Quantitative Research PDF

Lesson 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF 1. Descriptive- to observe and report on a QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH certain phenomenon 1.Large Sample Size - requires Large - Questionnaire and Observation number of respondents -No Hypoth...

Lesson 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF 1. Descriptive- to observe and report on a QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH certain phenomenon 1.Large Sample Size - requires Large - Questionnaire and Observation number of respondents -No Hypothesis 2. Structured Research Methods- Ex. "Assessing Nurses' Attitudes toward Structural research methods are used: polls Death and Caring for Dying Patients in a and questionnaires. Comprehensive Cancer Center" 3.Highly Reliable Outcome- Structured 2. Correlational- to determine the Research methods are used to gather the relationship between variables without information looking into the causes. - Close-ended questions are used, which - Questionnaire,Tests, and Observation results in fewer chances of getting vague Ex. "The Relationship Between Service information or wrong information from the Quality and Costumer Satisfaction the respondents. Telecommunication Industry" 4.Reusable Outcome- Data collected from 3.Ex Post Facto- To infer the causes of one research can be repeated or used for the phenomenon which has already occured study of another research. - Questionnaire 5.Close-Ended Questions- Close-ended Ex. “Comparison of Personal, Social, and Question's are more specific and right to the Academic Variables Related to University point. Drop-out Rate and Persistence” 6.Generalization of Outcome- the data gathered from a sample is used on the entire ·Experimental population. 1. Quasi-Experimental- To establish cause- 7.Prior study- Outcome can be used for a and-effect relationships previous study of another research. - Individual subjects are randomly assigned 8.Numerical Outcome- The data gathered to the treatment and control groups can are in a form of numbers, statistics and - Tests hypotheses Ex. “The Impact of Smoking Bans on - Use of measurable variables, Smoking and Consumer Behavior: Quasi- predictor(Independent) & Experimental Evidence from Switzerland” outcome(dependent). 2.True-Experimental- To establish cause- and-effect relationship STRENGTHS -The random assignment of individual 1. Data gathered can be replicated/repeated subjects provides more conclusiveness as to for another research the casual relationship between variables 2. Highly Objective -Tests 3. Presents findings that are generalizable to Ex. "Effects of Mobil Technology use on a large population Walking 4. Gives more valid & reliable outcome LIMITATION ·Importance of Quantitative Research in 1. Lacks on providing in-depth information different fields necessary for explaining a phenomenon. - Social Inquiry (Understand social interactions) Kinds of Quantitative Research - Arts (enchance creativity) ·Non-Experimental (No Tests) - Science (Develop Medicine) - Sports(Health and athlethic performance) - Business (Approach of companies) · “Effect of Online Learning on the Intellectual Grammar Learning Lesson 2: VARIABLES Competencies of Students” VARIABLES- is any factor or property that a researcher measures, controls, and/or ·Predictor Variable – used to make the manipulates in a research study. prediction ·Criterion Variable – the variable about Two General Types of Variables which the prediction is made ·Qualitative Variables - Categorical Ex. (Bold - Predictor; underlined – variables and can also be used in Criterion) quantitative research · “The Relationship Between Time Spent 1. Ordinal Variables - Values that can be Studying and Test Scores of Students" ranked or ordered Ex. Size,education attainment, agreement level, socioeconomic status ,etc. Lesson 3 : BACKGROUND AND 2. Nominal Variables - Two or more TENTATIVE TITLE OF THE STUDY categories or values Ex. Blood type, hair color, marital status, 1.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY- It gender, race, religion, etc. introduces the context of the problem that will support the validity and rationale of the ·Quantitative Variables - Measured study numerically and only used in quantitative · The Current State of Field- explains the research general field in which your current study is 1. Discrete Variables - Can be counted and situated remains to be a significant area of are denoted by positive whole numbers not research up to the present. in range · The Current and Conventional Practices Ex. Number of children in the family in Addressing the Issue – discuss the 2. Continuous Variables - Measured in current practices being used by the ranges and can be denoted by non-whole researchers within the particular field of numbers (Positive & Negative Values) study you are investigating Ex. Temperature; Time; Height · Research Gap – explains that there are a. Ratio Variables- Do not have a negative other aspects under the topic which may not Value have been addressed by current practices Ex. Age, Height, Weight, Distances and conventions in your field of study b. Interval Variables- difference between · The Contribution of The Present Study points is standardized and meaningful in Addressing The Research Gap – discuss Ex. Temperature, IQ test how your own study will help fill in the Basic Types of Variables research gap you have identified. ·Independent Variable - it is considered to affect the DV 2. STATE OF THE PROBLEM – -Manipulated by the researcher formally points out the issue that your study ·Dependent Variable - Manifest the effects wants to address of caused by the IV - Research Questions; General & Specific Ex. (Bold - IV; underlined - DV) 3.RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS ·Hypothesis – statement that defines the testable the researcher WILL NOT DO and the factors relationship you expect to see from the EXCLUDED. It is mentioned in the introduction examining that the variables in your research part of the paper. - Null Hypothesis (Hsub0) & Alternative (HsubA) INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT IN WRITING DELIMITATION: 4.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY – Details The study will not cover the… about the contributions of your study This study is confined to… 5. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The study will be limited to… ·Scope – what is the study ·Limitations – what the researchers can not Limitation – constraints beyond the researcher’s control control. It refers to what CANNOT BE DONE ·Delimitation – what researchers will not do or what the researcher CAN NOT CONTROL. These are mentioned in the results or conclusion Characteristics of a Good Research Title part of the research paper. (RIMA) 1. A title should summarize the main idea Lesson 5: SOP/ Objectives of the paper simply and if possible, with ·Statement of the Problem - is the heart of the style research process 2. The title should be a concise statement - Minds the problem gap it identifies of the main topic something that is not known but that is 3. Avoid lengthy and wordy title, the possible to find out. recommended length for the title is 12- ·Characteristics of SOP: 15 words. 1. SPECIFIC 4. Avoid the use of acronyms and 2. MEASURABLE abbreviations include words that are 3. ATTAINABLE important to the study 4. RELEVANT 5. Minimize the use of heavy technical and 5. TIME-BOUND scientific words, avoid the use of jargons and highfalutin words. Congruency Formula : Research Gap(RG) = 6. Title should identify the actual variables Research Problem(RP) = General Research or theoretical issues under investigation Question (GRQ) = Specific Research Question and the relationship between them (SRQ) = Hypothesis (H) Lesson 4: SCOPES AND DELIMITATION Example: RG Scope – it is the extent to which the research Limited Research on Prototypes in Elementary area will be explored. It is what the study covers. in Math Education. The limited number studies that specifically focus on the development and INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT IN evaluation of educational technology prototypes WRITING THE SCOPE: for teaching mathematics at the elementary This study will focus on… school level. Existing research may primarily This study will cover… target older students or other subject areas. The scope of this study will be… RP How does the implementation of an interactive Delimitation – it aims to narrow the scope of educational technology prototype impact the the study and set boundaries, highlighting what learning outcomes and engagement of 1. What is the relationship between the elementary school students in mathematics? length of the review and examination GRQ scores? What is the overall effectiveness of the CASUAL COMPARATIVE/ EX POST educational technology prototype in enhancing FACTO mathematics learning outcomes among 1. Are information technology education elementary school students? and vocational education student SRQ digitally literate? 1.Does the educational technology prototype EXPERIENTAL lead to statistically significant improvements in 1. How do students rate their experiences math test scores compared to traditional teaching in one-on-one tutorial sessions methods for elementary school students? 2.Are there variations in the effectiveness of the prototype based on the grade levels of elementary school students (e.g., kindergarten, third grade, fifth grade)? What makes a strong research question? H ·FOCUS AND RESEARCHABLE 1. Ho: Educational technology prototype has no - Focus on a single topic and problem statistically significant improvements in math - Does not ask for a subjective value test scores compared to traditional teaching Judgement methods for elementary school students. - Does not ask Why Ha: Educational technology prototype has ·FEASIBLE AND SPECIFIC statistically significant improvements in math - Answerable within practical Constraints test scores compared to traditional teaching ·COMPLEX AND ARGUABLE methods for elementary school students. - Cannot be asked with yes or no 2. Ho: There is no variations in the effectiveness · RELEVANT AND ORIGINAL of the prototype based on the grade levels of - Address a problem relevant to your field elementary school students. or discipline Ha: There is variations in the effectiveness of the prototype based on the grade levels of elementary school students. Lesson 6: HYPOTHESIS - The statement that defines the testable · Conversion of Statement relationship you expect to see from – Interrogative → Declarative examining the variables in your research Formulating the Research Questions ·Research Questions – are important components of your research which help define the research problem of your study - General Questions and Specific Questions Sample Specific Research Questions for DESCRIPTIVE 1. How often do employees use FB in one week? CORRELATINAL study  - Every research design has a hypothesis 3. Hypothesis except for Descriptive 4. Results 5. Conclusion Directional Hypothesis – one specific TYPES OF ERROR direction (One tailed, t-test) Type I Error- thought to be effective, but it is Non-Directional Hypothesis - actually not (False Positive) Does not specify a direction (Two tailed Type II Error- thought to be ineffective, but it test) is actually is (False Negative( Hypothesis Equation Example: if you hypothesize that there will be an increase in the fruit yield of a plant after the application of an organic fertilizer *then, Ha: μx >μ0 ; Ha: μx≠μ0 STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Observation 2. Question