RASP 1 PDF History Study Guide PDF

History Study Guide (as of 13 March 2024) Early Rangers “Rangeâ€​ was used during the early 1600s to describe the movement of soldiers when they patroied an area. Eeward Backter was hired as a “rangerâ€​ for Kent Island in 1634-1635 Northern colonies began using Rang...

History Study Guide (as of 13 March 2024) Early Rangers “Rangeâ€​ was used during the early 1600s to describe the movement of soldiers when they patroied an area. Eeward Backter was hired as a “rangerâ€​ for Kent Island in 1634-1635 Northern colonies began using Rangers for defense against Indians during the 17th century. Benjamin Church Organized independent ranging company during King Philip’s War (1675-1676) Specialized in raids and ambushes Utilized Indian tactics and techniques (le., wore moccasins, cover and concealment) Robert Rogers Robert Rogers developed the Ranger concept in the 1750s, conducted long range raid and reconnaissance missions Recruited 9 companies from the Continental Army In 1756 Published 19 Standing Orders and 28 Comman Sense Rules Stressed operational readiness, security, and tactics The Revolutionary War (1775-1783) Daniel Morgan “The Corps of Rangersâ€​ was farmed on June 14th, 1775 Companies of expert riflemen Six from Pennsylvania Two in Maryland Two in Virginia Famous Battles: Freeman’s Farm (1775) Batte of Cowpens (1781) - executed ambush culminating in double envelopment General Burgoyne (British general): “Morgan’s Men were the most famous corps of the Continental Army. All of them crack shots.â€​ Francis Marion Organized and led “Marion’s Partisansâ€​ Operated out of Carolina swamps Specialtzed in guerrilla warfare Disrupted Brtsh communications Prevented organization of British sympathizers Known as the “Swamp Foxâ€​ British Colonel Tarleton, after pursuing Marion’s Partisans for twenty-five miles through the swamps saldâ€​.,the damned fox, the devil himself could not catch him War of 1812 British government incited Indian tribes against the American frontier (1812-1815) Independent Ranger companies were raised from among frontier settlers • Patrolled frontier from Ohio to Western Illinols The Civil War (1861-1865) Confederate goverment authorized formation of Partisan Ranger bands to reconnoiter, raid and ambush behind enemy lines in 1862 John Singleton Mosby Most famous Confederate Ranger Began independent Ranger activities in 1863 Extremely effective raiding Union camps Mosby’s scouts were the most proficient at conducting night raids Most famous raid (captured General Stoughton, 58 horses, guns and ammunition) John Hunt Morgan Led cavalry squadron that conducted Ranger-style raids Began raiding in December 1861 “Morgan’s Raidâ€​ Started with 800 men and marched over 1,000 miles over the course of two and a half weeks Captured seventeen towns Destroyed millions of dollars worth of Federal stores Losses to the Confederate Ranger force (both killed and wounded) were less than 90 World War ll (1941-1945) World War II Ranger Battalions Six Ranger infantry battalions were activated during WWI (1941-1945) 1st Ranger Battalion was organized and activated on 19 June 1942 by Major William O. Darby Carrickfergus, Ireland • Rangers were the first US troops to see ground combat in Europe (Dieppe Raid, 19 August 1942) Ranger Force 3rd and 4th Ranger Battalions were activated and trained by Colonel Darby In Africa 1st, 3rd, and 4th Battalions formed the Ranger Force 3rd Battalion formed 21 May 1943 4th Battalion formed 8 June 1943 Began the tradition of wearing the scroll shoulder sleeve insignia Ranger Force spearheaded the landings on Sicily on 10 July 1943 2nd and 5th Ranger Battallons Participated in the 6 June 1944 D-Day landings at Omaha Beach, Normandy 5th battalion spearheaded assault at Omaha Beach Companies D, E, and F, 2nd Battalion were tasked with scaling the cliis of Point du Hac Assault troops climbed rope ladders up the sheer rock face while under intense machine gun, mortar, grenade, and small arms fire. Brig. Gen. Norman D. Cota coined the phrase, “Rangers, lead the waylâ€​ at Omaha Beach 1st. Ranger Battallon 1st Ranger Battalion was organized and activated on 19 June 1842 by Major William O. Darby at Garrickfergus, Ireland. Volunteers from 1st Battalion participated in Dieppe Raid (19 August 1942) 1st Battalion led assault landings at Arzew (near Oran, Algeria) on 8 November 1942 • Conducted raid in Tunisia at Sened Station in February 1943 3rd Ranger Battalion Organized on 21 May 1943 near Nemours, Algeria from cadre of personnel from 1st Battalion • Made combat assaults at Licata and Maiori Defended line at Chiunzi Pass * Held the line for fourteen days without rest or rellef and limited food and water 4th Ranger Battalion Organized on 8 June 1943 near Nemours, Algeria from cadre of personnel from 1st Battalion Made combat assaults at Gela, Maiori and Anzio Involved in heavy fighting in Italy leading up to the batte of Cistema Battie of Cisterna 1st and 3rd Battalion led an attack on Cistema, a small town that happened to be the hub of several roads running east and north, directions in which VI Corps needed to go to cut the German lines of communication and reach Rome. A railroad also ran northeast from Cisterna. The plan was for Colonel William O. Darby to infiltrate his 1st and 3rd Ranger Battalions through the German lines at night. At daybreak the remaining battalion, the 4th, would lead the 3rd Infantry Division in an attack to capture Cisterna and advance east. A few tanks from the 751st Tank Battalion and a platoon of the 601st Tank Destroyer Battalion were in reserve. The infiltration began at 0100 hours on January 30, 1944, and soon developed into a disaster. Using a long drainage ditch, the two infiltrating Ranger battalions moved deep into the German lines. But when the ditch ended the Rangers were forced into the open along the Feminamorta-Cisterna road. Fighting off tanks and infantry supported by machine guns, mortars, and artillery, the lightly armed Rangers were outgunned. • The Battle of Cisterna marked the end for the “Ranger Forceâ€​ 2nd Ranger Battalion Activated 1 April 1943 at Camp Forrest, Tennessee and arrived in England December 1943. Companies D, E, and F were assigned the mission of scaling 10-story tall cliffs at Point du Hoc (Force A) Companies A and B assaulted the beach with 5th Battalion (Force B) Company C landed at Vierville and climbed 90-foot cliffs at Point du la Percée (Force C) 5th Ranger Battallon Activated 1 September 1943 at Camp Forest, Tennessee Arrived in European theater January 1944 Assaulted Omaha Beach (“Rangers, Lead The Way!â€​) Met up with companles D, E, and F of 2nd Battalion on D+3 6th Ranger Battalion • Organized 13 January 1941 • 98th Field Artillery Station was redesignated while in New Guinea Operated in the Pacific and performed long range reconnaissance and combat patrols : Performed key role in the Philippines Invasion of Leyte • “The main objective for the invasion of the Philippine Islands was the island of Leyte.â€​Aâ€​ day (the day of the assault) for the operation would be October 20, 1944. At the entrance to the Leyte Gulf were three small islands named Dinagat, Homonhon, and Suluan-that posed a threat to the invasion. The position of the islands made them likely locations for Japanese radar and coast artillery.â€​ Robert Black, Rangers In World War II Rald on Cabanautan Led by Lt. Col Henry Mucci and CPT Robert Prince Company sized (121) element marched 29 miles behind enemy lines Low-crawled Into position for 1 mile Freed 513 POWs Key Dates Battallon Activation Date 1st 19 June 1942 2nd 1 Aprll 1843 3rd 21 May 1843 4th 8 June 1943 5th 1 Septamber 1943 6th 26 September 1944 Merrill’s Marauders 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional) Formally known as the 75th Infantry Regiment and Task Force Galahad Formed into six combat teams (400 per team), color-coded Red, White, Blue, Green, Orange and Khaki, with two teams to a Battalion Walked over 1,000 miles through extremely dense and almost impenetrable Jungles • Fought in 5 major (Walawbum, Shaduzup, Inkangahtawng, Nhpum Ga and Myitkyina) and 30 minor engagements Myitkyina Airfield Pronounced “mitch-in-aw®     Only all-weather airfield in North Burma Climax to four months of fighting along a 1,000 mile route The Marauder ranks had been thinned by about half due to casualties and disease. Marched over a narrow mountain trail across the rugged, 8,000-foot Kumon Range to Myitkyina By the end of the conflict in Myitkyina, unit was 15% of original size Korean War (June 1950-July 1953) 18 Ranger companies were formed 6 Ranger companies saw combat in Korea (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 8th) Each company fought in front of a division The 8213th Army Unit was organized at Camp Drake, Japan in August 1950 (known as Eighth Army Ranger Company) Subsequent Ranger training was held at Fort Benning, GA COL Ralph Pucket • Led the Eighth Army Ranger Company as a Second Lleutenant with no combat experience 73-man company led the 25th Infantry Division in North Korea Earned Distinguished Service Cross for actions at Hill 205 on 25-26 November 1950 Appointed Honorary Colonel of the Regiment in 1996 Buffalo Rangers … 2nd and 4th Ranger Companies performed the first combat jump at Munsan-NI 2nd Ranger Company consisted entirely of African-American Rangers (“Buffalo Rangersâ€​) Hill 581 - captured and held position, inflicted hundreds of enemy casualties with none casualties Vietnam War (1955-1973*) US entered war due to commonly held “domino theoryâ€​ view (Cold War) August 1964 - Gulf of Tonkin incident (USS Maddox torpedoed by Vietnamese submarines) : Gulfot Tonkin resolution increased troop presence in Vietnam Operation Rolling Thunder (1965-1968) was a US bombing campaign targeting North Vietnamese The War of Attrition strategy (“search and destroyâ€​) became main philosophy and US troops increased to 500,000 75th Infantry • 75th Infantry Regiment was formed 1 January 1969 (was comprised of 15 Ranger companies, designated C-I and K-P, no “Jâ€​ company) 13 companles served in Vietnam until they were Inactivated In August 1972 Served as long-range patrol units, concentrating on reconnaissance and stealth rather than rald and ambush 75th Ranger Regiment “The battalion is to be an elite, light, and the most proficient infantry in the world. A battalion that can do things with its hands and weapons better than anyone. The battallon will contain no ’hoodlums or brigands’ and if the battallon is formed from such persons, it will be disbanded. Wherever the battalion goes, it must be apparent that it is the best.â€​ - Abrams Charter, GEN Creighton Abrams, January 1974 1st Ranger Battalion Activated 31 January 1974 Parachute ino For Steven, GAon tuy 1919 Trained at Fort Benning, GA from March-June 1974 2nd Ranger Battalion ♥ First group of cadre began training at Fort Benning, GA February-March 1974 Activated 1 October 1974 Established headquarters at Fort Lewis, WA • Training for the entire battalion began in April 1975 3rd Ranger Battalion Training for cadre began at Fort Benning, GA in April 1984 First official training for the battalion began June 1984 Activated 3 October 1984 at York Field (Bullding 4) 75th Ranger Regiment • Officially designated 2 February 1986 Regimental Special Troops Battalion Constes of Heatar Consists of Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), Ranger Reconnaissance Company (RRC), Ranger Selection and Training Company (RSTC), and the Ranger Communications Company (RCC) • RSTB provides increased operational capabilities as well as qualified, trained and ready Rangers to sustain the Ranger force Regimental Military Intelligence Battalion Convues 22 May 2017 Conducts full spectrum intelligence, surveillance, reconnalssance, cyber, and electronic warfare operations in order to enhance the Regimental Commander’s situational awareness and inform his decision-making process. • Consists of the Military Intelligence Company (MICO), Cyber Electro Magnetic Activities company (CEMA), Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) and Is based at Fort Benning, GA Pre-GWOT Desert One (Operation Eagle Claw) • Elements of 1/75 participated in the Iranian hostage rescue attempts in 1980 Rangers were tasked with capturing Manzariyeh Alr Base so C-141 Starlifters could land for exfil While unsuccessful, this training and preparation for this operation laid the groundwork for future Special Operations tactics and techniques, Including a close partnership with the 160h Speclal Operations Aviation Regiment (160 SOAR) Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) Jontuate Pore 120, which comprised the 22nd Marine Amphibious Unit, JSOC, and the 82nd Airbome Division JSOC Task Force 123 Included Army Ranger battalions and Delta Force operators, Navy SEALS and Air Force Combat Control Teams 1st and 2nd Battalion conducted a low-level parachute assault and seized the Point Salinas airfield and rescued Americans at the True Blue Medical Campus (5 KIA/6 wounded) Panama (Operation Just Cause) Rangers conducted two separate operations 20 December 1989 1/75 and C Co, 3/75 conducted a parachute assault onto Omar Torrijos International Airport and Tocumen Military Airfield 2/75 and the rest of 3/75 conducted a parachute assault onto Rio Hato Airfield and then seized General Manuel Noriega’s beach house Captured 1,014 EPW and 18,000 arms of various types (sustained 5 KIA/42 wounded) Somalia (Operation Gothic Serpent) B Co, 3/75 deployed with Task Force Ranger to Mogadishu, Somalia in August 1993 to capture General Mohammad Farah Aideed Outnumbered 10 to 1, TF Ranger held off the enemy for 15 hours in what was considered to be the most intense ground fighting since the Vietnam War Rangers suffered 6 KIA - estimates of EKIA range from 350-1,000 GWOT Era OBJ Rhino Company-sized lement of approximately 200 Rangers from the 3/75 Ranger Regiment conducted airborne assault on OBJ Rhino The Ranger’s objectives were to: Selze the landing strip (to become Camp Rhino) Destroy any Taliban forces Gather Intelligence •. Assess the sultability of the landing strip for future operations Establish a forward aerial refuel/rearm point (FARP) for helicopters invoived in the nearby operation at Objective Gecko • Destroy major weapons and utilities Takur Ghar (Operation Anaconda) 4 March 2002 A Co 1/75 Rangers were given a no-notice mission to serve as QRF and rescue Naval Petty Officer Nell Roberts who was stranded on Takur Ghar mountain Rangers fought a pitched thirteen-hour battle to secure the 10,000-foot mountaintop. The Rangers destroyed all Al-Qaeda linked milltants and secured all fallen U.S. personnel 3 Rangers were KIA Jessica Lynch • 1 Aprll 2003 Elements of 1/75 and 2/75 executed a jaint raid into the Fedayeen controlled city of Nasiriya, : The minion became known as one of the nation’s most succesul PoW rescues as it resulted In the safe retum of PFC Jessica Lynch Other POWs had died and were burled in a soccer field behind the compound where Lynch was rescued Rangers dug up the bodles with their hands in arder to bring them back hame Haditha Dam 31 March 2003 Along with providing tod control and a tird of trag’s electrical generation capacity, the dam provided the only other crossing of the Euphrates River west of Baghdad Añer completing a parachute assault to secure H1 Airfield in Western Iraq, 3/75 gained control of the Haditha Dam Complex Fought off elements from the Iragi Republican Guard’s Hammurabi Division over the course of a week Ranger Deployment Example Ran 198 combat missions that resulted in 1,900 terrorists killed or captured presented at award ceremony • MOH Recipient DISTINGUISHED UNIT INSIGNIA (DUI) The DUI is a unit crest that was originally approved for the 75th infantry Regiment on 18 March 1969 and was redesignated for the 75th Ranger Regiment on 3 February 19861. The DUl was composed to represent the Burma Campagn and honor the 5307 Composite Unit The Sun: Cooperation between Marauders and Chinese forces during the Chinese theater (taken from the Chinese flag) The Star of Burma: The nation in which the unit campagned in for much of W.l Red Lightning Bolt: Embodies the quick-strike nature of the Marauders Tactics 6 colors: represent the 6 combat teams (5307â€​) Red, Blue, White, Green, Orange, & Khaki. Medal of Honor Recipients Speciallst Four Robert D. Law First Ranger to be awarded the Medal of Honor while assigned to a U.S. Army Ranger unit Served In Company | (Ranger), 75th Infantry 22 February 1969 Put himself in harm’s way by maneuvering on the enemy Jumped on hand grenade to save the lives of his five fellow Rangers SSG Robert J. Pruden Staff Sergeant Robert J. Pruden, United States Army, distinguished himself on 20 November 1969 while serving as a reconnaissance team leader with Company G, 75th Infantry, Americal Division, during an ambush mission In Quang Ngai Province, Republic of Vietnam. The six-man team was inserted by helicopter into enemy-controlled territory to establish an ambush position and to obtain information concerning enemy movements. As the team moved into the pre-planned area, Sergeant Pruden deployed his men into two groups on opposite sides of a well-used trail. As the groups were estaunsing wen defensive positions, one member of the team was trapped in the open by heavy fire from an enemy squad. Realizing that the ambush position had been compromised, Sergeant Pruden directed his team to open fire on the enemy force. Immediately, the team came under heavy fire from a second enemy element. Sergeant Pruden, with full knowledge of the extreme danger involved, left his concealed position and, firing as he ran, advanced toward the enemy to draw the hostile fire. He was seriously wounded twice but continued his attack until he fell for a third time, In front of the enemy pasitions. Sergeant Pruden’s actions resulted in several enemy casualties and withdrawal of the remaining enemy force. Although grievously wounded, he directed his men into defensive positions and called for evacuation helicopters, which safely withdrew the members of the team. SSG Laszio Rabel Served as leader of Team Delta, 74th Infantry Detachment (Long Range Patröl), 173d Airborne Brigade, in Bỉnh Dinh Province, Republic of Vietnam. 13 November 1968 - At 1000 hours on this date, Team Delta was in a defensive perimeter conducting reconnaissance of enemy trail networks when a member of the team detected enemy movement to the front. As Sergeant Rabel and a comrade prepared to clear the area, he heard an incoming grenade as it landed in the midst of the team’s perimeter. SSG Rabel threw himself on the grenade and, covering it with his body, received the complete impact of the immediate explosion. Through his indomitable courage, complete disregard for his own safely and profound concern for his fellow soldiers, Sergeant Rabel averted the loss of life and Injury to the other members of Team Delta. SSG Leroy Petry Staff Sergeant Leroy A. Petry distinguished himself in action with an armed enemy in the vicinity of Päktya Province, Afghanistan, on May 26, 2008. As a Weapons Squad Leader with D Company, 2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, Staff Sergeant Petry moved to clear the courtyard of a house that potentially contained high-value combatants. While crossing the courtyard, Staff Sergeant Petry and another Ranger were engaged and wounded by automatic weapons fire from enemy fighters. Still under enemy fire, and wounded in both legs, Staff Sergeant Petry led the other Ranger to cover. He then reported the situation and engaged the enemy with a hand grenade, providing suppression as another Ranger moved to his position. The enemy quickly responded by maneuvering closer and throwing grenades. The first grenade explosion knocked his two fellow Rangers to the ground and wounded both with shrapnel. A second grenade then landed only a few feet away from them. Instantly realizing the danger, Staff Sergeant Petry, unhesitatingly and with complete disregard for his safety, deliberately and selflessly moved forward, picked up the grenade, and in an effort to clear the immediate threat, threw the grenade away from his fellow Rangers. As he was releasing the grenade it detonated, amputating his right hand at the wrist and further injuring him with multiple shrapnel wounds. Although picking up and throwing the live grenade grievously wounded Staff Sergeant Petry, his gallant act undeniably saved his fellow Rangers from being severely wounded or killed. Despite the severity of his wounds, Staff Sergeant Petry continued to maintain the presence of mind to place a touniquet on his right wrist before communicating the situation by radio in order to coordinate support for himself and his fellow wounded Rangers. SGM Thomas Payne Sergeant First Class Thomas P. Payne (formerly A Co, 1/75) distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity, above and beyond the call of duty, on October 22, 2015, during a daring nighttime hostage rescue in Kirkuk Province, Iraq, in support of Operation INHERENT RESOLVE. Sergeant Payne led a combined assault team charged with clearing one of two buildings known to house the hostages. With speed, audacity, and courage, he lad his team as they quickly cleared the assigned bullding, liberaling 38 hostages. Upon hearing a request for additional assaulters to assist with clearing the other building, Sergeant Payne, on his own initiative, left his secured position, exposing himself to enemy fre as he bounded across the compound to the other building from which entrenched enerny forces were engaging his comrades. Sergeant Payne climbed a ladder to the building’s roof, which was partally engulfed in flames, and engaged enemy fighters below with grenades and small arms fire. He then moved back to ground level to engage the enemy forces through a breach hole in the west side of the bullding. Knowing time was running out for the hostages trapped inside the burning building, Sergeant Payne moved to the main entrance, where heavy enemy fire had thwarted previous attempts to enter. He knowingly risked his own life by bravely entering the building under intense enemy fire, enduring smoke, heat, and flames to identify the armored door imprisoning the hostages. Upon exiting, Sergeant Payne exchanged his rifle for bolt cutters, ahd again entered the building, ignoring the enemy rounds impacting the walls around him as he cut the locks on a complex locking mechanism. His courageous actions motivated the coalition assault team members to enter the breach and assist with cutting the locks. After exiting to catch his breath, he reentered the building to make the tinal lock cuts, freeing 37 hostages. Sergeant Payne then facilitated the evacuation of the hostages, even though ordered to evacuate the collapsing building himself, which was now structurally unsound due to the fire. Sergeant Payne then reentered the burning building one last time to ensure everyone had been evacuated. He consclously exposed himself to enemy automatic gunfire each time he entered the building. His extraordinary heroism and selfless actions were key to liberating 75 hostages during a contested rescue mission that resulted in 20 enemies killed in action. Sergeant First Class Payne’s gallantry under fire and uncommon valor are in keeping with the highest traditions of milltary service and reflect great credit upon himself, the United States Special Operations Command, and the United States Army. SFC Christopher A. Coliz On July 12, 2018, as the leader of a special operations unit comprised of partnered forces and members of the 1st Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, Celiz led an operation to clear an area of enemy forces and thereby disrupt future attacks against the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Shortly after his team reached their initlal objective, a large enemy force attacked. The enemy placed effective fire on him and his team, preventing them from maneuvering to a counterattack. Realizing the danger to his team and the operation, Celiz voluntarily exposed himself to intense enemy machine-gun and small-arms fire. Under fire, he retrleved and employed a heavy weapon system, thereby allowing U.S. and partnered forces to regain the initiative, maneuver to a secure location, and begin treating a critically wounded partnered force member. As the medical evacuation helicopter arrived, it was Immediately engaged by accurate and sustained enemy fire. Knowing how critical it was to quickly load the wounded partner, Celiz willingly exposed himself again to heavy enemy fire so he could take charge to direct and lead the evacuation. As the casually was moved from a position of cover, Cellz made a conscious effort to ensure his body aoted as a physical shield to protect his team, the injured partner and the crew of the aircraft from enemy fire. After the wounded partner was loaded, Celiz’s team returned to cover, but he remained with the aircraft, retuming a high volume of fire and constantly repositioning himself to act as a physical shield to the aircraft and its crew. With his final reposition, Celiz placed himself directly between the cockpit and the enemy, ensuring the aircraft was able to depart. Upon the helicopter’s liftoff, Celiz was hit by enemy fire. Fully aware of his injury, but understanding the peril to the aircraft, Celtz motioned to the pilots to depart rather than remain to load him. His selfiess actions saved the life of the evacuated partnered force member and almost certainly prevented further casualties among other members of his team and the aircrew. Celiz died as a result of his injuries. His extraordinary heroism and selflessness beyond the call of duty were In keeping with the highest traditions of milltary service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit and the United States Army. Throughout the entire engagement, Celtz significantly changed the course of the battle by repeatedly placing himself in extreme danger to protect his team and defeat the enemy.