Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures PDF

 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materi...

 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures R a ymond G. Milt enberger University of South Florida S e v enth Edition Australia Brazil Canada Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Behavior Modification: Principles and Last three editions, as applicable: © 2016, © 2012 Procedures, Seventh Edition Copyright © 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Raymond G. Miltenberger No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or SVP, Cengage Academic Product: Erin Joyner distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copy- right law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. VP, Product Management, Learning Experiences: Thais Alencar Unless otherwise noted, all content is Copyright © Cengage Learning, Inc. Portfolio Product Director: Laura Ross Portfolio Product Manager: Cazzie Reyes For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Content Manager: Valarmathy Munuswamy, or support.cengage.com. 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To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, register or access your online learning solution, or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengage.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2023 Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  To my wife, Nasrin, and my kids, Ryan, Roxanne, and Steven Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. About the Author Raymond G. Miltenberger received his Ph.D. in clinical psychology in 1985 from Western Michigan University. He is currently a professor and director of the Applied Behavior Analysis Program at the University of South Florida. Dr. Miltenberger teaches courses in the applied behavior analysis master’s and doctoral programs. He conducts applied behavior analysis research with his students and publishes widely in the areas of sports and fitness, child safety skills training, habit disorders, and functional assessment and treatment of behavioral disorders. In addition to spending time with his family, he Raymond G. Miltenberger enjoys walking and biking, golf, reading, and travel. iv Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Brief Contents 1 / Introduction to Behavior Modification 1 Part 1 Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change 2 / Observing and Recording Behavior 13 3 / Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change 31 Part 2 Basic Principles 4 / Reinforcement 51 5 / Extinction 71 6 / Punishment 82 7 / Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization 97 8 / Respondent Conditioning 112 Part 3 Procedures to Establish New Behavior 9 / Shaping 124 10 / Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control 137 11 / Chaining 154 12 / Behavioral Skills Training Procedures 169 Part 4 Procedures to Increase Desirable Behavior and Decrease Undesirable Behavior 13 / Understanding Problem Behaviors through Functional Assessment 183 14 / Applying Extinction 205 15 / Differential Reinforcement 221 16 / Antecedent Interventions 242 17 / Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response Cost 262 18 / Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of Punishment 277 19 / Promoting Generalization 290 Part 5 Other Behavior Change Procedures 20 / Self-Management 305 21 / Habit Reversal Procedures 318 22 / The Token Economy 329 23 / Behavioral Contracts 345 24 / Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures 359 25 / Cognitive Behavior Modification 374 v Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents Preface xvi 1 Introduction to Behavior Modification 1 1-1 Defining Human Behavior 1 Prevention 8 1-2 Examples of Behavior 3 Sports Performance 9 Health-Related Behaviors 9 1-3 Defining Behavior Modification 3 Gerontology 9 1-4 Characteristics of Behavior Modification 3 1-7 Professional Practice, Certification, and Ethics 9 1-5 Historical Roots of Behavior Modification 5 1-8 New Directions in Behavior Modification 9 Major Figures 5 Early Behavior Modification Researchers 6 1-9 The Structure of This Textbook 10 Major Publications and Events 7 Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change 10 Basic Principles of Behavior 10 1-6 Areas of Application 7 Procedures to Establish New Behaviors 10 Developmental Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder 7 Procedures to Increase Desirable Behaviors and Decrease Undesirable Behaviors 10 Mental Illness 7 Other Behavior Change Procedures 10 Education and Special Education 8 Rehabilitation 8 Chapter Summary 10 Community Psychology 8 Key Terms 11 Clinical Psychology 8 Practice Quiz 1 11 Business, Industry, and Human Services 8 Practice Quiz 2 11 Self-Management 8 Practice Quiz 3 12 Child Behavior Management 8 Practice Test 12 Part 1: Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change 2 Observing and Recording Behavior 13 2-1 Direct and Indirect Assessment 14 2-6 Reactivity 24 2-2 Defining the Target Behavior 14 2-7 Interobserver Agreement 25 2-3 The Logistics of Recording 15 Chapter Summary 26 The Observer 15 Key Terms 27 When and Where to Record 16 Practice Quiz 1 27 2-4 Choosing a Recording Method 17 Practice Quiz 2 27 Continuous Recording 17 Practice Quiz 3 28 Product Recording 19 Practice Test 28 Sampling Methods 19 Applications 29 2-5 Choosing a Recording Instrument 21 Misapplications 30 vi Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents vii 3 Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change 31 3-1 Components of a Graph 32 Alternating-Treatments Design 44 3-2 Graphing Behavioral Data 34 Changing-Criterion Design 45 Graphing Data from Different Recording Chapter Summary 46 Procedures 34 Key Terms 47 Evaluating Behavior Change in a Graph: Level, Practice Quiz 1 47 Trend, and Variability 36 Practice Quiz 2 48 3-3 Graphing Data to Evaluate Treatment: The A–B Graph 37 Practice Quiz 3 48 3-4 Graphing Data to Demonstrate a Functional Practice Test 49 Relationship: Research Designs 39 Applications 49 A–B–A–B Reversal Design 40 Misapplications 50 Multiple-Baseline Design 41 Part 2 Basic Principles 4 Reinforcement 51 4-1 Defining Reinforcement 52 Variable Ratio 63 4-2 Positive and Negative Reinforcement 54 Fixed Interval 63 Social versus Automatic Reinforcement 56 Variable Interval 64 4-3 Escape and Avoidance Behaviors 57 4-7 Reinforcing Different Dimensions of Behavior 65 4-4 Conditioned and Unconditioned Reinforcers 57 4-8 Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement 65 4-5 Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of 4-9 Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement 65 Reinforcement 58 Chapter Summary 66 Immediacy 58 Key Terms 67 Contingency 59 Practice Quiz 1 67 Motivating Operations 59 Practice Quiz 2 67 Individual Differences 60 Practice Quiz 3 68 Magnitude 61 Practice Test 68 4-6 Schedules of Reinforcement 61 Appendix A 69 Fixed Ratio 62 Appendix B 70 5 Extinction 71 5-1 Defining Extinction 71 5-6 Factors That Influence Extinction 77 5-2 Extinction Burst 73 The Reinforcement Schedule before Extinction 77 5-3 Spontaneous Recovery 74 Reinforcement of the Behavior after Extinction 77 Reinforcement of Functionally Equivalent Alternative 5-4 Procedural Variations of Extinction 75 Behavior during Extinction 77 5-5 A Common Misconception about Extinction 76 Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii Contents Chapter Summary 79 Practice Quiz 3 80 Key Terms 79 Practice Test 80 Practice Quiz 1 79 Appendix A 81 Practice Quiz 2 80 6 Punishment 82 6-1 Defining Punishment 82 Emotional Reactions to Punishment 92 6-2 A Common Misconception about Punishment 84 Escape and Avoidance 92 Negative Reinforcement for the Use of Punishment 92 6-3 Positive and Negative Punishment 84 Punishment and Modeling 92 6-4 Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers 87 Ethical Issues 92 6-5 Contrasting Reinforcement and Punishment 88 Self-Assessment 93 6-6 Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Chapter Summary 94 Punishment 89 Key Terms 94 Immediacy 89 Practice Quiz 1 94 Contingency 90 Motivating Operations 90 Practice Quiz 2 95 Individual Differences and Magnitude of the Practice Quiz 3 95 Punisher 90 Practice Test 96 6-7 Problems with Punishment 91 Appendix A 96 7 Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization 97 7-1 Examples of Stimulus Control 97 7-6 Generalization 102 7-2 Defining Stimulus Control 98 Examples of Generalization 102 7-3 Developing Stimulus Control: Stimulus 7-7 Stimulus Equivalence 105 Discrimination Training 99 Chapter Summary 108 Discrimination Training in the Laboratory 99 Key Terms 108 Developing Reading and Spelling with Practice Quiz 1 108 Discrimination Training 100 Practice Quiz 2 109 Stimulus Discrimination Training and Punishment 101 Practice Quiz 3 109 7-4 The Three-Term Contingency 101 Practice Test 109 7-5 Stimulus Control Research 101 Appendix A 110 8 Respondent Conditioning 112 8-1 Examples of Respondent Conditioning 112 8-6 Extinction of Conditioned Responses 117 8-2 Defining Respondent Conditioning 113 Spontaneous Recovery 117 8-3 Timing of the Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned 8-7 Discrimination and Generalization of Respondent Stimulus 114 Behavior 117 8-4 Higher-Order Conditioning 115 8-8 Factors That Influence Respondent Conditioning 118 8-5 Conditioned Emotional Responses 115 Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents ix The Nature of the Neutral Stimulus and 8-10 Respondent Conditioning and Behavior Unconditioned Stimulus 118 Modification 121 The Temporal Relationship between the Neutral Chapter Summary 121 Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus 118 Key Terms 121 Contingency between the Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus 118 Practice Quiz 1 122 The Number of Pairings 118 Practice Quiz 2 122 Previous Exposure to the Neutral Stimulus 118 Practice Quiz 3 122 8-9 Distinguishing between Operant and Respondent Practice Test 123 Conditioning 119 Part 3 Procedures to Establish New Behavior 9 Shaping 124 9-1 An Example of Shaping: Teaching a Child to Talk 124 Chapter Summary 134 9-2 Defining Shaping 124 Key Terms 134 9-3 Applications of Shaping 126 Practice Quiz 1 134 Getting Mrs. F to Walk Again 126 Practice Quiz 2 134 Getting Mrs. S to Increase the Time between Practice Quiz 3 135 Bathroom Visits 126 Practice Test 135 9-4 Research on Shaping 127 Applications 136 9-5 How to Use Shaping 131 Misapplications 136 9-6 Shaping of Problem Behaviors 132 10 Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control 137 10-1 An Example of Prompting and Fading: Teaching Echoic 148 Tee-Ball Players to Hit the Ball 137 Mand 148 10-2 What Is Prompting? 138 Tact 148 Intraverbal 148 10-3 What Is Fading? 139 Multiple Control of Verbal Operants 149 10-4 Types of Prompts 140 Teaching Verbal Behavior to Children with Response Prompts 140 Autism 149 Stimulus Prompts 141 Chapter Summary 150 10-5 Transfer of Stimulus Control 142 Key Terms 151 Prompt Fading 142 Practice Quiz 1 151 Prompt Delay 144 Stimulus Fading 144 Practice Quiz 2 151 10-6 How to Use Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Practice Quiz 3 152 Control 146 Practice Test 152 10-7 Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control in Applications 153 Autism Treatment 147 Misapplications 153 10-8 Verbal Behavior 148 Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. x Contents 11 Chaining 154 11-1 Examples of Behavioral Chains 154 Self-Instructions 164 11-2 Analyzing Stimulus–Response Chains 154 11-8 How to Use Chaining Procedures 165 11-3 Task Analysis 155 Chapter Summary 166 11-4 Backward Chaining 157 Key Terms 166 11-5 Forward Chaining 159 Practice Quiz 1 166 11-6 Total Task Presentation 160 Practice Quiz 2 166 11-7 Other Strategies for Teaching Behavioral Practice Quiz 3 167 Chains 161 Practice Test 167 Written Task Analysis 161 Applications 168 Picture Prompts 163 Misapplications 168 Video Modeling 163 12 Behavioral Skills Training Procedures 169 12-1 Examples of Behavioral Skills Training 12-6 Behavioral Skills Training and the Three-Term Procedures 169 Contingency 174 Teaching Marcia to Say “No” to the Professors 169 12-7 Behavioral Skills Training in Groups 175 Teaching Children to Protect Themselves from 12-8 Applications of Behavioral Skills Training Abduction 170 Procedures 175 12-2 Components of the Behavioral Skills Training 12-9 How to Use Behavioral Skills Training Procedure 170 Procedures 178 Instructions 170 Chapter Summary 179 Modeling 172 Key Terms 180 Rehearsal 172 Feedback 173 Practice Quiz 1 180 12-3 Enhancing Generalization after Behavioral Skills Practice Quiz 2 180 Training 173 Practice Quiz 3 180 12-4 In Situ Assessment 173 Practice Test 181 12-5 In Situ Training 174 Applications 181 Misapplications 182 Part 4: Procedures to Increase Desirable Behavior and Decrease Undesirable Behavior 13 Understanding Problem Behaviors through Functional Assessment 183 13-1 Examples of Functional Assessment 183 13-3 Functions of Problem Behaviors 185 Jacob 183 Social Positive Reinforcement 186 Anna 184 Social Negative Reinforcement 186 13-2 Defining Functional Assessment 185 Automatic Positive Reinforcement 186 Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents xi Automatic Negative Reinforcement 186 Key Terms 200 13-4 Functional Assessment Methods 186 Practice Quiz 1 201 Indirect Methods 186 Practice Quiz 2 201 Direct Observation Methods 189 Practice Quiz 3 201 Experimental Methods (Functional Analysis) 192 Practice Test 202 13-5 Functional Analysis Research 196 Applications 202 13-6 Conducting a Functional Assessment 198 Misapplications 204 13-7 Functional Interventions 199 Self-Assessment 204 Chapter Summary 200 14 Applying Extinction 205 14-1 The Case of Willy 205 14-6 Research Evaluating the Use of Extinction 214 14-2 Using Extinction to Decrease a Problem Chapter Summary 216 Behavior 206 Key Terms 216 Collecting Data to Assess Treatment Effects 207 Practice Quiz 1 216 Identifying the Reinforcer for the Problem Behavior Practice Quiz 2 217 through Functional Assessment 207 Eliminating the Reinforcer after Each Instance of the Practice Quiz 3 217 Problem Behavior 208 Practice Test 218 14-3 Taking Account of the Schedule of Reinforcement Applications 218 before Extinction 211 Misapplications 218 14-4 Reinforcing Alternative Behaviors 212 Appendix A 219 14-5 Promoting Generalization and Maintenance 213 Appendix B 219 15 Differential Reinforcement 221 15-1 Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Variations of DRL 233 Behavior 221 How are DRO and Spaced-Responding DRL Getting Mrs. Williams to Be Positive 221 Different? 234 When to Use DRA 222 Implementing DRL Procedures 234 How to Use DRA 222 Research Evaluating DRL Procedures 235 Using Differential Negative Reinforcement of Chapter Summary 237 Alternative Behaviors 224 Key Terms 237 Variations of DRA 226 Practice Quiz 1 238 Research on DRA 226 Practice Quiz 2 238 15-2 Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior 228 Practice Quiz 3 239 Defining DRO 229 Practice Test 239 Implementing DRO 229 Research Evaluating DRO Procedures 231 Applications 240 15-3 Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Misapplications 240 Responding 233 Self-Assessment 241 Defining DRL 233 Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xii Contents 16 Antecedent Interventions 242 16-1 Examples of Antecedent Interventions 242 Manipulating Motivating Operations 250 Getting Marianne to Study More 242 16-4 Using Antecedent Interventions 255 Getting Cal to Eat Right 243 Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Desirable Behavior 255 16-2 Defining Antecedent Interventions 243 Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Presenting the Discriminative Stimulus (SD) or Cues Undesirable Behavior 255 for the Desired Behavior 243 Arranging Establishing Operations for the Desirable 16-5 Functional Interventions for Problem Behavior 244 Behaviors 256 Decreasing Response Effort for the Desirable Chapter Summary 257 Behavior 245 Key Terms 257 Removing the Discriminative Stimulus or Cues for Undesirable Behaviors 246 Practice Quiz 1 257 Presenting Abolishing Operations for Undesirable Practice Quiz 2 257 Behaviors 247 Practice Quiz 3 258 Increasing the Response Effort for Undesirable Practice Test 258 Behaviors 248 Applications 259 16-3 Research on Antecedent Interventions 249 Misapplications 260 Manipulating Discriminative Stimuli 249 Manipulating Response Effort 249 Self-Assessment 261 17 Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response Cost 262 17-1 Time-Out 262 Research Evaluating Response Cost Procedures 271 Types of Time-Out 264 Using Reinforcement with Time-Out 264 Chapter Summary 273 Considerations in Using Time-Out 264 Key Terms 273 Research Evaluating Time-Out Procedures 266 Practice Quiz 1 274 17-2 Response Cost 269 Practice Quiz 2 274 Defining Response Cost 269 Practice Quiz 3 274 Using Differential Reinforcement with Response Practice Test 275 Cost 269 Applications 275 Comparing Response Cost, Time-Out, and Extinction 270 Misapplications 276 Considerations in Using Response Cost 270 Self-Assessment 276 18 Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of Punishment 277 18-1 Punishment by Application of Aversive Physical Restraint 280 Activities 277 Cautions in Punishment by the Application of Overcorrection 278 Aversive Activities 281 Contingent Exercise 279 18-2 Punishment by Application of Aversive Guided Compliance 280 Stimulation 282 Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents xiii 18-3 Positive Punishment: Treatment of Last Peer Review 286 Resort 284 Accountability: Preventing Misuse and Overuse 286 18-4 Considerations in Using Positive Punishment 284 Chapter Summary 286 18-5 The Ethics of Punishment 285 Key Terms 286 Informed Consent 285 Practice Quiz 1 287 Alternative Treatments 285 Practice Quiz 2 287 Recipient Safety 285 Practice Quiz 3 287 Problem Severity 285 Practice Test 288 Implementation Guidelines 285 Training and Supervision 286 Applications 288 Misapplications 289 19 Promoting Generalization 290 19-1 Examples of Generalization Programming 290 Incorporating Self-Generated Mediators of Generalization 297 19-2 Defining Generalization 291 19-4 Implementing Strategies to Promote 19-3 Strategies for Promoting Generalization of Generalization 298 Behavior Change 291 19-5 Promoting Generalized Reductions in Problem Reinforcing Occurrences of Generalization 291 Behaviors 298 Training Skills That Contact Natural Contingencies of Reinforcement 292 Chapter Summary 300 Modifying Contingencies of Reinforcement and Key Terms 300 Punishment in the Natural Environment 292 Practice Quiz 1 300 Incorporating a Variety of Relevant Stimulus Situations in Training 294 Practice Quiz 2 301 Incorporating Common Stimuli 296 Practice Quiz 3 302 Teaching a Range of Functionally Equivalent Practice Test 302 Responses 296 Applications 303 Providing Cues in the Natural Environment 296 Misapplications 303 Self-Assessment 304 Part 5: Other Behavior Change Procedures 20 Self-Management 305 20-1 Examples of Self-Management 305 Goal Setting and Self-Monitoring 309 Getting Murray to Run Regularly 305 Antecedent Interventions 309 Getting Annette to Clean Up Her Mess 305 Behavioral Contracting 309 20-2 Defining Self-Management Problems 307 Arranging Reinforcers and Punishers 310 Social Support 311 20-3 Defining Self-Management 308 Self-Instructions and Self-Praise 311 20-4 Types of Self-Management Strategies 308 Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xiv Contents 20-5 Steps in a Self-Management Plan 312 Practice Quiz 2 315 20-6 Clinical Problems 314 Practice Quiz 3 316 Chapter Summary 314 Practice Test 316 Key Terms 315 Applications 317 Practice Quiz 1 315 Misapplications 317 21 Habit Reversal Procedures 318 21-1 Examples of Habit Behaviors 318 21-6 Other Treatment Procedures for Habit 21-2 Defining Habit Behaviors 319 Disorders 324 Nervous Habits 319 Chapter Summary 325 Motor and Vocal Tics 319 Key Terms 326 Stuttering 319 Practice Quiz 1 326 21-3 Habit Reversal Procedures 320 Practice Quiz 2 326 21-4 Applications of Habit Reversal 320 Practice Quiz 3 326 Nervous Habits 320 Practice Test 327 Motor and Vocal Tics 321 Applications 327 Stuttering 322 Misapplications 328 21-5 Why Do Habit Reversal Procedures Work? 322 22 The Token Economy 329 22-1 Rehabilitating Sammy 329 22-4 Practical Considerations 334 22-2 Defining a Token Economy 330 22-5 Applications of a Token Economy 335 22-3 Implementing a Token Economy 331 22-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Token Defining the Target Behaviors 331 Economy 341 Identifying the Items to Use as Tokens 331 Chapter Summary 341 Identifying Backup Reinforcers 331 Key Terms 341 Deciding on the Appropriate Schedule of Practice Quiz 1 341 Reinforcement 332 Practice Quiz 2 342 Establishing the Token Exchange Rate 333 Establishing the Time and Place for Exchanging Practice Quiz 3 342 Tokens 333 Practice Test 343 Deciding Whether to Use Response Cost 334 Applications 343 Staff Training and Management 334 Misapplications 343 23 Behavioral Contracts 345 23-1 Examples of Behavioral Contracting 345 23-3 Components of a Behavioral Contract 347 Getting Stavros to Complete His Dissertation 345 23-4 Types of Behavioral Contracts 349 Helping Dan and His Parents Get Along Better 346 One-Party Contracts 349 23-2 Defining the Behavioral Contract 347 Two-Party Contracts 349 Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents xv 23-5 Negotiating a Behavioral Contract 351 Practice Quiz 1 355 23-6 Why Do Behavioral Contracts Influence Practice Quiz 2 356 Behavior? 351 Practice Quiz 3 356 23-7 Applications of Behavioral Contracts 352 Practice Test 357 Chapter Summary 355 Applications 357 Key Terms 355 Misapplications 357 24 Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures 359 24-1 Examples of Fear and Anxiety Reduction 359 Chapter Summary 370 Overcoming Trisha’s Fear of Public Speaking 359 Key Terms 371 Overcoming Allison’s Fear of Spiders 360 Practice Quiz 1 371 24-2 Defining Fear and Anxiety Problems 360 Practice Quiz 2 371 24-3 Procedures to Reduce Fear and Anxiety 362 Practice Quiz 3 372 Relaxation Training 362 Practice Test 372 Fear Reduction Procedures 364 Applications 372 24-4 Clinical Problems 370 Misapplications 373 25 Cognitive Behavior Modification 374 25-1 Examples of Cognitive Behavior Modification 374 Practice Quiz 1 383 Helping Daniel Control His Anger 374 Practice Quiz 2 384 Helping Claire Pay Attention in Class 375 Practice Quiz 3 384 25-2 Defining Cognitive Behavior Modification 376 Practice Test 385 Defining Cognitive Behavior 376 Applications 385 Functions of Cognitive Behavior 376 Misapplications 385 25-3 Cognitive Behavior Modification Procedures 377 Cognitive Restructuring 377 Glossary 387 Cognitive Coping Skills Training 380 References 396 Acceptance-Based Therapies 382 Name Index 423 25-4 Clinical Problems 383 Subject Index 431 Chapter Summary 383 Key Terms 383 Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Preface I am gratified that the first six editions of Behavior Modifica- Principles and Procedures The various procedures for changing tion: Principles and Procedures received positive reviews from behavior are based on the fundamental principles of behavior students and professors. The seventh edition has kept the established in experimental research over the past 90 years. In the positive features of the first six editions, has been revised to belief that the student will better understand the procedures after address the suggestions of reviewers, and has been updated first learning the fundamental principles, the principles under- to reflect the latest research in behavior modification. lying operant and respondent behavior are reviewed in Chapters The goal of this seventh edition (as with the earlier 4–8; the application of the principles in the behavior modifica- editions) is to describe basic principles of behavior so that the tion procedures is described in Chapters 9–25. student learns how environmental events influence human behavior and to describe behavior modification procedures so Examples from Everyday Life Each chapter uses a variety of that the student learns the strategies by which human behav- real-life examples—some relevant to college students, some ior may be changed. The text is divided into 25 relatively short chosen from the author’s clinical and research experience—to chapters, each covering a manageable amount of information bring the principles and procedures to life. (for example, one principle or procedure). This text can be used in a standard one-semester course in behavior modifi- Examples from Research In addition, both classic studies and cation, applied behavior analysis, behavior management, or the most up-to-date research on behavior modification behavior change. principles and procedures are integrated into the text. The material in the text is discussed at an introductory Practice Quizzes Three fill-in-the-blank quizzes with 10 level so that it may be understood by students with no prior questions are provided at the end of each of the 25 chapters. knowledge of the subject. This text is intended for undergrad- The practice quizzes provide students with further exercises for uate students or beginning graduate students. It would also self-assessment of their knowledge of the chapters’ content. be valuable for individuals working in human services, edu- cation, or rehabilitation who must use behavior modification Practice Tests Practice tests at the end of each chapter have procedures to manage the behavior of the individuals in their short-answer essay questions and include page numbers where care. the answers can be found. I have made a concerted effort in this text to ensure examples reflect the fullness of human diversity with respect Application Exercises At the end of each chapter where proce- to ability, language, culture, gender, age, socioeconomics, and dures are taught (Chapters 2, 3, and 9–25), several application other forms of human difference that students may bring to exercises are provided. In each exercise, a real-life case is described the classroom. and then the student is asked to apply the procedure described in the chapter. These exercises give students an opportunity to think Features of the Text Continued about how the procedures are applied in real life. from the First Six Editions Misapplication Exercises The application exercises are followed by misapplication exercises. In each one, a case example is The following features of the text are intended to help the provided, and the procedure from the chapter is applied to the reader learn easily. case in an incorrect or inappropriate manner. The student is asked to analyze the case example and to describe what is wrong with Organization of the Text Following a general introduction to the application of the procedure in that case. These misapplication the field in Chapter 1, Chapters 2 and 3 present information on exercises require the student to think critically about the applica- behavior recording, graphing, and measuring change. This infor- tion of the procedure. Answers to the applications and misappli- mation will be used in each subsequent chapter. Next, Chapters cations are in the Solution and Answer Guide; these are valuable 4–8 focus on the basic principles of operant and respondent tools for instructors, as they assess their students’ abilities to apply behavior. The application of these principles forms the subject of the information provided in the chapter. the remaining 17 chapters. Procedures to establish new behav- iors are described in Chapters 9–12, and procedures to increase Step-by-Step Approach In each chapter in which a particular desirable behaviors and decrease undesirable behaviors are con- behavior modification procedure is taught, the implementa- sidered in Chapters 13–19. Finally, Chapters 20–25 present a tion of the procedure is outlined in a step-by-step fashion, for survey of other important behavior modification procedures. ease of comprehension. xvi Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface xvii Summary Boxes Periodically throughout the text, information Cultural Diversity Added a discussion of cultural diversity to from a chapter is summarized in a box that has been set off Chapters 1 and 13. The names that appear in all chapters are from the text. These boxes are intended to help the student now more culturally diverse. organize the material in the chapter. Graphing and Functional Relationships Added a discussion Chapter Summaries Chapter summaries provide information of level, trend, and variability in evaluating data in a graph in that is consistent with the major headings in each chapter. Chapter 3. Made the distinction between graphs to evaluate behavior change (A–B design) versus graphs to demonstrate a Examples for Self-Assessment In the early chapters on basic functional relationship (research designs). principles (Chapters 4–7), there are tables with examples of the principle discussed within that chapter. Later in the Reinforcement Added information in Chapter 4 to include chapter (or in a subsequent chapter), the student is directed to more information on concurrent schedules, a description return to a specific table and, using the new information being of the matching law, a description of multiple schedules presented in the chapter, to analyze specific aspects of the of reinforcement, and a description of behavioral contrast. examples provided in that table. Also added a discussion of decision rules for analyzing reinforcement. Self-Assessment Questions At intervals throughout the text, students are presented with self-assessment questions. To answer Resurgence Described the concept of resurgence in the these questions, students will need to use the information already discussion of reinforcement of functionally equivalent presented in the chapter. These questions will help students assess responses when using extinction in Chapter 5. their understanding of the material. In most cases, answers are presented in the text immediately following the question. Self-Assessment Exercises Added self-assessment exercises in more chapters to help students understand concepts and Figures Most of the chapters include figures from the research distinguish among concepts presented in the chapters. literature to illustrate important principles or procedures. Students must use information from earlier chapters on behavior recording, Stimulus Equivalence Added a section in Chapter 7 on graphing, and measuring change to analyze the graphs. stimulus equivalence, with new figures to help explain the concepts. For Further Reading Each of the chapters includes a For Further Reading box. In this feature, interesting articles that Verbal Behavior Added a section on verbal behavior in are relevant to the content of the chapter are identified and Chapter 10. Explained the different verbal operants, discussed briefly described. Citations for these articles have also been multiple control, and discussed training verbal behavior. provided. These articles are from major behavioral journals, so Functional Assessment Added information in Chapter 13 they can be easily accessed online by students. Instructors can on using the functional assessment interview, the importance assign these articles for extra credit or as reading assignments of multiple informants and having experts in behavior anal- for when more advanced students use the textbook. ysis conduct the interview, using the interview to build rap- List of Key Terms After each Chapter Summary section, there port with caregivers, and assessing factors related to cultural is a list of the new terms that were used in the chapter. The list diversity. Provided more information on test versus control of key terms shows the page number on which each term was conditions in conducting a functional analysis. Discussed the introduced. Although these terms are all found in the Glossary interview informed synthesized contingency analysis as a type at the end of the text, having the new terms, and their page of hypothesis testing functional analysis. Discussed functional numbers, listed at the end of each chapter will allow the stu- assessment in research versus practice. dent to have an easy reference to the terms when reading the Antecedent Interventions Added information in Chapter chapter or when studying for a test or quiz. 16 on the high-p instructional sequence as an antecedent Glossary At the end of the text is a glossary of the important intervention, described behavioral momentum theory as an behavior modification terms used in the text. Each term is fol- explanation for its effectiveness, and described noncontingent lowed by a succinct and precise definition. reinforcement. Acceptance-Based Therapies Added a discussion in Chapter 25 New Features in the Seventh of mindfulness and mindfulness-based therapies. Added more Edition information on acceptance and commitment therapy. Learning Objectives Added new learning objectives at the New References Added 178 new references to reflect recent beginning of each chapter to guide students’ attention to the research and provide the scientific support for the principles most important topics in each chapter. and procedures presented in the text. Copyright 2024 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xviii Preface Other New Features Harnish, Rochester Institute of Technology; Gerald Harris, The University of Houston; Robert Heffer, Texas A&M Univer- Discussed telehealth as a new direction in behavior sity; Stephen W. Holborn, University of Manitoba; Dorothea modification in Chapter 1. Lerman, Louisiana State University; Tom Lombardo, University of Mississippi; John Malouff, Nova Southern East- Introduced the term sampling methods to categorize inter- ern University; Guenn Martin, Cumberland University; Kay val recording and time sample recording in Chapter 2. McIntyre, University of Missouri–St. Louis; Ronald Miller, Added a “For Further Reading” box to discuss the choice Brigham Young University–Hawaii; Robert W. Montgom- of continuous versus discontinuous recording methods in ery, Georgia State University; Charles S. Peyser, University Chapter 2. of the South; Brady Phelps, South Dakota State University; Added more information to help students distinguish Joseph J. Plaud, University of North Dakota; Robyn Rogers, between positive and negative reinforcement and positive Southwest Texas State University; Johannes Rojahn, George and negative punishment in Chapters 4 and 6. Mason University; Paul Romanowich, Mesa College; Alison Added new information on momentary DRO in Chapter 15. Thomas Cottingham, Rider University; J. Kevin Thompson, University of Southern Florida; Bruce Thyer, University of Added more information on the function of habits in Georgia; James T. Todd, Eastern Michigan University; Sharon Chapter 21. Van Leer, Delaware State University; Timothy Vollmer, Uni- Introduced comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics versity of Florida; Robert W. Wildblood, Northern Virginia in Chapter 21. Community College; Kenneth N. Wildman, Ohio Northern Discussed new research on treatment for habits during University; Douglas Woods, University of Wisconsin– public speaking in Chapter 21. Milwaukee; and Todd Zakrajsek, Southern Oregon State Added new information on behavioral contracting for College. I especially want to thank Marianne Taflinger, for- parents in Chapter 23. mer senior editor at Wadsworth, for her guidance and support throughout the initial development of the text. Restructured information to emphasize relaxation procedures and fear reduction procedures in Chapter 24. For the Behavior Modification Instructor Resources Student Additional instructor resources for this product are available To get the most out of this text and out of your behavior online. Instructor assets include an Instructor’s Manual, Solu- modification course, you are encouraged to consider the tion and Answer Guide, PowerPoint® slides, and a test bank following recommendations. powered by Cognero®. Sign up or sign in at www.cengage.com 1. Read the assigned chapters before the class meeting at to search for and access this product and its online resources. which the chapter is to be discussed. You will benefit more from the class if you have first read the material. Acknowledgments 2. Answer each of the self-assessment questions in the chapter I want to thank the anonymous reviewers for their construc- to check if you understand the material just covered. tive comments on this manuscript and the first six editions: 3. Complete the end-of-chapter practice quizzes to assess Stacie Curtis, Zane State College; Alan H. Teich, University your knowledge of the chapter content. of Pittsburgh-Johnstown; Sheri Narin, Wake Tech Commu- 4. Answer the practice test questions at the end of each nity College; Samantha Bergmann, University of North Texas; chapter. If you can answer each question, you know t