Term Test #1 PDF - Chapters 1-4, October 22, 2024

 Term Test #1 Chapters 1-4 Tuesday October 22, 2024 2:30-4:30 pm ** please bring student ID & pencil ** 60 multiple choice  A few notes... Academic Honesty is taken very seriously! Please keep your eyes on your own paper. Please do not...

 Term Test #1 Chapters 1-4 Tuesday October 22, 2024 2:30-4:30 pm ** please bring student ID & pencil ** 60 multiple choice  A few notes... Academic Honesty is taken very seriously! Please keep your eyes on your own paper. Please do not sit with friends/study-mates – cheating detection software is used. Exam is only 2hrs - please plan bathroom breaks accordingly.  Chapter One What Is Psychology? – ___________ Observable behaviour + ___________ unobservable (mental and physiological processes) 3 Levels of Analysis Within Psychology – Biological – Individual/Psychological Environmental – _________________ – Charles Whitman & Understanding Depression  Chapter One 6 Perspectives on Behaviour:  Humanistic ___________ Biological  ____________  E.g. Striving to  E.g. Brain processes achieve Cognitive  ____________ Behavioural  ____________  E.g. Thought processes  E.g. Learned behaviour Psychodynamic  _____________ Sociocultural  _____________  E.g. Unconscious processes  E.g. Importance of cultural beliefs 4  Biological Perspective Focus How the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. Areas/Issues: ________ Monism vs _________ Dualism Behavioural Genetics Evolutionary Psychology 5  Cognitive Perspective Focus How we process, store and retrieve information. - Wilhem What Issues Structuralism vs Functionalism Gestalt _____________ Psychology · Piaget 6  Behavioral Perspective Focus How we learn from observable responses? How to best study, assess and treat troubled people? Sample Issues Classical Conditioning Learning through __________________ Consequences Watson and Skinner and John Locke (Tobula rusal 7  Social-Cultural Perspective Focus How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. Sample Issues Individualism vs _______________ ____________ Collectivism Social Norms 8 Psychodynamic Perspective Humanistic Perspective Role of the unconscious Self-esteem Free will, ______________ Freud Finding meaning in one’s existence Maslow _________________ , Rogers  True or False? Collectivistic cultures place a strong emphasis on personal goals and accomplishments. False According to the behavioural perspective, depression is the result of negative or pessimistic patterns of thinking. False The cognitive psychological perspective views human beings as information processors who think, plan, and solve problems. True  True or False? Structuralists were concerned with breaking human consciousness down into its essential components, while Functional psychologists were interested in how the elements of experience are organized into wholes. False The behavioural psychological perspective is rooted in the work of structuralist Wilhelm Wundt. False One of the strengths of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that his concepts are relatively easy to assess and measure. False Monists believed that A) The mind is a spiritual entity not subject to physical laws B) The biological perspective was wrong C) Mental events are a product of physical events D) The love of money was the root of all evil You overhear 2 psychologists talking about a patient. Dr. A insists the patient’s problem is a result of turning away from self-actualization. Dr. B says no, it’s the result of collectivism. Most likely: A. Dr. A is a behaviourist; Dr. B is a humanist G B. Dr. A is a humanistic psychologist; Dr. B is a sociocultural psychologist C. Dr. A is a cognitive psychologist; Dr. B is a structuralist D. Dr. A is a sociobiologist; Dr. B is a functionalist E. Dr. A is a humanistic psychologist; Dr. B is a behaviourist Charles Whitman was a mass murderer with no previous history of violence. In an attempt to explain his violent behaviour, a psychologist points to Whitman's recent stressful life events and to the way that violence is often reinforced and glorified in today's society. This psychologist's explanation is most compatible with which level of analysis? A. biological O B. environmental C. psychological D. cognitive E. dualism Latisha believes that when human beings are born their potential is unlimited. She also believes in the influence of nurture and rejects the idea of nature. In fact, she thinks that by controlling children's environments very carefully, she can train them to be anything she wants them to be. The psychological perspective she would probably agree with most is A. behaviourism B. humanism C. cognitive D. psychodynamic E. functionalism  Chapter 2  5 Steps to Scientific Method 1. Observe an event 2. Hypothesis which makes a prediction 3. Test the prediction 4. Observe the result 5. Revise/ Further Research – Theory Building - Kitty Genovese – Bystander Apathy vs ________________________ Diffusion of responsibility  Chapter 2 + Appendix  Methods of Measurement (Variables)  Self-report  Physiological  Behavioural  Methods of Research  Descriptive  ______________ Case Study Naturalistic  ______________  Surveys (sample, population, representative sample)  Correlational  Experimental  exam Chapter 2 on Correlational Studies – Correlation coefficient Strength & Direction ______________________ Limitations?? Experiments – Independent vs Dependent Variables – Placebo effect, experimenter expectancy – Control Groups – single vs. double-blind – _______________ confounding variables  True or False? Case studies enable us to make better generalizations than do naturalistic observations. False A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or prediction about some phenomenon. True A major disadvantage of correlational research is that the correlation coefficient tells you the direction of a correlation (i.e., whether X and Y are negatively or positively correlated) but not how strongly the two variables are related. False  different True or False? ↓ The independent variable is the variable administered to the experimental group and the dependent variable is the variable administered to the control group. False An unobtrusive measure assesses behaviour without participants being aware that they are being observed. True If it saidSampling then true Random assignment is used to ensure that a sample is representative of the population from which it is drawn. False  Sample Questions  Bored with a life of fighting supercriminals, Superman tries to find a way to occupy his time. Deciding to study superhuman powers, he defines such powers as being "faster than a speeding bullet, more powerful than a locomotive, and able to leap tall buildings in a single bound. Superman has created a(n) ____ of the variable.  A) hypothesis  B) self-report measure  C) physiological measure  D) operational definition L broad have to define how , measuring variable  Sample Questions  A social psychologist is interested in studying aggression in sports fans. He goes to various sporting events and keeps track of the number of aggressive acts that occur between fans using a well-defined coding system. This psychologist is using ____ to measure behaviour.  A) self-report measures  B) physiological measures  C) behavioural observations  D) reports by others  Sample Questions Dr. Study-Hard is looking at whether drinking orange juice prevents colds. He has one group of students drink orange juice every day for one month. He has another group of students drink orange juice once a week for one month. Finally he has another group that doesn’t drink any orange juice for a month. The following month he records how many colds each participant gets over the entire month. In this study the independent variable is: A. The severity of the colds recorded ↑ dependent B. The number of colds the participants got C. The prior medical histories D. Drinking orange juice every day E. The amount of orange juice consumed  Sample Questions You want to be able to predict which children may have behavioural problems as adolescents. The best research approach for this would be to use a ______. A) Case study B) Experiment C) Correlational study D) Naturalistic observation  Sample Questions  A researcher has found that as the level of education increases in a city the amount of crime decreases. The same researcher has found an even stronger relationship between education and income level, such that the higher the education the greater the income one earns. Which of the following correlation coefficients (respectively) demonstrates this?  A) +0.25; -0.82  B) -0.25; ye +0.82 stronger  C) -0.82; +0.25  D) +0.82; +0.25  Sample Questions Shelley is interested in assessing the study habits of King’s students. She wants to gather information about the number of hours spent in class, at a job, at extracurricular activities, exercising, sleeping and studying for as many students as possible. Which research method should she use? A. Experiment B. Case study C. Survey D. Correlation E. Observation  Sample Questions A researcher is investigating the relationship between daily coffee consumption and memory recall. The researcher has one group consume coffee daily for one week and another group consume decaf coffee daily for one week and afterwards has them all take a memory test the next day. However, upon analyzing the results, the researcher notices that students who consume more coffee also tend to stay up later at night. The researcher is concerned that this variable might be influencing the relationship between coffee consumption and memory. What term best describes the variable that staying up later at night represents in this study? A) Independent variable B) Dependent variable C) Control variable D) Confounding variable - Another variable affecting results  Chapter 3 Building Blocks of Nervous System – Neurons Neurons – Cell body, axon, dendrites, terminal buttons Transmit messages 2 Ways: – Action potential - electrical Neurotransmitters – ___________________ Acetylcholine, Dopamine, GABA, Serotonin, Endorphins, Norepinephrine  Chapter 3 Nervous System – Central Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord) – Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System – Somatic & Autonomic Nervous System interact w outside world Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic (ight lightand – _________________ or _________________ Parasympathetic (rest digest) and Nervous System  Chapter 3 Techniques Used to Study Brain Lesion (turns brain – _______________ off area – Brain Stimulation – Wilder Penfield (turns brain area on – Electroencephalogram (EEG) TMS (turning on/off parts of gram) – ____________ – MRI vs fMRI ↓ Y brain Structure -activity - structure and function  files The Psych Chapter 3 Geography of Brain – Medulla ___________ – heart rate, respiration – Pons – sleep & dreaming – Cerebellum – gait & posture, motor skills – Reticular Formation – gate-keeper – ____________ Thalamus – switchboard – Basal Ganglia – voluntary movement, Parkinson’s – 4 F's Hypothalamus – _______ – Limbic System Amygdala – fear & aggression Hippocampus _______________ – memory Nucleus Accumbens - reward  Chapter 3 Cerebral Cortex F- POT – 4 Lobes: Frontal – speech, motor, planning, prefrontal cortex Parietal – body sensations ______ Occipital – visual Temporal – auditory __________ – Motor & Sensory Cortex Brocha's & – Speech –__________ Wernicke’s area  Chapter 3 Left vs Right Brain Lateralization – _________________ – Split-Brain Experiments Brain Plasticity  True or False? The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response. False fMRI scans are used to study brain activity while MRI scans are utilized to examine only brain structures. True Alcohol affects the brain by stimulating the activity of GABA, thereby depressing neural activity. True  True or False? Wernicke's area is primarily concerned with speech production, while Broca's area is related to speech comprehension. False The underproduction of serotonin is thought to be an important factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative brain disorder involving profound memory impairment False should be acctycholine Research on the lateralization of language has revealed that the brains of left and right-handed individuals are essentially the same with regard to this function. False  Sample Questions When writing an exam you feel tense and anxious. After the exam is over you relax. During the exam the effects of your _____ system dominated whereas after the exam the effects of your _____ dominated. A) reticular formation; somatic B) somatic; reticular formation C) parasympathetic; sympathetic D) sympathetic; parasympathetic E) reticular; sympathetic  If the membrane potential of a neuron becomes more positive (e.g., goes from -70 millivolts to -60 millivolts), this is referred to as _______. At rest they are polarized A. depolarization B. hyperpolarization C. refractory period D. inhibitory  Sample Questions A right-handed split brain patient is staring at the middle of a screen while images are flashed in his visual fields. A picture of a hammer is flashed to his left visual field while a picture of a rock is flashed to his right visual field. If the patient is asked to reach under a screen with their left hand and pick up what they saw, what will happen? A) He will pick up the hammer B) He will pick up the rock C) He will comment that he doesn’t know how to do the task D) He will pick up any object except the rock or hammer E) He will pick up both the rock and hammer  Parkinson’s Disease results from a deficiency of _____ in the _____. A. dopamine; basal ganglia B. serotonin; cerebellum C. serotonin; medulla D. dopamine; hippocampus  Sample Questions A male rat has a particular area of its brain lesioned and it subsequently loses its sex drive. It is most likely that the site of damage was the rat's ________. A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) medulla D) hypothalamus E) amygdala  Sample Questions You have just joined a psychology lab and are working with a group of researchers who are interested in how the brain responds to different kinds of facial expressions (e.g. happy, scared, angry, etc,.). You wonder if the response of the fusiform face area (FFA), an area known to be involved in facial processing, might differ with the emotion being conveyed by a face. If you wanted to look at FFA when visualizing faces displaying various emotions – which method would be best? A) MRI B) TMS C) Electrical stimulation D) fMRI Measures brain activity E) Lesion study  Chapter 4 Genetic Influences – Chromosomes & Genes Dominant – ____________ Recessive vs _____________ Genes Heritability – Adoption vs twin studies – Intelligence Reaction Range – ______________ Froma un age – Minnesota Twin Study  Chapter 4 Evolutionary Psychology Natural Selection – _____________________, adaptations – Evolutionary snapshot of humans Language, perceive faces, emotions, belong to a group Parental Investment – Mating Systems & ___________________ – Evolution of Mate Preferences – men vs women – Cooperation & Altruism Reciprocal Altruism Kin Selection vs ____________________ – Aggression  True or False? Dizygotic twins share the same amount of genetic material as any non-twin siblings. True In humans, each cell has 23 chromosomes. False If a gene is recessive, the particular characteristic will show up if at least one partner carried it. False  True or False? A heritability coefficient of 0.70 for math ability indicates that 70% of the variation in math ability between individuals is due to genetic factors. True When make's parental investment is higher ↳ Polyandry occurs in a species if the male is low in parental investment and the female is high. False According to the theory of reciprocal altruism, we help those that share their genes with us. would be true if it was kin False  Heritability group What do you think? The heritability coefficient indicates _____. A) How likely it is that two people are related B) How much variation within a group can be attributed to genetic differences C) How much of an individual's characteristic is inherited from their parents D) The ratio of genetic, learning, and situational factors in controlling a behaviour  What do you think? Haji and Seb are identical twins who went to different adoptive families as infants. When they meet for a study at age 35, researchers find that Haji's measured IQ is 116 and Seb's is 97. Since they share the same genes and intelligence is highly heritable, how is this possible? Choose the best answer. A. The brothers were probably given IQ tests by researchers who scored the tests differently. B. IQ is not a valid indicator of ability, so people with similar intelligence often score very differently. C. The environment affected where on the inherited reaction range each brother's IQ developed. D. None of these. Genetics give reaction range Environment tells us where they fall  What do you think? Any given child has a 50% chance of sharing any particular gene with his/her A. Biological mother B. Biological father C. Fraternal twin D. Non-twin sibling E. All of the above  What do you think? In which mating system are the males of the species larger and more aggressive than the females of the species? A) polyandrous B) monogamous C) polygynous D) polygamous Two people both have the dominant genes for brown hair but one has light brown hair and the other has dark brown hair. This difference reflects differences in _________. outside A. phenotype Expressed on - B. genotype C. concordance D. heritability coefficient E. recombinant DNA ACTIVITY