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Questions and Answers

What are the two main branches of psychology?

  • Behaviorism and Humanist
  • Humanist and Psychoanalysis
  • Cognitive and Humanist
  • Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis (correct)

Which psychological theory is associated with Sigmund Freud?

  • Humanism
  • Psychoanalysis (correct)
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behaviorism

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of humanism in psychology?

  • Focus on self-actualization
  • Focus on individual experiences
  • Focus on mental reasoning and behavior (correct)
  • Emphasis on free will

Behaviorism is an example of a type of psychology that can only be studied through observation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological theory explores the interaction between traits (nature) and the social environment (nurture)?

<p>Social Cognitive Perspective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of abnormal personality?

<p>Panic Attacks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory?

<p>Cognitive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory?

<p>Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Jung, introversion and extroversion are opposing, mutually exclusive forces.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the experiment that tested how people conform to group pressure by asking them to match the length of lines?

<p>Asch Experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the experiment where participants were told to administer electric shocks to a learner, even though they believed they were causing them harm?

<p>Milgram Experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept of the "Bystander Effect"?

<p>People are less likely to help if there are other bystanders present. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Behaviourism

A branch of psychology focusing on observable behaviors and their environmental causes.

Psychoanalysis

A branch of psychology that emphasizes unconscious motivations and internal conflicts.

Humanism

A branch of psychology focusing on growth, potential, and self-actualization.

Cognitive Psychology

A branch of psychology studying mental processes, reasoning, and problem-solving.

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Nature

The influence of genetics and biology on personality and behavior.

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Nurture

The influence of environment and experience on personality and behavior.

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Panic Attacks

Sudden episodes of intense fear and physical symptoms.

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Phobias

Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A disorder resulting from experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.

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Depression

A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and low energy.

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Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder characterized by distorted thinking, perceptions, and emotions.

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Anti-Social Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by disregard for social norms and the rights of others.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

A disorder characterized by the presence of multiple distinct identities or personalities.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences of behavior (rewards and punishments).

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Classical Conditioning

Learning by associating two stimuli together.

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Little Albert Experiment

Demonstrates how fear can be learned through association.

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Marshmallow Experiment

Studies delayed gratification and self-control.

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Id

The part of the psyche that seeks immediate gratification of desires.

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Ego

The part of the psyche that mediates between the id and the external world.

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Superego

The part of the psyche that represents internalized moral standards and ideals.

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Free Association

A therapeutic technique that encourages patients to express whatever thoughts come to mind.

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Study Notes

Unit Components

  • Branches of Psychology:
    • Behaviorism: Uses experiments to understand what happens in the brain (Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner)
    • Psychoanalysis: Examines mental processes in "sick" clients (Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung)
    • Humanist: Studies well-adjusted clients (Abraham Maslow)
    • Cognitive: Examines mental development (Jean Piaget, Albert Bandura)

Nature vs. Nurture

  • Nature: Genes, physical differences, human genome project, genetic makeup (difficult to change)
  • Nurture: Environmental factors, media, learned behaviors, caregivers, culture (can be changed)

Abnormal Personalities

  • Panic Attacks: Fear and intense emotional/physical anxiety
  • Phobias: Irrational fears
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Obsessions or uncontrollable thoughts
  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Procrastination, focus issues
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Soldiers' shell shock
  • Depression: Mood disorder affecting enjoyment of life
  • Schizophrenia: Fragmentation of perception, thought, and emotion
  • Antisocial Personality Disorder: Pathological lying, lack of remorse
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Multiple personality disorder

Psychology

  • Feral children: Oxana, Victor (lacked normal human development)
  • Isolated children: Anna, Genie (experienced limited development)

Language Nature vs. Nurture

  • Nature (Chomsky): Innate language acquisition device with universal grammar in babies
  • Nurture (Skinner): Language development through imitation and mimicry (mirror neurons)
  • John/Joan case study
  • Conformity: Clark doll experiment, blue/brown eye experiment, prejudice/discrimination

Terms/Concepts/Theories/Experiments

  • Operant conditioning: Behavior comes before reinforcement
  • Marshmallow experiment
  • Classical conditioning: Reinforcement creates desired behavior (Pavlov's dog, Sheldon)
  • Little Albert Experiment: Fear conditioning with a white rat.
  • Sigmund Freud: Id, ego, superego (pleasure principle, reality principle, conscience)
  • Psychosocial theories (Freud): Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital stages
  • Psychosexual theories, Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.

Analytical Psychology (Jung)

  • Personality types: Introvert/Extrovert
  • Individual develops throughout life
  • Personality is a lifelong development and affected by environment

Social Cognitive Perspective (Bandura)

  • Personality is an interaction between traits (nature) and social environment (nurture).
  • Observe behaviors in our environment and reflect/think about our interactions.

Stigma and Labeling

  • Bodily signs of unusual behavior/status
  • Labelling theory
  • Impact on behavior

Crowds and Conformity

  • Harry Harlow's Monkey Experiment: Secure attachment
  • Gustave Le Bon: Crowds override individual intelligence
  • Asch Experiment (Visual line matching test): Conformity to others
  • Stanley Milgram Experiment: Obedience to authority
  • Philip Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment: Group members and Authority.

Bystander Effect (Kitty Genovese)

  • The larger the group, the less likely individuals will help.
  • Self-awareness
  • Social cues
  • Diffusion of responsibility

The Clark Doll Experiment

  • Examined conformity and self-concept in Black children (1939)
  • Children were given a choice between white and black dolls

Blue/Brown Eyes Experiment (Jane Elliot)

  • Separated children by eye color
  • Demonstrated behavior bias

Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger)

  • Discomfort from conflicting attitudes and behaviors.
  • Realize how behaviors don't match attitudes

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