Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two main branches of psychology?
What are the two main branches of psychology?
Which psychological theory is associated with Sigmund Freud?
Which psychological theory is associated with Sigmund Freud?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of humanism in psychology?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of humanism in psychology?
Behaviorism is an example of a type of psychology that can only be studied through observation.
Behaviorism is an example of a type of psychology that can only be studied through observation.
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Which psychological theory explores the interaction between traits (nature) and the social environment (nurture)?
Which psychological theory explores the interaction between traits (nature) and the social environment (nurture)?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of abnormal personality?
Which of the following is NOT a type of abnormal personality?
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Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory?
Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory?
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Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory?
Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory?
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According to Jung, introversion and extroversion are opposing, mutually exclusive forces.
According to Jung, introversion and extroversion are opposing, mutually exclusive forces.
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What is the name of the experiment that tested how people conform to group pressure by asking them to match the length of lines?
What is the name of the experiment that tested how people conform to group pressure by asking them to match the length of lines?
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What is the name of the experiment where participants were told to administer electric shocks to a learner, even though they believed they were causing them harm?
What is the name of the experiment where participants were told to administer electric shocks to a learner, even though they believed they were causing them harm?
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What is the main concept of the "Bystander Effect"?
What is the main concept of the "Bystander Effect"?
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Study Notes
Unit Components
- Branches of Psychology:
- Behaviorism: Uses experiments to understand what happens in the brain (Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner)
- Psychoanalysis: Examines mental processes in "sick" clients (Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung)
- Humanist: Studies well-adjusted clients (Abraham Maslow)
- Cognitive: Examines mental development (Jean Piaget, Albert Bandura)
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature: Genes, physical differences, human genome project, genetic makeup (difficult to change)
- Nurture: Environmental factors, media, learned behaviors, caregivers, culture (can be changed)
Abnormal Personalities
- Panic Attacks: Fear and intense emotional/physical anxiety
- Phobias: Irrational fears
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Obsessions or uncontrollable thoughts
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Procrastination, focus issues
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Soldiers' shell shock
- Depression: Mood disorder affecting enjoyment of life
- Schizophrenia: Fragmentation of perception, thought, and emotion
- Antisocial Personality Disorder: Pathological lying, lack of remorse
- Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Multiple personality disorder
Psychology
- Feral children: Oxana, Victor (lacked normal human development)
- Isolated children: Anna, Genie (experienced limited development)
Language Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature (Chomsky): Innate language acquisition device with universal grammar in babies
- Nurture (Skinner): Language development through imitation and mimicry (mirror neurons)
Gender-related Concepts
- John/Joan case study
- Conformity: Clark doll experiment, blue/brown eye experiment, prejudice/discrimination
Terms/Concepts/Theories/Experiments
- Operant conditioning: Behavior comes before reinforcement
- Marshmallow experiment
- Classical conditioning: Reinforcement creates desired behavior (Pavlov's dog, Sheldon)
- Little Albert Experiment: Fear conditioning with a white rat.
- Sigmund Freud: Id, ego, superego (pleasure principle, reality principle, conscience)
- Psychosocial theories (Freud): Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital stages
- Psychosexual theories, Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.
Analytical Psychology (Jung)
- Personality types: Introvert/Extrovert
- Individual develops throughout life
- Personality is a lifelong development and affected by environment
Social Cognitive Perspective (Bandura)
- Personality is an interaction between traits (nature) and social environment (nurture).
- Observe behaviors in our environment and reflect/think about our interactions.
Stigma and Labeling
- Bodily signs of unusual behavior/status
- Labelling theory
- Impact on behavior
Crowds and Conformity
- Harry Harlow's Monkey Experiment: Secure attachment
- Gustave Le Bon: Crowds override individual intelligence
- Asch Experiment (Visual line matching test): Conformity to others
- Stanley Milgram Experiment: Obedience to authority
- Philip Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment: Group members and Authority.
Bystander Effect (Kitty Genovese)
- The larger the group, the less likely individuals will help.
- Self-awareness
- Social cues
- Diffusion of responsibility
The Clark Doll Experiment
- Examined conformity and self-concept in Black children (1939)
- Children were given a choice between white and black dolls
Blue/Brown Eyes Experiment (Jane Elliot)
- Separated children by eye color
- Demonstrated behavior bias
Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger)
- Discomfort from conflicting attitudes and behaviors.
- Realize how behaviors don't match attitudes
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