Research In Hospitality PDF

RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY Choosing the RESEARCH TOPIC Change the tense from future tense to past tense and then make any additions or cha...

RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY Choosing the RESEARCH TOPIC Change the tense from future tense to past tense and then make any additions or changes so that 1. IT MUST BE OF GREAT INTEREST TO THE the methodology section truly reflects what you RESEARCHER.IT IS THE did. 2. FIELD OF SPECIALIZATION OF THE RESEARCHER 3. IT MUST RESULT TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF A Research writing is not designed to be entertaining CERTAIN SITUATION 4. IT MUST BE USEFUL TO A CERTAIN GROUP OF It should be clear and unambiguous PEOPLE, COMMUNITY OR INSTITUTION You should prepare a list of key words that are 5. IT MUST BE SUPPORTED BY DATA OR FACTS important to your research and then your writing should use this set of key words throughout. But don't rush! Good grammar and thoughtful writing will make the thesis easier to read. You must do a lot of background reading before you know enough about a topic to identify key or essential Review Two Or Three Well Organized And Presented questions. Researches Some Guides in Writing the Title Examine their use of headings, overall style, 1. The title should be a meaningful description of the typeface and organization. content of your manuscript Use them as a model for the preparation of your 2. The title should be clear, brief, and concise - The own paper. number of words in the title should not exceed 20 Present Findings Based On The Order Of The Stated substantive words excluding function words. Problems 3. The title should not include non-essential elements - Certain forms of title phrasing such as It is the main concern of your questionnaire. “A Study of..., An Analysis..., A Scientific Study..., A The problems posed in Chapter 1 will be the main Preliminary Study..., are to be avoided concern of your presentation, & analysis of data. 4. The variables should be clearly specified. The At The End, It's Time To "Rewrite" Chapter One variables being investigated should always be written as part of the title. Reread Chapter One carefully with the insight you 5. The type of relationship being studied about the now have from having completed Chapter Five. variables should be correctly specified. Does Chapter One clearly help the reader move in the direction of Chapter Five? WRITING THE THESIS OR ANY RESEARCH Your Adviser Will Expect To Read Each Chapter In Draft General Guide to Research Writing Form Focus your research very specifically. Do not be upset if a chapter-- especially the first Don't try to have your research cover too broad an one you write--- returns covered in red ink. area Take a positive attitude to all the scribbles with which your adviser decorates your text: each Begin Writing Those Parts That You Are Most comment tells you a way in which you can make Comfortable With your thesis better. Go with what interests you, start your writing How to Write the Parts of your Research there, and then keep building! Look at the first section of your paper. When you CHAPTER 1- The Problem; Its Background are ready, go ahead and write it. If you are not 1. Introduction ready, move section-by-section through your 2. Statement of the Problem/Objectives paper until you find a section where you have 3. Hypotheses some input to make 4. Significance of the Study Change Sections From The Proposal To Sections For Final 5. Scope and Delimitation of the Problem Paper 6. Definition of Terms Pull out the proposal and begin by checking your Introduction proposed research methodology Notion of the general scope of the problem investigated. TPC8 _kjmgl  RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY Idea about similar problems from other country (mega level), in our country (macro level) and the particular place where the research is conducted (micro level). Underscore the difficulties caused by the problem and the importance of investigating it. Hence, this part of the study, the introduction, is primarily designed to meet this felt need to the reader. The presentation of the investigation should very naturally lead to the objectives of the study. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The statement of the problem has the following characteristics: The problem should be stated precisely, accurately, and clearly. It can be stated either in the interrogation form. It can be either one main statement/question, or a series of statements/questions, or a combination of these forms. The problem should be defined in terms of the data that can be obtained (p.a). Hypothesis Hypothesis may be defined as an expectation about events based on generalizations of the assumed relationship between variables (Aquino, 1992) or difference between groups. Statement of The Objectives Other authors define it as an educated or intelligent guess or prediction about the existence, Objectives are the desired or expected ends to be attribute or relationship between variables achieved through the research activity that are (characteristics or phenomena) or difference not influenced by the judgment or personal bias. between groups covered by a study They describe the aims or goals, which expected to be achieved at the end of the research process. Good objectives of the study have an acronym of S-M-A- R-T-E-R: They should be stated in simple language; They use measurable concepts; They are attainable; Importance of the Study They are result-oriented; Justifies the launching of the research project. The They are time-bounded; They generate importance of the study should contain the following: enthusiasm; They make use of the local resources. TPC8 _kjmgl  RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY Contribution to the accumulation of knowledge or to filling up a knowledge gap; Contribution to building, validating or refining theories; Finding a solution to a problem of a specific group or improving certain conditions; Contribution to improve education, income, health, inter relations, and the like. Chapter 2 - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Literature Related Studies ▪ Foreign ▪ Local Conceptual Framework Scope and delimitations Related literature Scope. The scope defines the coverage or boundaries of the study in terms of the area or The research literature consists of the articles, and locality and subjects, population covered the books written by previous authorities giving duration or period of the study, the nature of theories, ideas, opinions and experiences of what variables treated, their number, and the is good and bad, the desirable and undesirable treatments they received, and instruments or within the research problem research design should be so stated. Delimitation. Delimitations are those conditions beyond the control of the researcher that may place restriction on the conclusions of the study and their application to other situations. Related Studies Related studies refer to published reports on researches, and unpublished manuscripts such as theses or dissertations of actual research studies DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE STUDY done previously on the topic. Two essential functions. First, to establish the rules and procedures the investigator will use to measure variables. Second, to provide unambiguous meaning to terms that otherwise can be interpreted in different ways. Two major types of definition of terms- the conceptual and the operational. Function of the Chapter 2 The related literature and studies would act as benchmark to formulate the theoretical scheme of the intended research paper. The theoretical TPC8 _kjmgl  RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY framework shall be the tentative explanation of the phenomenon, which the research is to investigate. Guides to the making of the Review A. Researchers don’t work in a vacuum. 1. Related research is a result of previous work on a topic. 2. Knowing what others have done and found help to Chapter 3 - METHODS OF STUDY AND SOURCES OF DATA avoid “reinventing the wheel.” Research Design B. Even those who don’t conduct research per se often need to know what the findings from relevant researches. Population Sampling Design/Sampling C. Regardless of the communication topic of interest, it’s Methods of Gathering Data likely that there is some relevant research that has been Instruments for Gathering Data conducted in the past. Statistical treatment D. Reviewing previous research is bound to shape a new General Methodology: Qualitative vs. Quantitative study in a number of ways: Research To provide support for, or shape, the formal The distinctions between qualitative and research question or hypothesis posed. quantitative researches lie on the description and To gathering ideas for the design of own study. presentation of data. Under quantitative research, To Provide the foundation on which researchers the questions are how well, how much or how build. accurately are the characteristics of attributes To find out what has already been done and described for a given set of data (Fraenkel & learned about the topic(s) of interest. Wallen, 1994), while qualitative research relies mainly on narrative description. Conceptual Framework Basic Research Designs Conceptual framework consists of the researcher’s own position on the problem after the thorough DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN scrutiny of various theories related to the problem CORRELATIONAL undertaken CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE Consists of the Paradigm of the Study and the EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND explanation of the concepts that were used in the THE QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN study. It explains how the variables are expected to work The Descriptive Research in the study. In a descriptive research, variables are studied, as they exist in their setting. No experimental variables are manipulated and the main concerns are to describe the status, profile, incidences or occurrences of the variables. The lack of control variables in descriptive designs makes the results unreliable for hypothesis testing and the results to vary from one setting to another. The Causal-Comparative Research Causal-comparative research attempts to determine the causes or differences that already exist between or among groups or individuals (Fraenkel and Wallen, 1993). The design compares two or more groups in terms of a difference variable that cannot be manipulated, i.e., and high performing group versus low performing group TPC8 _kjmgl  RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY (Performance in the difference variable). The decisions that are likely to come up during the research may observe that the two groups differ actual sample selection on some variables to determine the reasons for their difference. Correlational Design Correlational research explores the relationship between or among variables. The variables are studied without any attempt to control or manipulate them. Correlation research is also sometimes referred to as a form of descriptive Unit of Analysis research because it describes relationship The sample unit is the smallest entity of the between variables. The relationship described, population that will provide one response. Sample however, differs from other designs because of units are usually individuals. However, there are the degree of relatedness established between or cases when the sampling unit is not an individual, among variables. it may be an institution, organization, a household or a school. SAMPLING DESIGN The purpose of sampling is simply to take a small portion of the population to represent the whole population. The major reason why sampling is done is economy. A small segment of the population provides enough evidence about the characteristics of a population as a whole to draw conclusive evidences with confidence. Probability Versus Non Probability Sampling Probability sampling provides equal chances to every single element of the population to be included in the sampling. Samples drawn by any of the probability sampling techniques have statistical properties that allow the researcher to make inferences about the population, report confidence intervals and statistical significance. Non-probability sampling does not use probability in selecting the samples. The samples are selected on the basis of convenience. Used for qualitative researches. Sampling Designs Random Sampling ie. Tambiolo selection Systematic Sampling with a Random Start. Uses an interval added or subtracted from a random start Stratified Sampling. Divides a population into strata then draws random sample from each stratum Population Cluster Sampling. Divides the population into Identification of the Population. This specification cluster and randomly selects samples from the of the population may seem simple but it seldom clusters. is. It is important for the researcher to anticipate TPC8 _kjmgl  RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY 3. Get the upper and lower 27% of the papers. The upper 27% shall compose the upper group while the lower 27%, the lower group. 4. Tally the answers of the upper and lower group in METHODS OF GATHERING DATA each item. 5. Compute necessary statistics to analyze the items The Direct or Interview Method. The direct or and the whole test. interview method gives the accurate, complete and reliable data. The Indirect Method or Questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of all possible questions that answer the problems raised in the study. In a questionnaire, the respondents answer the questions by writing or by marking the answer sheet.. Examples of the supply type items take the form of self-checklists, scales, inventories, and tests. The Registration Method or Documentary Analysis. This method uses information that is on file like laws, ordinances, decrees or lists from various offices. Documents such as birth, death and marriage certificates, memoranda, newsletters, letters etc. are also important sources of primary data. Observation. Participant observation, unobtrusive observation, etc. Instrumentation Questionnaire Interview guide Test Scale Statistical Treatment All the statistical treatments used in the study must be so specified in this section of Chapter III. It is also necessary for manually computed statistical treatment to specify the formulae used for computation. For data to be computed using computer software, the coding scheme for the data input is also included to facilitate easy understanding of text. Item analysis of a test follows the given procedure: 1. Dry run the test and score the papers. 2. Arrange the papers from highest to lowest. TPC8 _kjmgl  RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY Chapter 4 - PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Go back to the questions posed in your statement of the Problem. In this section use them as Headings and Convert them to the Titles and Subtitles in the Declarative Form. Chapter 5 - SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS While this is the chapter that is placed at the end of the thesis or a research, it could very well be the first part a reader reads and therefore, it should be the best-written chapter of all Normally, it is composed of three basic sections, namely: 1. Summary A simple rule - if you are presenting information in 2. Conclusions the form of a table or graph make sure you 3. Recommendations introduce the table or graph in your text. And At times, depending on the purpose and intent of the then, following the insertion of the table/graph, study, it may also include implications, before the make sure you discuss it. If there is nothing to recommendation part. discuss then you may want to question even inserting it. Another simple rule - if you have a whole series of SUMMARY OF FINDINGS very similar tables try to use similar words in describing each. Don't try to be creative and A summary puts together all the important entertaining with your writing. If each aspects made in the study. However, it is not introduction and discussion of the similar tables supposed to be a mere repetition of what has uses very similar wording then the reader can been previously presented in every chapter of the easily spot the differences in each table. thesis or the dissertation. The summary will be very helpful and can lead readers to the complete appreciation of the research paper even without having read the report from the beginning TPC8 _kjmgl  RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY Guidelines in Writing the Summary of Findings: The recommendation states plans for ready implementation or those that have far reaching Brief statements. effects that could solve the present problems. As Each stated problem should be answered without always, recommendations are the direct results of citing the specifics. the findings and the conclusions reached. The order by which the summarized answers appear must follow the sequence and order in which the questions are answered. Only those findings that expressly answer the questions raised should be included in the summary. Findings that have resulted to and have led to the making of the recommendations may be included, provided that these are not new findings which are not supported by the data gathered and presented earlier. To emphasize the strength of the findings, they should not be sugarcoated and laced with unnecessary words. CONCLUSIONS The researcher’s grasp of the significant findings that would suggest new ways of doing things and new implications should be reflected in the conclusions This is where the link between the problems raised and the answers to the problems are established. This is the portion which we can appropriately call, the tying up of loose ends. The researcher’s contribution here is to force the significant issues out in the open, and differentiate or set them apart from those that are less significant in the study. These will respond to the "So what" statements. In other words, what are the key ideas that we can draw from the study to apply to the areas of concern. Conclusions should be followed by citing the verified, validated findings. Other parallel theories can also be cited to strengthen or invalidate the assumptions or theories posited in the theoretical/conceptual frameworks used in the conduct of the study. RECOMMENDATIONS Treaties, appeals, and entities which are perceived to solve the problems and help establish new systems to ease out present problems and make better existing situations, form part of the recommendation. This portion is the researcher’s way of capping up the study with doable and implementable programs and activities. TPC8 _kjmgl