest value as the basis of the narrative interpretation NOTE: the heading "TABLE" should be located on top and the heading "FIGURE" at the bottom U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L4 Results, Analysis & Interpretation of Data Chapter 4 – Results, Analysis & Data Interpretation TIPS 6. Provide a brief narrative to guide the discussion 7. Implement all of these in the preceding SOP of the study NOTE: You may include SOME citations to reinforce a point. 8. Do not present and make conclusions or recommendations in this part of the chapter. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L4 Results, Analysis & Interpretation of Data Chapter 4 – Results, Analysis & Data Interpretation OTHER TIPS a. Title of Chapter 4 is the title of the research. All caps, centered and in an inverted pyramid. b. The next line starts on the fourth line below the title of the chapter. c. The sub-titles are flushed to the left margins. d. The first page of the chapter is counted, but unmarked (no page number). All other pages are marked at the upper right-hand margin using Arabic numerals. e. All major sections/chapter must begin on a new page. Subsections/sub-chapters need not. f. Whenever the heading of a section or sub-section appears near the bottom of a page, it must be followed at least one line of text, or the heading should be forced to the top of the next page. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L4 Results, Analysis & Interpretation of Data  RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE a The Problem and its Setting Review of Related Literature Unit 1 b and Studies REVIEW ON THE c Methodology PARTS OF THESIS Results, Analysis and d Interpretation of Data e Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation  RESEARCH 3 MANUSCRIPT WRITING & DEFENSE Unit 1 REVIEW ON THE e Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation PARTS OF THESIS Chapter 5 – Summary, Findings, Conclusion & Recommendation 1. Summary This includes the objectives, hypothesis, scope and delimitation and methodology which includes the design, treatments, procedures (how the experiment was done) and statistics used in the analysis of data. 2. Findings/Conclusions/Recommendations It is actually the result of your study which should be arranged by objectives. From the findings in objective 1, draw your conclusion then your recommendation. These must be parallel. U1 Review on the Parts of Thesis L5 Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation