Psychology Unit Review PDF

# Psychology Unit Review ## Unit Components ### Branches of Psychology * **Behaviourism:** Experiment driven, we could not know what's happening in the brain. * (Ivan Pavlov & B.F. Skinner) * **Psychoanalysis:** Determined to understand mental reasoning, "sick" clients. * (Sigmund Freud,...

# Psychology Unit Review ## Unit Components ### Branches of Psychology * **Behaviourism:** Experiment driven, we could not know what's happening in the brain. * (Ivan Pavlov & B.F. Skinner) * **Psychoanalysis:** Determined to understand mental reasoning, "sick" clients. * (Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung) * **Humanist:** Lack of experimental processes, studied "well" clients. * (Abraham Maslow) * **Cognitive:** Experiment driven to find what happens in mental development reasoning. * (Jean Piaget, Albert Bandura) ### Nature vs. Nurture * **Nature:** Genes, Physical differences, Human Genome project, Genetic make-up. * (Difficult to change over time). * **Nurture:** Environmental factors, Media, learned behaviours, caregivers, culture. * (Possible to change over time). ## Abnormal Personalities * Panic Attacks (fear & intense physical or emotional anxiety) * Phobias (irrational debilitating fears). * Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (obsession or uncontrollable thought). ## Neurosis * **(OCD)** Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (obsession or uncontrollable thought) * **(ADHD)** Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (procrastination, focus issues) * **(PTSD)** Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (soldiers shell shock). * **Depression** (mood/emotional state reducing ability to enjoy life) ## Psychosis * **Schizophrenia** (fragmentation of perception, thought, emotion) * **Anti-Social Personality Disorder** (pathological lying, lack of guilt over pain) * **Dissociative Identity Disorder** (Multiple Personality Disorder) ## Feral/Isolate * **(Feral)** Oxana (Found at 3 yrs old, raised by dogs, verbal skills were not human). * **(Feral)** Victor (Found at 12, could not speak, no regulation of temperatures). * **(Isolate)** Anna (Found at 6, no verbal skills, later developed speaking with interactions). * **(Isolate)** Genie (Found 1970, underfed & malnourished, abused & hidden in a room, no verbal skills & no clothes). ## Language Nature vs. Nurture * **Nature** - Noam Chomsky * Language was innate (from Language Acquisition Device) * Some grammar that is common in human species. * All babies start off with the same words (baby babbles) * **Nurture** - B.F. Skinner * Language development is through imitation & mimicry (mirror neurons). * Operant conditioning (praise for right words) ## Terms/Concepts/Theories/Experiments * **Operant conditioning:** Behaviour comes before reinforcement. * **Marshmallow experiment** * **Classical conditioning:** Reinforcement to create desired behaviour. * Pavlov's dog (dog hears bell, then gets food, learns to react to bell) * Penny and Sheldon. ## Little Albert Experiment * Showed white rat stuffed animal associated with a loud bang. * Developed fear to white rat (environment makes us who we are). ## Sigmund Freud * **(Present at birth)** **Id:** Pleasure principle, satisfy our drives without thinking (devil). * **(Early years)** **Ego:** Reality principle, delays impulses until appropriate (normal personality). * **(7-8 years)** **Superego:** Most moral centre of the mind, conscience (angel). * Freud was able to discover these using Free Association. * Ego Defence Mechanisms (distorts reality to deal with anxiety). ## Psychosexual Theories * **Oral positive** (nail biting). * **Oral negative** (verbally abusive). * **Anal** (caused by too much punishment during toilet training) * **Anal retentive** (person becomes perfectionist). * **Anal expulsive** (lack of self control (messy/careless)). ## Psychosexual Theory (Freud): * **Oral**, **Anal**, **Phallic**, **Latent**, & **Genital**. * **Oedipus Complex:** Boys have desire for mothers, but fear father's castration (therefore identifies with them). * **Electra Conflict:** Girls are originally attached to mothers, but get upset because of no penis (penis envy) so they switch attachment to fathers. ## Psychosocial Theory * Development of self is a lifelong process. * Each stage poses a challenge to an individual (positive/negative). * It is believed each teenager would face an identity crisis to grow independently. ## Birth Order Theory (Alfred Adler) * **Inferiority complex** (all of us feel deficient of inferior at some point). * **Superiority complex** (people who strive to overcompensate for personal weaknesses). * Birth order influences individual personality. ## Analytical Psychology (Jung) * Believed we all have a dominant aspect (personality type). * Introvert & Extrovert. * **Susan Cain:** Power of Introverts. * Our society tends towards extroversion (mimicking, mimicry, character to personal). ## Social Cognitive Perspective (Albert Bandura) * Personality is interaction between traits (nature) and social environment (nurture). * **The Social:** Observing behaviours in our environment. * **The Cognitive:** We think/reflect on our interactions & observations. ## Stigma (Erving Goffman) * Bodily signs of unusual/bad behaviour/status. * Traditionally a mark, burn, or tattoo. * Alongside the lines of the labelling theory. ## Labelling Theory * Assigning labels to individuals can effect their behaviour. ## Rhys Monkey Experiment (Harry Harlow) * Monkey clung to cloth doll over food supply doll (for 22+ hours). * After feeding he returns to surrogate mother. * Secure attachment. ## Crowds (Gustave Le Bon) * When in groups normal psych is overridden by instincts over intellect. * The larger the group, the harder it is to stand up for your opinion. * Elevator following experiment. ## Six Reasons Why Conformity (Le Bon's Theory) 1. **Group size:** (Larger group = higher rate of conformity). 2. **Group attractiveness:** (Higher the attraction = higher the conformity). 3. **Group unanimity:** (Increased pressure through unity) 4. **Public vs. Private Response:** (If thoughts are shared aloud, conformity increases). 5. **Nature of task:** If task is difficult, conformity rises). 6. **Status of group member:** (Experts/teachers in group, conformity rises). ## Conformity Outcomes * **Groupthink:** (group members have strong desire to reach consensus). * **Obedience:** (Act of habit of doing what told/submitting to authority). ## Asch Experiment (1951) (Solomon Asch) * Visual line matching test. * Person changes his correct answer (conforms) because of others' answers. * Public vs private, group unanimity, group size. * 70% of people conformed their answers to fit in. ## The Milgram Experiment (1963) (Stanley Milgram) * Shock voltage experiment. * Status of group members, nature of the task. * 65% of people conformed to shocking the patient despite beliefs (obedience). ## Stanford Prison Experiment (1973) (Philip Zimbardo) * Guard vs. Prisoner authority testing. * Group size, attractiveness, status of group members. * Both roles conformed and took on rules 100% (Authority). ## People (Not Previously Mentioned) * **Karen Horney:** Disagreed with importance on sexual instincts, her theory did not accurately represent females. * **Abraham Maslow:** Hierarchy of needs theory. * Psychological, safety needs, belongingness/love, self-esteem, self-actualization. * **John Bowlby:** Attachment theories to behaviour. * Attachment to parent is biologically rooted in needs for survival. * **Jean Piaget:** Cognitive Development Stages. * Mental processes are dependent on stages of development/age. * **Jim Fallon:** Exploring the mind of a killer TED Talk. * **Eric Lennenburg:** Innate potential language triggered by environment. * Critical period for language development. ## The Bystander Effect (Kitty Genovese) * The larger the group, the less likely individuals will stop & help people. ## Self Awareness * Social cues. * **Blocking Mechanisms:** * Diffusion of Responsibility. ## The Clark Doll Experiment (1939) (Kenneth & Mamie Clark) * Tested black children to see links between conformity and self-concept. * Choose between white/black doll (conformity). * There was clear hesitation between choices. ## Blue/Brown Eyes Experiment (1968) (Jane Elliot) * Separation of blue/brown eyed kids. * Given praise rs. collars. * Kids had lower test scores/more fights. ## Cognitive Dissonance (Leon Festinger) * We feel a level of discomfort when we realize that our behaviours do not match our attitudes (we usually change our attitudes).