Research PR II (Full) PDF

๑ RESEARCH ✶ WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SEMESTER SUMMARY - PANIC REVIEWER PA RIN NG STEM 12 Categories might not reflect local — STUDY PLAYLIST...

๑ RESEARCH ✶ WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SEMESTER SUMMARY - PANIC REVIEWER PA RIN NG STEM 12 Categories might not reflect local — STUDY PLAYLIST constituencies’ understanding. Good luck with periodic exams. Don’t stress out, and take The researcher might miss out on breaks when you can. :)) phenomena occurring due to the focus on - NISE B. ♡ theory or hypothesis. TOPIC OUTLINE ! Knowledge produced might be too abstract QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and general. STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ✶ IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH Reliable and objective. RESEARCH DESIGNS Can use statistics to generalise finding. INDEPENDENT, DEPENDENT, AND Reduces and reconstructs a complex EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES problem to limit the number of variables. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Looks at relationships between variables RESEARCH TITLES and establishes cause-and-effect in highly controlled circumstances. ✶ QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Assumes samples as representatives of a What is quantitative research and how does it differ population. from qualitative research? Subjectivity is less recognised. Quantitative research aims to be objective and impartial in its approach, focusing on ✶ RESEARCH DESIGNS the collection and analysis of data rather What is a RESEARCH DESIGN? than personal beliefs, opinions, or Research design refers to the overall experiences ( qualitative. ) strategy utilised to answer research questions. A research design typically FROM THE QUIZ - STATEMENTS THAT DESCRIBE outlines the theories and models underlying QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH a project. Studies well known phenomena. Testing of theories and phenomena. DIFFERENT KIND OF RESEARCH DESIGN UNDER Conducted in a controlled setting. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Large number of subjects. EXPERIMENTAL - A framework of protocols Data gathering first then analysing. and procedures created to conduct Utilised statistical approaches of analysis. experimental research with a scientific Standardised numerical data collection. approach using two sets of variables. Moves from generalised principles that are * TRUE EXPERIMENTAL - independent known to a true and specific conclusion. variables can be manipulated; random assignment. ✶ STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE * QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL - natural; non-randomised assignment. RESEARCH * CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE - identification Testing and validating already constructed of cause-effect relationships between theories about how and why phenomena independent and dependent variables. occur. Testing hypotheses that are constructed NON-EXPERIMENTAL - Lacks an before data is collected. independent variable and observes the Can generalise findings. context in which the phenomenon occurs. Can be replicated ( methodology. ) * SURVEY / DESCRIPTIVE - Observation Useful for obtaining data for quantitative of characteristics; it does not answer predictions. questions about how / when / why the Objective. characteristics occurred. Rather it Data collection is relatively quick. addresses the "what" question. Has people in power. * CORRELATIONAL - Investigates Useful in studying large higher credibility relationships between variables without the with numbers of people. researcher controlling or manipulating any of them.  FROM THE QUIZ - RESEARCH DESIGNS DIFFERENT TYPES OF VARIABLES DESCRIPTIVE OR SURVEY INDEPENDENT VARIABLE RESEARCH DESIGN This is the variable that is manipulated by - Will recognize trends and the researcher. patterns in data but it does - TRUE EXPERIMENTAL - IV is not go far in its analysis to manipulated prove causes for these - QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL - IV is not patterns. manipulated. - Does not begin with the It is also known as the predictor variable, hypothesis but may be as it is used to predict changes in the developed after data dependent variable. collection. The presumed cause. - Systematic collection of DEPENDENT VARIABLE data and information This is the variable that is measured or requires careful selection of observed to determine the effects of the units studied. independent variable. - Designed to provide It is also known as the outcome variable, as systematic information it is the variable that is affected by the about a phenomena. independent variable. The presumed effect. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE DESIGN This is a variable that has no relationship - Relationships are sought to with the independent or dependent variable be interpreted. but can affect the outcome of the study. - Studies only the data, Extraneous variables can lead to erroneous relationships, and conclusions and can be controlled through distributor of variables. random assignment or statistical techniques. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN ✶ RESEARCH QUESTIONS - Does not randomly assign RESEARCH QUESTION HIGHLIGHTS groups and must use ones Gives an overview that are naturally occurring. What needs to be changed - Independent variable is Areas of concern identified but is not What need to be improved manipulated. What needs to be eliminated Significant TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Feasible DESIGN - The independent variable is STATING THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS manipulated to determine CLEAR the effects of the dependent SPECIFIC variable. GENERAL OBJECTIVE ( DECLARATIVE ) - Used to establish SPECIFIC QUESTIONS ( INTERROGATIVE ) cause-and-effect KEY VARIABLES relationships among a GOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH group of variables. QUESTION ETHICAL ✶ INDEPENDENT, DEPENDENT, AND NOT ANSWERABLE WITH YES OR NO EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES CANNOT BE SEARCHED ONLINE WHAT ARE VARIABLES ? TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS In Research, Variables refer to characteristics or DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH QUESTION attributes that can be measured, manipulated, or - Seeks to describe phenomena or controlled. characteristics. Note: Manipulation of variables depend on - “What is...” which type of research design is being used. - Typically used in Survey / Descriptive Research.  RELATIONSHIP RESEARCH QUESTION WHY IS A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE IMPORTANT ? - Investigates the degree to which Having a good research title is important two or more variables are because it represents the most important associated with each other. message of the research for the vast - Only identified extent of majority of readers. relationship. It should be brief, direct, and give an DIFFERENCE RESEARCH QUESTION overview of what the study will be about. - Seeks to make comparisons between or within groups of interest. - Often associated with experimental research. - Comparison with the basis of existing characteristics. FORMULA FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN ( NON-EXP ) - Descriptive Question ( DEPENDENT VARIABLE ) - Descriptive Question ( DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT ) - Statistical Treatment A. “What are the...” B. “To what extent...” C. Implications CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN ( NON-EXP ) - Descriptive Question ( DEPENDENT VARIABLE ) - Descriptive Question ( DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT ) - Statistical Treatment A. RELATIONSHIP QUESTION QUASI-EXP RESEARCH DESIGN ( EXP ) - Descriptive Question ( DEPENDENT VARIABLE ) - Descriptive Question ( DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT ) - Statistical Treatment A. DIFFERENCE QUESTION TRUE-EXP RESEARCH DESIGN ( EXP ) - Descriptive Question ( DEPENDENT VARIABLE ) - Descriptive Question ( DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT ) - Statistical Treatment A. DIFFERENCE QUESTION ✶ RESEARCH TITLES CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE The research title must be because of the researcher’s interest. Creative Narrow; specific HOW TO NARROW DOWN: - Add more context; it could be in terms of geographic, historical, or biological context.