RESEARCH METHODS - PRELIM .pdf

RESEARCH METHODS BES31411 | PRELIM | 3BES3 | KRISHELLE LUNA SEMESTER 1 SY. 2024-2025 rr...

RESEARCH METHODS BES31411 | PRELIM | 3BES3 | KRISHELLE LUNA SEMESTER 1 SY. 2024-2025 rr LESSON 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH BASICS OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS ARE BASED ON… STUDENT - RESEARCHERS Issues (what are happening) and trends (what Methodological expertise are prevailing) in the field. Subject matter proficiency Blindspots (underexplored) and/ or Critical analytical skills blankspots (unexplored) Intellectual independence Novel concerns of a particular organization or Pioneering research group of people. Recommendation of previous studies. RESEARCH A problem solving activity. Involves systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. Is a careful, organized, and well-planned investigation of a problem. An activity which is meant to acquire better knowledge by relearning what is already known through systematic observation and/or experimentation. To search again; to take another more careful look; to find out more. Is a systematic, objective, and comprehensive investigation of certain phenomenon which involves accuarte gathering and recording and critical analysis and investigation of all facts about the phenomenon for the theoretical and practical ends. RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS TYPES OF DATA Offer genuine curiosity because prospective PRIMARY DATA: Original SECONDARY DATA: answers are interesting to discover or unravel. body of materials Materials previously Anchored on the signs of the times, issues, and gathered from surveys, collected by previous events, trends, blankspots, and blindspots. interviews, and reseacrheers such as Intelligently phrased based on the research observations to answer those published or standards. research questions announced already. raised. NON - RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS METHODS OF ANALYZING DATA Can be easily answered because it is widely-known already. Are grounded on real-life expectations, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS activities, and events. Entails using both descriptive and inferential statistics Weakly formulated statements that have no or to treat data. lack supporting details. Lousy inquiries that have no basis. THEMATIC ANALYSIS ICY SORIANO 1  Emerges commonalities and differences from Also called Also called as qualitative data. Research in Behavioral Behavioral Science Research META ANALYSIS Science Obtains Combines the results of multiple studies that address Contributes to knowledge for same questions. theory and practical research. applications Examples: survey (practice) CONTENT ANALYSIS research, Examples: Interprets and codes qualitative data to become analytical studies, intervention quantitative data. evaluative studies, studies, program profiling, etc. development CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH researches, improvement Is directed towards the solution of a problem plants, etc. Emphasizes the development of new knowledge Contributes to theory, research and/ or practice BASIC CONCEPTS IN RESEARCH Is based on observable and empirical evidence RESEARCH APPROACH (HOW DATA WILL BE TREATED?) Demand accuracy Qualitative Approach: Is characterized by carefully-designed Textual approach procedures. Expected data to be obtained are words/ texts Requires expertise Is characterized by patience Quantitative Approach: Is carefully recorded and reported Numerical approach Expected data to be obtained are numbers REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND Mixed-Method Approach: STUDIES Combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches RECONNAISSANCE It depends on the objectives of the research whichever between the two will be employed Collective body of works that help build up the first. research work by demonstrating what are known and what are unknown about a chosen topic. RESEARCH METHOD (HOW WILL DATA BE GATHERED?) Past Data: MAJOR TYPES OF RESEARCH Retrospective BASIC RESEARCH Historical Method APPLIED RESEARCH (BR): (AR): Also known as Present Data: Also known as theoretical Current Data practical research. research Descriptive Method ICY SORIANO 2  Future Data: DENDROGRAMMING Prospective Data Experimental Method A dendrogram is a branching diagram that represents the relationships of similarity among a group of entities. RESEARCH TERMS (Wheaton College) ❖ Corpora: a collection of linguistic data used for research, scholarship, and teaching. ❖ Perceptual Screen: the perspective that SNOWBALLING people use to provide interpretation and meaning to stimulations. A nonprobability sampling technique where existing ❖ Cultural Lens: the notion that people perceive study subjects recruit future subjects from among their stimulation differently based on how their acquaintances. (Wikipedia) cultural orientations or personal beliefs or exposures dictate what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. CONCEPT MAPPING RESEARCH TECHNIQUES A concept map shows the different “ideas” which (WHAT KIND OF DATA WILL BE GATHERED?) form part of your research project, as well as the Corpora or Sources of Data: Interviews relationships between them. Focus Group Discussions Psychological Tests METHODS OF INQUIRY AND SOURCES OF Archives KNOWLEDGE Newspaper Clippings Statistical Records WRITING FORMATS Videos Referencing Styles: APA DIALECTICAL PROGRESSION IMRaD/ IMFaD: Journal Harvard format of writing MLA Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis Chicago CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH IMRAD STYLE Considerations of Research and Experiement: Phases: stages/ levels/ steps Intended for use by seasoned researchers, Paces: significant events/ milestones practitioners, and experimenters. Faces: challenges & hurdles Shorter and more-concise in format and content 1. PHASES Also known as the research-by-article format Common format used for publications Conceptualization Design Empirical HARVARD STYLES Analytical Dissemination Intended for use by beginning researchers, practitioners, and experimenters. Longer and elaborated in format and content Also known as the research-by-chapter format Common output in university student-researcher outputs to train students in writing PILLARS OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ❖ Consumption: using knowledge ❖ Generation: creating knowledge ❖ Propagation: sharing knowledge THESIS CONTENTS ICY SORIANO 3  CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ❖ Background of the Study NOTES ❖ Statement of the Problem ❖ Theoretical Framework Claim: the thesis of the argument ❖ Review of Related Literatures and Studies Evidence/ Proof: creating knowledge ❖ Significance of the Study ○ Warrant/ Commentary: explanations ❖ Conceptual Framework on how the evidence supports the claim ❖ Hypothesis in Conceptual Terms Counterclaim: opposing viewpoint ○ Concession: admission that the CHAPTER 2: METHOD opposing views are valid ❖ Variables ❖ Research Design ELEMENTS OF AN ARGUMENT ❖ Subjects ❖ Sampling Technique Refutations: statements that negate the ❖ Instruments counterclaims ❖ Data Gathering Procedure Conclusions: pull together the entire argument ❖ Statistical Treatment altogether to create a meaningful, substantial, and convincing call to action for the audience. OTHERS Chapter 3: Results Chapter 4: Discussion Chapter 5: Summary, Recommendations, and Conclusions References Appendix LESSON 2: RESEARCH DESIGNS IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE PREPARING FOR YOUR RESEARCH Relevance Duplication Applicability or practical value of results CONSIDERATIONS Cost-effectiveness THE “RIGHT” TOPIC FEASIBILITY An area that compliments: Availability of subjects/ ethical considerations. ○ Your personal preferences. Availability of special equipment. ○ Your technical strengths Necessity for special working conditions. ○ The professional profile (how you see Degree of sponsorship or administrative yourself after you graduate) cooperation required. Motivates you to work on it Hazards, handicaps to be encountered. In line with the previous expereinces/ trainings Time requirements or duration of the project. Availability of research funds. NATURE OF TOPICS TO INVESTIGATE Timeliness SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS ICY SORIANO 4  Personal Researches Your research blueprint, or study protocol, should Common Sense have several things, namely: Theories Past Researches 1. The specific design applied in your study Journals 2. Subjects/ Participants Books 3. Sampling Technique(s) Theses and Dissertations 4. Research Locale Interaction with others: 5. Research Variables ○ There is no substitute to interacting 6. Data Gathering Procdures with people. ○ Talk to your adviser, fellow students, VARIABLES people who are actively working in your are of interest, professors in other INDEPENDENT (PREDICTOR) research ares (sometimes a different Conditions created by the researchers that are use as viewpoint is helpful) bases for comparison i.e. manipulated variables. EVENTS IN THESIS WRITING DEPENDENT (OUTCOME) ❖ Struggles in Conceptualizing a Topic Refers to measured variables in the study that are ❖ Thesis Adviser-Student Relationship commonly taken in pre- and post- testing scenarios ❖ Raising Financial Support for the Study i.e. measured outcomes. ❖ Managing Stage Fright During Defense ❖ Overcoming Page Fright EXTRANEOUS (COFOUNDING) ❖ Work-Life Balance of Thesis Writers ❖ Rejections in Publications/ Presentations Variables that will affect the outcome of your study i.e. uncontrollable factors. RESEARCH PROBLEMS CONSTRUCTS VARIABLES Factors that cannot be 1. Issues and Trends in the Field observed directly because Straightforward, simple, What’s controversial in the field right they represent a tendency and specified factors that now? to behave in certain ways are subjected to What is a recurring phenomenon? or a complex pattern of measurement and What is being discussed in the current behavior and internal analysis. literature? processes. 2. Blank Spots/ Blind Spots Blank spots are gaps in the research that need to be filled i.e. unexplored topics. Blind spots are areas that are not within the research topic’s field of vision i.e. overly studied yet conflicting ideas. 3. Constructs, Variables, Layers of Expereince What are the conceptual definitions of my variables? How can we operationalize the definitions in my research? What theories can support my study? RESEARCH BLUEPRINT (STUDY PROTOCOLS) Refers to the plan of action for meeting the objectives of your study. How are you going to go about answering your research questions? How will your hypotheses/ central questions be answered? CONTENTS OF A RESEARCH BLUEPRINT ICY SORIANO 5  DEFINING VARIABLES SURVEY STUDIES Broad or generic NOT recommended for undergrad definition, usually Most commonly used non-experimental design from common Suitable for studies that aim to produce a sense or one’s general picture of a phenomena own experiences. Ideal for large population-studies These definitions Too simple for undergraduate research are usually defined Most common statistical analysis - Measures Conceptual Definition in literature. of Central Tendency (mean, median, mode)/ Example: “Grit is Frequency count defined as Example: passionn and ○ Perceptions on leadership of fresh perseverance for graduate students long term goals” ○ Product satisfaction and brand loyalty (Duckworth et al., of fast food-chain employees. 2007) Specific definition CORRELATIONAL STUDIES on how a term is Attempts to explain possible relationship that measured or used may exist between at lesat two or more in the research. variables. Example: “IQ in This is NOT cause and effect this study is Can lead to predictive analysis - Pearson’s Operational Definition measured using Correlational Coefficent (Pearson’s r) scored obtained Example: from the Raven’s ○ Examining the relationship between Progressive sleep and job satisfaction among Gen Matrices test” Z HR practitioners. (Operational definition of IQ) DESCRIPTIONAL CORRELATIONAL MEASURING VARIABLES Two variables are measure and recorded for Researcher-Made Tools: each individual. Standardized Tests: Student (researcher) Data is reviewed in order to: Usually psychometrically made instruments for ○ Identify any patterns of relationship valid and reliable tests specific constructs/ ○ Measure the strength and direction of from existing sources. variables that do not have the relationship. any available tools yet. Examples: APPROACHES TO RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE APPROACH Quantitative studies measure numbers through questionnaires and tests. Quantitative studies usually have larger samples and represent their results through tables, figures, and graphs. Variables in quantitative studies can be measured through the use of surveys. Outcomes in quantitative studies are usually expected or directly affected. (Key term: Measurement) DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS 1. Survey Studies 2. Correlational Studies/ Predictive Studies 3. Comparative Studies ICY SORIANO 6  COMPARATIVE STUDIES studies can be measured through the use of points of Comparative Studies - Mediation view or perspectives. Outcomes in qualitative studies are Mediation Analysis examines: usually spontaneous and not easily predictable. (Key ○ Established relationship between X term: Discovery) and Y ○ If X is a significant predictor of Y QUALITATIVE DESIGNS ○ Check that X is a significant predictor of M 1. Narrative ○ Regress X and M on Y and check that 2. Phenomenology a) M is a significant predictor of Y, and 3. Ethnography b) X’s predicting power has reduced. 4. Historical Basically, you’re asking yourself if a third 5. Case Study variable (mediator) can explain the relationship 6. Grounded Theory between two variables. Example: ○ The mediating effect of parental education levels on the relationship between socioeconomic status and child reading ability, MIXED-METHOD DESIGNS Comparative Studies - Moderation 1. Multiphase Moderation analysis assesse whether the 2. Transformative moderator (Mo) will increase or decrease the 3. Embedded relationship between two variables. 4. Sequential Explanatory Example: 5. Sequential Exploratory ○ The moderating role of gender on the 6. Convergent Parallel relationship between work experience and salary. EXPERIMENTAL QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS 1. Between-Subjects Design 2. Within-Subjects Design 3. Matched-Groups 4. Quasi-Experimental QUALITATIVE APPROACH Qualitative studies measure experiences through text or interviews. Qualitative studies usually have smaller samples and represent their results through themes or the variety of human experience. Variables in qualitative ICY SORIANO 7