Geography Notes PDF

^yJmob AZwH«$_{UH$m A.H«$. Vn{eb nmZ Z§. 1. hdm_mZ emñÌ 2-34 2. gm¡a _§S>b 35-39 3. ^maVmMm ^yJmob...

^yJmob AZwH«$_{UH$m A.H«$. Vn{eb nmZ Z§. 1. hdm_mZ emñÌ 2-34 2. gm¡a _§S>b 35-39 3. ^maVmMm ^yJmob 40-45 4. OJmVrb _hÎdmMo AmImV d ImS>çm 46-50 5. ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ ^yJmob 51-62 6. ^maVmMm gm_m{OH$ ^yJmob 63-72 7. _hmamï´>mMm gm_m{OH$ ^yJmob 73-87 8. _hmamï´>mMm amOH$s` d àemgH$s` ^yJmob 88-93 9. _hmamï´>mMm àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmob d ^yJ^©aMZm 94-103 10. _hmamï´>mMm Am{W©H$ ^yJmob 104-128 11. hdm_mZ dJuH$aU 129-131 12. IS>H$ àUmbr Am{U _¥Xm 132-140 13. ^maVmVrb ZXr àUmbr 141-149 14. _hmamï´>mVrb ZXr àUmbr 150-162  Geography – Ramesh Sir 1. hdm_mZ emñÌ hdm‘mZ (Climate) hdm Am{U hdm‘mZ g§H$ënZm …- (Weather and Climate) - dmVmdaUmMo Vmn‘mZ, Xm~, dmam, T>J Am{U nO©Ý¶mÀ¶m X¡Z§{XZ pñWVrMm {dMma åhUOo hdm hmo¶. - H$moU˶mhr ñWmZmÀ¶m dmVmdaUmÀ¶m XrK©H$mbrZ AdñWm§Mm Aä¶mg hdm‘mZ ¶m g§H$ënZoV Ho$bm OmVmo. EImÚm {d{eï> {R>H$mUMo hdm‘mZ {ZpíMV H$aʶmgmR>r {H$‘mZ 35 dfmªÀ¶m dmVmdaUr¶ n[apñWVrMm A§XmO {dMmamV KoVbm OmVmo. 1. hdm‘mZ dmVmdaU (Atmosphere) :- n¥Ïdr^modVr AgUmam hdoMm Agm Wa Omo n¥ÏdrÀ¶m g^modVmbr gd© ~mOy§Zr AgyZ n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Jwê$ËdmH$f©U eº$s‘wio KÅ> nH$Sy>Z R>odbm Jobobm Amho. dmVmdaU dmVmdaUmMo KQ>H$ dmVmdaUmMr aMZm dmVmdaUmMo KQ>H$ …- 1. dm¶y (Gases) 2. ~mîn (Water Vapour) 3. Yw{bH$U (Dust Particles) dmVmdaUmMo H$m¶© …- 1. OrdmdaUmVrb gd© gOrdm§Zm {Od§V amhʶmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ AgUmè¶m dm¶y§Mm nwadR>m H$aUo. 2. n¥ÏdrMo dmVmdaU gy¶m©nmgyZ ¶oUmè¶m gm¡a{H$aUm§gmR>r JmiUrà‘mUo H$m¶© H$ê$Z KmVH$ A{VZrb {H$aUm§Zm AQ>H$md {Z‘m©U H$aVo. AemàH$mao A{VZrb {H$aUm§À¶m KmVH$ n[aUm‘m§nmgyZ gOrdg¥ï>rMo ajU Ho$bo OmVo. 3. O¡damgm¶{ZH$ MH«$m§À¶m (Biochemical Cycles) ghmæ¶mZo amgm¶{ZH$ nmofUÐì¶m§Mo MH«$sH$aU H$aʶmg H$maUr^yV R>aVo. CXm. Zm¶Q´>moOZ MH«$, B. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 2  Geography – Ramesh Sir dmVmdaUmMr C§Mr …- - g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ 16000 Vo 29000 {H$.‘r. C§Mrn¶ªV dmVmdaUmMo ApñVÎd AmT>iVo. - dmVmdaUmMr C§Mr {dfwdd¥Îmmda gdm©{YH$ AgyZ Y«wdm§À¶m {R>H$mUr gdm©V H$‘r AmT>iVo. - EHy$U dmVmdaUmn¡H$s Odinmg 97 Q>¸o$ dmVmdaUr¶ KQ>H$ g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ 29 {H$.‘r. C§Mrn¶ªVM EH$dQ>bobo Amho. dmVmdaUmMo KQ>H$ $:- 1. dm¶y - dmVmdaU ho {d{dY dm¶y§Mo {‘lU Amho. dmVmdaUm‘ܶo nwT>rb à‘wI dm¶y AmT>iVmV. A) Zm¶Q´>moOZ dm¶y …- à‘mU - 78 Q>¸o$ H$m¶© :- - hm dm¶y gmYmaUnUo amgm¶{ZH$Ñ¥îQ>çm {ZpîH«$¶ AgVmo. - hdobm amgm¶{ZH$ÑîQ>çm {dai H$aVmo. ¶m‘wio Am°p³gOZMr Vrd«Vm H$‘r hmoVo. - ZÌ pñWarH$aU {H«$¶oÛmao hdoVrb Zm¶Q´>moOZ dZñnVtZm CnbãY hmoVo. hm Zm¶Q´>moOZ dZñnVtgmR>r IV åhUyZ Amdí¶H$ AgVmo. - à{WZ {Z{‘©VrgmR>r Amdí¶H$ KQ>H$. B) Am°p³gOZ dm¶y …- à‘mU - 21 Q>¸o$ H$m¶© :- - gOrd àmʶm§À¶m ídgZmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ - ÁdbZmg ‘XV H$aVmo. C) AmaJm°Z dm¶y …- à‘mU - 0.93 Q>¸o$ H$m¶© - hm {ZpîH«$¶ dm¶y Amho. D) H$m~©Z S>m¶ Am°³gmB©S> (CO2) …- à‘mU - 0.03 Q>¸o$ H$m¶© :- - dZñnVtÀ¶m àH$meg§íbofU H$m¶m©gmR>r ‘XV - h[aV J¥h n[aUm‘ - ¶m n[aUm‘mÛmao n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmOdi, ImbÀ¶m dmVmdaUmV CîUVm AS>H$dyZ R>odbr OmVo Am{U hr CîUVm dmVmdaUmg C~Xma R>odVo. ¶m‘wio n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda gOrdg¥ï>r {Od§V amhÿ eH$Vo. h[aVJ¥h n[aUm‘ (Greenhouse Effect) :- - dmVmdaUmVrb Co2 (Carbon Dioxide) gma»¶m dm¶y§Mo aoUy gy¶m©nmgyZ ¶oUmè¶m {H$aUm§gmR>r nmaXe©H$ AgVmV Va n¥ÏdrÛmao CËg{O©V D$O}gmR>r AnmaXe©H$ AS>Wù¶m§à‘mUo H$m¶© H$aVmV. ¶m JwUY‘m©‘wio n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Odi AgUmè¶m dmVmdaUm‘ܶo D$Om© gmRy>Z amhVo d n¥ÏdrMo Vmn‘mZ C~Xma amhVo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 3  Geography – Ramesh Sir - ¶m h[aVJ¥h n[aUm‘m‘wioM n¥ÏdrMo Vmn‘mZ gOrdm§gmR>r AZwHy$b ~Zbobo Amho. - h[aVJ¥h n[aUm‘ Xe©{dUmè¶m dm¶y§Zm h[aVJ¥h dm¶y Ago åhUVmV. CXm. H$m~©ZS>m¶Am°³gmB©S>, {‘WoZ B. E) BVa dm¶y (Other Gases)…- darb ‘hÎdnyU© dm¶y§ì¶{V[aº$ dmVmdaUm‘ܶo ho{b¶‘, AmoPmoZ, {H«$ßQ>m°Z, Zm¶Q³>g Am°³gmB©S>, B. gmaIo BVa dm¶yXoIrb A˶ën à‘mUm‘ܶo AmT>iVmV. 2. Yw{bH$U (Dust Particles) :- Yw{bH$Um§‘wio ‘w»¶V… nwT>rb XmoZ {H«$¶m KS>VmV - i. àH$me n[aUm‘ - - àH$memÀ¶m àH$sU©Z (Scattering) ‘wio Am^mimMm {Zim a§J AmT>iVmo. - {d{H$aU (Dispersion) ‘wio B§ÐYZwî¶ {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ii. T>J {Z{‘©Vr - dmVmdaUmVrb {‘R>mgmaIo jmamMo H$U ObmH$f©U ^y{‘H$m nma nmS>V Agë¶m‘wio T>Jm§À¶m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r Amdí¶H$ R>aVmV. 3. ~mîn (Water Vapour) $:- - hdoVrb ~mîn, gy¶m©H$Sy>Z ¶oUmè¶m {H$aUm§gmR>r nmaXe©H$ AgVo Va n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmH$Sy>Z CËg{O©V Ho$ë¶m OmUmè¶m D$Om©{H$aUm§gmR>r AnmaXe©H$ AgVo. ¶m‘wio CËg{O©V {H$aUo dmVmdaUmVrb ImbÀ¶m Wam§‘ܶoM AS>Hy$Z am{hë¶mZo n¥ÏdrMm n¥ð>^mJ Am{U dmVmdaU ¶m§Mo Vmn‘mZ dmT>Vo. - T>J{Z{‘©VrgmR>r ~mîn Amdí¶H$ KQ>H$ AgVo. - dmVmdaUmVrb ~mînmMo à‘mU hdoÀ¶m Vmn‘mZmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. OmñV Vmn‘mZ AgUmar hdm A{YH$ ~mîn emofyZ KoVo. åhUyZM {dfwdd¥ÎmmH$Sy>Z Y«wdm§H$S>o OmVmZm hdoVrb ~mînmMo à‘mU H$‘r hmoV OmVo. dmVmdaUmMr aMZm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - dmVmdaUmMr ~mø gr‘m ~{h‘ªS>b W‘m}pñ’$¶a - - - - - 640 {H$.‘r. Am¶Zm§~a ‘ܶñVãYr 80 {H$.‘r. ‘ܶm§~a pñWVñVãYr 50 {H$.‘r. pñWVm§~a VnñVãYr (6-16 {H$.‘r.) Vnm§~a n¥ÏdrMm n¥ð>^mJ Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 4  Geography – Ramesh Sir 1. Vnm§~a (Troposhere) :- - dmVmdaUmMm gdm©V ImbMm Wa. - hdm‘mZ{df¶H$ gd© ‘hÎdmÀ¶m KQ>Zm ¶m Wam‘ܶoM KS>VmV. CXm. YwHo$ d T>Jm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr, nO©Ý¶, dmam dmhUo, dmXio, B. - ¶m Wam‘ܶo OgOgo da Omdo VgVgo Vmn‘mZ H$‘r hmoV OmVo. Vmn‘mZ H$‘r hmoV OmʶmMm Xa à{V {H$.‘r.g 6.5 C BVH$m qH$dm 1 C/165 {‘Q>a BVH$m AgVmo. ¶m à‘mUmg Z¡g{J©H$ èhmg à‘mU (Natural 0 0 Lapse Rate) Ago åhUVmV. - Vnm§~amMr C§Mr {dfwdd¥ÎmmnmgyZ Y«wdm§H$S>o H$‘r H$‘r hmoV OmVo. Vnm§~amMr C§Mr {dfwdd¥Îmmda 16 {H$.‘r. (gdm©{YH$) Va Y«wdm§da 6 {H$.‘r. (gdm©V H$‘r) AgVo. - F$Vw‘mZmZwgma XoIrb Vnm§~amÀ¶m C§Mr‘ܶo ~Xb KSy>Z ¶oVmV. CÝhmù¶m‘ܶo Vnm§~amMr C§Mr A{YH$ AmT>iVo Va erV F$Vw‘ܶo C§Mr H$‘r AmT>iVo. - n¥Ïdrdarb gOrdg¥ï>rgmR>r hm Wa A{Ve¶ ‘hÎdmMm Amho. - Vnm§~a Á¶m ñVamda g§nVo d pñWVm§~a gwê$ hmoVo, ˶m ñVamg VnñVãYr Ago åhUVmV. - VnñVãYrÀ¶m ñVamda (Tropopause) Vmn‘mZ gmYmaUnUo (-700C) BVHo$ AgVo. - Vnm§~a ¶m eãXmMm AW© “Zone or Region of Mixing” Agm hmoVm. 2. pñWVm§~a (Stratosphere) :- - ¶m WamMr C§Mr VnñVãYrnmgyZ 50 {H$.‘r. C§Mrn¶ªV AgVo. - pñWVm§~amÀ¶m ImbÀ¶m ^mJmV 15 Vo 35 {H$.‘r. Xaå¶mZ AmoPmoZ dm¶yMm Wa AmT>iVmo. ¶m àXoemg AmoPmoZm§~a (Ozonosphere) Ago åhUVmV. - Am°p³gOZMo VrZ AUy {‘iyZ AmoPmoZ dm¶yMm EH$ aoUy V¶ma hmoVmo. (Ozone = O3) AmoPmoZ dm¶y …- - pñWVm§~amVrb AmoPmoZ dm¶yMm Wa gw¶m©nmgyZ ¶oUmè¶m KmVH$ A{VZrb {H$aUm§Zm emofyZ KoVmo Am{U A{VZrb {H$aUm§À¶m Anm¶H$maH$ n[aUm‘m§nmgyZ n¥Ïdrdarb gOrd g¥ï>rMo ajU H$aVmo. - AmoPmoZ dm¶yÛmao A{VZrb {H$aUo emofyZ KoVbr OmV Agë¶mZo pñWVm§~am‘ܶo ‘mÌ Vmn‘mZ dmT>V OmVo. - pñWVm§~a Á¶m ñVamda g§nVo d ‘ܶm§~a gwê$ hmoVo ˶m ñVamg pñWVñVãYr (Stratopause) Ago åhUVmV. ¶m ñVamda Vmn‘mZ Odinmg O C BVHo$ AmT>iVo. 0 AmoPmoZMoo {N>Ð (Ozone Hole) :- ³bmoamoâbwamoH$m~©Ýg, h°bmoÝg Am{U Zm¶Q´>moOZ Am°³gmB©S> gma»¶m àXþfH$m§‘wio AmoPmoZ dm¶yMm Zme hmodyZ H$mhr {R>H$mUr AmoPmoZ WamMr OmS>r H$‘r hmoVo. Aer ñWmZo Á¶m {R>H$mUr AmoPmoZÀ¶m WamMr OmS>r H$‘r Pmbr Amho, ˶m§Zm AmoPmoZ {N>Ð Ago åhUVmV. ³bmoamoâbwamoH$m~©Ýg ‘w»¶V… ao{’«$OaoQ>g©, dmVmZwHy$bZ ¶§ÌUm Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ ñào ‘ܶo dmnabr OmVmV. Zm¶Q´>moOZ Am°³gmB©S> ho àXþfH$ OoQ> {d‘mZm§À¶m YwamdmQ>o ~mhoa nS>Vo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 5  Geography – Ramesh Sir A{VZrb {H$aUm§Mo KmVH$ n[aUm‘ …- - A{VZrb {H$aUo Oa n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmn¶ªV nmohMyZ gOrdm§À¶m g§nH$m©V Ambr Va gOrdm§‘ܶo {d{dY àH$maMo H$H©$amoJ KSy>Z ¶oVmV. - A{VZrb {H$aUm§Mr Vmn‘mZ dmT>dʶmMr j‘Vm A˶{YH$ Agë¶mZo ¶m {H$aUm§‘wio n¥ÏdrMo Vmn‘mZ A{Ve¶ OmñV à‘mUmV dmTy>Z OmJ{VH$ Vmn‘mZdmT>rMm YmoH$m CX²^dy eH$Vmo. ‘m°pÝQ´>¶b H$ama (1987) …- - AmoPmoZ WamÀ¶m g§ajUmgmR>r hm H$ama H$aʶmV Ambm hmoVm. - AmoPmoZ dm¶yMm Zme H$aUmè¶m àXþfH$m§À¶m dmnamda ‘¶m©Xm Am{U {Z~ªY KmbUmam hm Am§Vaamï³>r¶ H$ama Amho. - ¶m H$amamÀ¶m n[aUm‘ñdê$n AmoPmoZMm Zme H$aUmè¶m àXþfH$m§Mm dmna nwU©nUo Wm§~dʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm OmV AgyZ AmoPmoZMo {N>ÐXoIrb ^ê$Z ¶oV Amho. 3. ‘ܶm§~a (Mesosphere) :- - ‘ܶm§~a g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ 80 {H$.‘r. C§Mrn¶ªV AmT>iVmo. - ¶m WamV dmT>˶m C§Mr~amo~a Vmn‘mZ H$‘r H$‘r hmoV OmVo. - Á¶m ñVamda ‘ܶm§~a g§nVo ˶m ñVamg ‘ܶñVãYr Ago åhUVmV. ¶m ñVamda Vmn‘mZ Odinmg (-) 80 C BVHo$ H$‘r AgVo. 0 4. W‘m}pñ’$¶a (Thermosphere) :- - ‘ܶñVãYrÀ¶m darb dmVmdaUmMm ^mJ åhUOo W‘m}pñ’$¶a hmo¶. - ¶m Wam‘ܶo dmT>˶m C§Mr~amo~a Vmn‘mZ doJmZo dmT>V OmVo. na§Vy ¶m Wam‘ܶo hdm A{Ve¶ {dai Agë¶mZo Cƒ Vmn‘mZXoIrb OmUdy eH$V Zmhr. ho AmdaU nwT>rb XmoZ Wam§‘ܶo {d^m{OV Ho$bo OmVo. A. Am¶Zm§~a (Ionosphere) ~. ~{h‘ªS>b (Exosphere) A. Am¶Zm§~a (Ionosphere) :- - hm Wa 60 {H$.‘r. Vo 640 {H$.‘r. Xaå¶mZ AmT>iVmo. - ¶m Wam‘ܶo ‘wbÐì¶m§Mo YZà^marV AWdm F$Uà^marV H$U AmT>iV Agë¶mZo ¶m Wamg Am¶Zm§~a Ago åhUVmV. - ¶m Wam‘ܶo nwT>rb CnWa AmT>iVmV. i) ‘S>r’ Wa ii) ‘B’ Wa iii) ‘E’$’ Wa iv) ‘Or’ Wa Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 6  Geography – Ramesh Sir i) ‘S>r’ Wa (D-Layer) - - hm Wa 60 Vo 100 {H$.‘r. Xaå¶mZ AmT>iVmo. - ¶m Wam§Mr {Z{‘©Vr gm¡a{H$aUm§‘wio hmoV Agë¶mZo, hm Wa gw¶m©ñVm~amo~a Zmhrgm hmoVmo. - hm Wa n¥ÏdrnmgyZ ¶oUmè¶m H$‘r dma§dm[aVoÀ¶m ao{S>Amobhar namd{V©V H$éZ bmdVmo. ii) ‘B’ Wa (E-Layer) - - hm Wa 100 Vo 150 {H$.‘r. Xaå¶mZ AmT>iVmo. - hm Wa n¥ÏdrnmgyZ ¶oUmè¶m ‘ܶ‘ d Cƒ dma§dm[aVoÀ¶m ao{S>Amobhar namd{V©V H$ê$Z bmdVmo. - ¶m Wamg Ho$Zobr-ho{dgmB©S> Wa Ago åhUVmV. iii) ‘E’$’ Wa (F-Layer) - - hm Wa 150 {H$.‘r. Vo 380 {H$.‘r. Xaå¶mZ AmT>iVmo. - hm Wa XoIrb ‘ܶ‘ d Cƒ dma§dm[aVoÀ¶m ao{S>Amo-bhar namd{V©V H$ê$Z bmdVmo. - ¶m Wamg A°nbQ>Z Wa Ago åhUVmV. iv) ‘Or’ Wa (G-Layer) - - hm Wa 380 {H$.‘r. Vo 640 {H$.‘r. Xaå¶mZ AmT>iVmo. Am¶Zm§~amÛmao {d{dY dma§dm[aVm§À¶m ao{S>Amobhar namd{V©V Ho$ë¶m OmVmV. ¶m JwUY‘m©Mm Cn¶moJ Xþag§doXZmgmR>r VgoM Xÿag§MmamgmR>r (Telecommunications) Ho$bm OmVmo. ~. ~{h‘ªS>b (Exosphere) :- - hm dmVmdaUmVrb gdm©V ~mhoaMm Wa Amho. - ¶m Wam‘ܶo hdoMr KZVm A{Ve¶ H$‘r AgVo. - dmVmdaUmÀ¶m gdm©V ~mhoaÀ¶m gr‘oda Vmn‘mZ Odinmg 55680C BVHo$ AgVo. na§Vy hdoMr KZVm A{Ve¶ H$‘r Agë¶mZo ho Vmn‘mZ OmUdy eH$V Zmhr. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m JVr (Motions of the Earth) - n¥ÏdrÀ¶m ‘w»¶V… XmoZ JVr AmhoV. 1. n¥ÏdrMr Ajr¶ JVr - n¥Ïdr ñdV…À¶m H$mën{ZH$ Ajm^modVr {’$aVo ¶m JVrbmM n¥ÏdrMo n[adbZ (Rotation) Ago åhUVmV. n¥ÏdrMm Aj H$jr¶ àVbmer 66 ½ H$moZ H$aVmo. åhUOoM hm Aj H$mQ>H$moZ pñWVrnmgyZ 23 ½ H$bbobm 0 0 Amho. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 7  Geography – Ramesh Sir n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Ajr¶ JVrMo n[aUm‘ … i. n¥Ïdr {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ ^mJmV H$mhrer ’w$Jra Am{U Y«wdm§H$S>o qH${MV MnQ>r AgUo. ii. n¥Ïdrda {Xdg Am{U amÌ ¶m pñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoUo. iii. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda dmhUmè¶m dmè¶m§À¶m d gmJar àdmhm§À¶m {XeoV ~Xb hmoUo. 2. n¥ÏdrMr H$jr¶ JVr (Orbital Motion) - n¥Ïdr ñdV…^modVr {’$aV AgVmZmM gw¶m©^modVr XoIrb àX{jUm H$aVo. n¥ÏdrMr hr àX{jUm EH$m {d{eï> ‘mJm©dê$Z nma nS>Vo. ¶m ‘mJm©g n¥ÏdrMr H$jm Ago åhUVmV. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m Aem H$joVyZ {’$aʶmÀ¶m JVrg n[a^«‘U (Revolution) Ago åhUVmV. n¥ÏdrMm n[a^«‘U ‘mJ© b§~dVw©imH$ma AgVmo. gmYmaU dVw©img EH$ H|$Ð AgVo Va b§~dVw©img XmoZ H|$ÐñWmZo AgVmV. b§~dVw©imÀ¶m EH$m H|$ÐñWmZr gw¶© AgVmo. gy ¶© Amnbo ñWmZ ~XbV Zmhr. n¥Ïdr Aem b§~dVw©imH$ma ‘mJm©Zo gw¶m©^modVr {’$aV Agë¶mZo {VMo gy¶m©nmgyZMo A§Va H$m¶‘ gmaIo ZgVo. - Ooìhm n¥Ïdr gy¶m©nmgyZ H$‘rV H$‘r A§Vamda AgVo ˶m pñWVrg Cngy¶© ( Perihelion) pñWVr Ago åhUVmV. ¶m pñWVr‘ܶo gy¶© Am{U n¥Ïdr‘Yrb A§Va 147 Xebj {H$‘r BVHo$ AgVo. gmYmaUnUo 3 OmZodmarÀ¶m Amgnmg n¥Ïdr ¶m pñWVr‘ܶo AgVo. - Ooìhm n¥Ïdr gy¶m©nmgyZ OmñVrV OmñV A§Vamda AgVo ˶m pñWVrg Angy¶© ( Aphelion) pñWVr Ago åhUVmV. ¶m pñWVr‘ܶo gy¶© Am{U n¥Ïdr‘Yrb A§Va 152 Xebj {H$‘r BVHo$ AgVo. gmYmaUnUo 4 Oyb¡À¶m Amgnmg n¥Ïdr ¶m pñWVr‘ܶo AgVo. H$jr¶ JVrMo n[aUm‘ …- i. n¥Ïdrbm gy¶m©^modVr EH$ àX{jUm nyU© H$aʶmg bmJUmam H$mbmdYr åhUOo EH$ df© hmo¶. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n[a^«‘Um‘wio AmnU dfm©À¶m ñdê$nmV H$mbJUZm H$ê$ eH$Vmo. ii. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m H$jr¶ JVr‘wio n¥Ïdrda doJdoJio F$Vy {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. n¥ÏdrMm Amg H$bbobm AgUo Am{U n¥ÏdrMr H$jr¶ JVr ¶m§Mm hm EH${ÌV n[aUm‘ AgVmo. {hdmù¶mVrb A¶Z {XZ n[apñWVr - - 22 {S>g|~a ¶m {Xder ‘H$ad¥Îmmda gy¶m©Mr b§~ê$n {H$aUo nS>VmV. - X{jU JmobmYm©V Vrd« gy¶{© H$aUo nS>V Agë¶mZo X{jU JmoobmYm©V CÝhmim AgVmo Va CÎma JmobmYm©V ‘mÌ {hdmim AgVmo. - 22 {S>g|§~a nmgyZ gy¶m©Mo CÎmaoH$S>o ^«‘U gwê$ hmoVo åhUyZ 22 {S>g|~a Vo 21 OyZ ¶m H$mbmdYrg CÎmam¶U Ago åhUVmV. - 22 {S>g|~a amoOr CÎma JmobmYm©V gdm©V bhmZ {Xdg d gdm©V ‘moR >r amÌ AgVo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 8  Geography – Ramesh Sir CÝhmù¶mVrb A¶Z {XZ n[apñWVr - - 21 OyZ ¶m {Xder H$H©$d¥Îmmda gy¶m©Mr b§~ê$n {H$aUo nS>VmV. - CÎma JmobmYm©V Vrd« gy¶©{H$aUo nS>V Agë¶mZo CÎma JmobmYm©V CÝhmim AgVmo Va X{jU JmobmYm©V ‘mÌ {hdmim AgVmo. - 21 OyZ nmgyZ gy¶m©Mo X{jUoH$S>o ^«‘U gwê$ hmoVo åhUyZ 21 OyZ Vo 22 {S>g|~a ¶m H$mbmdYrg X{jUm¶Z Ago åhUVmV. - 21 OyZ amoOr CÎma JmobmYm©V gdm©V ‘moR>m {Xdg Am{U gdm©V bhmZ amÌ AgVo gånmV pñWVr (Equinoxes) n[apñWVr …- - gånmV pñWVr‘ܶo gy¶m©Mr b§~ê$n {H$aUo {dfwdd¥Îmmda nS>VmV. - XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo gm¡a{H$aUm§Mr Vrd«Vm g‘mZ nS>V Agë¶mZo ¶m n[apñWVrV H$moU˶mhr JmobmYm©V CÝhmim qH$dm erV F$Vy ZgVmo. - 21 ‘mM© ¶m {Xdgmg dg§V gånmV (Vernal Equinox) åhUVmV. 23 gßQ>|~a ¶m {Xdgmg eaX gånmV (Autumnal Equinox) åhUVmV. - ¶m n[apñWVrV XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo {Xdg Am{U amÌrMr bm§~r Odinmg g‘mZM AgVo. n¥ÏdrMo {d^mJ (Zones of the Globe) n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmdarb g§X^©aofm Ajd¥Îmo (Latitudes) - n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda H$mT>ë¶m OmUmè¶m AmS>ì¶m H$mën{ZH$ aofm§Zm Ajd¥Îmo Ago åhUVmV. - {dfwdd¥Îm ho gdm©V ‘hÎdmMo Ajd¥Îm AgyZ Vo n¥ÏdrÀ¶m ‘ܶmVyZ OmVo Am{U n¥ÏdrJmobmg CÎma JmobmY© Am{U X{jU JmobmY© Aem XmoZ g‘mZ ^mJm§‘ܶo {d^m{OV H$aVo. - {dfwdd¥Îm ho gdm©V bm§~ Ajd¥Îm AgyZ {dfwdd¥ÎmmH$Sy>Z Y«wdm§H$S>o OmVmZm Ajd¥Îmm§Mr bm§~r H$‘r-H$‘r hmoV OmVo. - Ajd¥Îmo hr nyU© dVw©imH$ma AgVmV. - à˶oH$ Ajd¥ÎmmZo n¥ÏdrÀ¶m H|$Ðm~amo~a {OV³¶m A§emMm H$moZ Ho$bobm Agob ˶m H$moZmMo Zmd Ajd¥Îmmg {Xbo OmVo. CXm. H$H©$d¥Îm n¥ÏdrÀ¶m H|$Ðm~amo~a 23½ A§emMm H$moZ H$aVo åhUyZ H$H©$d¥Îmmg “23½0 CÎma” Ago åhUVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 9  Geography – Ramesh Sir - XmoÝhr Y«wd n¥ÏdrÀ¶m H|$Ðm~amo~a 90 A§emMm H$moZ H$aV Agë¶mZo CÎmaY«wdmg “900 CÎma” Ago åhUVmV Va X{jU Y«wdmg “900 X{jU” åhUVmV. - XmoZ bJVÀ¶m Ajd¥Îmm§‘Yrb A§Va H$m¶‘ g‘mZ amhVo åhUOoM Ajd¥Îmo ¶m g‘m§Va aofm AgVmV. - gmYmaUnUo EH$mM Ajd¥Îmmdarb XmoZ ñWmZm§da g‘mZ hdm‘mZ AmT>iy eH$Vo. EImÚm {R>H$mUMr C§Mr Oa gmYmaU g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ OmñV Agob qH$dm g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mdarb ñWmZ Agob Va ‘mÌ hdm‘mZ n[apñWVrda Ajd¥ÎmmMm n[aUm‘ ZJʶ à‘mUmV hmoVmo. aoImd¥Îmo (Longitudes) :- - n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda H$mT>ë¶m OmUmè¶m Cä¶m H$mën{ZH$ aofm§Zm aoImd¥Îmo Ago åhUVmV. - {~«Q>Z‘Yrb J«rZrM ehamdéZ OmUmè¶m aoImd¥Îmmg 00 (eyݶ) aoImd¥Îm ‘mZbo OmVo. ¶mbmM àYmZ aoImd¥Îm (Prime Meridian) Ago åhUVmV. ¶m aoImd¥Îmmdarb doi hr OmJ{VH$ à‘mUdoi åhUyZ ‘mZbr OmVo (Greenwich Mean Time-GMT). - n¥Ïdrbm ñdV…^modVr EH$ àX{jUm nyU© H$aʶmg 24 Vmg bmJVmV. n¥Ïdr ñdV… ^modVr {’$aVo åhUOoM Vr 360 A§emV {’$aVo. n¥Ïdrbm 3600 {’$am¶bm 24 Vmg bmJVmV. åhUOoM n¥Ïdrbm EH$ A§e A§Va H$mnm¶bm 4 {‘{ZQ>o bmJVmV. - 150 A§VamdaÀ¶m XmoZ aoImd¥Îmm§darb ñWm{ZH$ doiV o 15 x 4 {‘{ZQ>o åhUOoM 60 {‘{ZQ>m§Mm qH$dm 1 VmgmMm ’$aH$ AgVmo. - eyݶ A§e aoImd¥ÎmmnmgyZ nyd}H$S>o OmVmZm aoImd¥Îmm§Zm “nyd©” Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. CXm. 450 nyd©, 600 nyd©, B. ¶mMà‘mUo npíM‘oH$S>rb aoImd¥Îmm§Zm “npíM‘” Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. - H$moU˶mhr aoImd¥ÎmmÀ¶m nyd}H$S>rb aoImd¥Îmm§darb doi nwT>o AgVo Va npíM‘oH$S>rb aoImd¥Îmm§darb doi ‘mJo AgVo. - OgOgo XmoZ aoImd¥Îmm§Vrb A§Va dmT>V OmVo VgVgm ˶m§À¶m ñWm{ZH$ doioVrb ’$aH$hr dmT>V OmVmo. - aoImd¥Îmo hr AY©dVw©imH$ma AgVmV. - XmoZ bJVÀ¶m aoImd¥Îmm§‘Yrb A§Va {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m {R>H$mUr gdm©{YH$ AgyZ Y«wdm§H$S>o OmVmZm Vo H$‘r H$‘r hmoV OmVo. - gd© aoImd¥Îmm§Mr bm§~r g‘mZ AgVo. - eyݶ A§e aoImd¥ÎmmÀ¶m {déÕ ~mOyg AgUmè¶m aoImd¥Îmmg 180 A§e aoImd¥Îm åhUVmV. - EH$mM aoImd¥Îmmdarb XmoZ {d{dY ñWmZm§da g‘mZ doi AgVo. - à˶oH$ XoemÛmao Amnbr à‘mUdoi R>a{dʶmgmR>r EH$ à‘mU aoImd¥Îm {ZdS>bo OmVo. ho à‘mU aoImd¥Îm 7½ A§em§À¶m nQ>r‘ܶo {ZdS>ʶmMr na§nam Amho. ^maVmMo à‘mU aoImd¥Îm 82½ A§e nyd© aoImd¥Îm AgyZ ho Abmhm~mX ehamÀ¶m OdiyZ OmVo. AmnU nydu nm{hë¶mà‘mUo 15 A§e åhUOo 60 {‘{ZQ>o AgVmV. åhUOoM ^maVmMr à‘mUdoi hr J«r{ZM à‘mUdoioÀ¶m 5 Vmg Am{U 30 {‘{ZQ>m§Zr nwT>o Amho. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 10  Geography – Ramesh Sir hdoMo Vmn‘mZ (Atmospheric Temperature) - hdoVrb CîUVoÀ¶m à‘mUmbm Vmn‘mZ Ago åhUVmV. gy¶m©nmgyZ {‘iUmè¶m CîUVoer ho Vmn‘mZ {ZJS>rV AgVo. Vmn‘mZ ‘moOʶmgmR>r Vmn‘mnH$ ho CnH$aU dmnaVmV. hdoMo Vmn‘mZ A§e gopëg¶g‘ܶo qH$dm ’°$aoZhmB©Q> ‘ܶo gm§{JVbo OmVo. Vmn‘mZmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmao KQ>H$ …- Vmn‘mZmMo ñWmZmZwén {dVaU (Spatial Distribution) Am{U H$mimZwén {dVaU (Temporal Distribution) A˶§V ‘hÎdmMo R>aVo H$maU {d{dY àH$maMo hdm‘mZ, dmVmdaUr¶ n[apñWVr, dZàXoe, newnjr, ‘Zwî¶ OrdZ, B. ~m~r ‘hÎdnyU© à‘mUmV Vmn‘mZmÀ¶m {dVaUmda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. Vmn‘mZmMo ñWmZmZwén {dVaU XmoZ ‘mJmªZr Aä¶mgbo OmVo; - CÜd© {dVaU (Vertical Distribution) - g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ C§MrZwgma Vmn‘mZmV Omo ~Xb hmoVmo, ˶mg Vmn‘mZmMo CÜd© {dVaU Ago åhUVmV. - {j{VOg‘m§Va {dVaU (Horizontal Distribution) - {dfwdd¥ÎmmH$Sy>Z Y«wdm§n¶ªV OmVmZm ^yn¥ð>r¶ Vmn‘mZmV Omo ~Xb hmoV OmVmo ˶mg Vmn‘mZmMo {j{VOg‘m§Va {dVaU Ago åhUVmV. àmH¥${VH$ ZH$mem§‘ܶo ho {dVaU g‘Vmn aofm§À¶m (Isotherms) ghmæ¶mZo Xe©{dbo OmVo. Vmn‘mZmÀ¶m ñWmZmZwén {dVaUmda AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm ‘hÎdnyU© à‘mUmV n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. CXm. Ajm§e, g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZMr C§Mr, g‘wÐgm§{Zܶ, B. 1. Ajm§e ({dfwdd¥Îmm nmgyZ Mo A§Va) :- ( Latitudes) ^yn¥ð>mda EImÚm {d{eï> {R>H$mUr AgUmao dmVmdaUmMo Vmn‘mZ, ˶m{R>H$mUr àmá hmoUmè¶m gm¡aD$O}À¶m à‘mUmda (Insolation) Adb§~yZ AgVo. {dfwdd¥ÎmmnmgyZ Y«wdm§À¶m {XeoZo OmVmZm gm¡aD$O}Mr Vrd«Vm H$‘r hmoV OmVo åhUyZ hdoMo Vmn‘mZ XoIrb H$‘r-H$‘r hmoV OmVo. {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m {R>H$mUr gy¶©{H$aU b§~én nS>VmV Am{U H$‘r joÌ ì¶mnVmV åhUyZ VoWo gm¡aD$O}Mr Vrd«Vm A{YH$ AgVo. ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ VoWo hdoMo Vmn‘mZ A{YH$ AgVo. ¶mÀ¶m VwbZoV {dfwdd¥ÎmmnmgyZ XÿaÀ¶m ^mJmV gy¶©{H$aU {Vano nS>VmV Am{U OmñV OmJm ì¶mnVmV åhUyZ VoWo Vmn‘mZ H$‘r AgVo. ¶m‘wio {dfwdd¥ÎmmnmgyZ OgOgo Xÿa Omdo VgVgo Vmn‘mZ H$‘r hmoV OmVo. 2. g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZMr C§Mr …- (Altitude) :- Vnm§~am‘ܶo OgOgo C§M Omdo VgVgo Vmn‘mZ à{V {H$‘r 6.50 gopëgAg Zo H$‘r hmoV OmVo, H$maU gy¶©{H$aUm§nmgyZ {‘iUmè¶m CîUVo‘wio n¥ÏdrMm n¥ð>^mJ VmnVmo. ¶m Vmnboë¶m n¥ð>^mJm§nmgyZ CËg{O©V hmoUmè¶m CîUVo‘wio dmVmdaUmMm ^wn¥ð>mOdirb Wa VmnVmo. åhUyZ OmñV C§M {R>H$mUr hdoMo Vmn‘mZ H$‘r AgVo Va H$‘r C§MrÀ¶m {R>H$mUr hdoMo Vmn‘mZ OmñV AgVo. ^yn¥ð>mOdirb dmVmdaUmMm Wa A{YH$ XmQ> AgyZ C§MrZwgma dmVmdaU {dai hmoV OmVo. dmVmdaUmÀ¶m ImbÀ¶m Wam§‘ܶo ~mîn Am{U Yw{bH$Um§Mr CnpñWVr A{YH$ à‘mUmV Agë¶mZo ^yn¥ð>mnmgyZ CËg{O©V hmoUmar Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 11  Geography – Ramesh Sir D$Om© ImbÀ¶m Wam‘ܶoM emofyZ R>odbr OmVo. ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ImbMm Wa A{YH$ VmnVmo Va dmVmdaUmÀ¶m daÀ¶m Wamn¶ªV D$Om© nmohMy eH$V Zgë¶mZo daMo Wa erV amhVmV. 3. g‘wÐgm§{Zܶ (Distance from the coast) :- O‘rZ bdH$a VmnVo d bdH$a W§S> hmoVo. ¶mCbQ> nmUr C{eam VmnVo Am{U gmdH$me W§S> hmoVo. nmʶmÀ¶m ¶m {deof JwUY‘m©Mm n[aUm‘ ‘moR>çm Obme¶m§À¶m gm§{ZܶmVrb àXoemÀ¶m Vmn‘mZmda hmoVmo. g‘wÐ{H$Zmar ^mJmV I§S>m§VJ©V ^mJmnojm {Xdgm hdoMo Vmn‘mZ H$‘r AgVo Va amÌr OmñV AgVo. ¶mCbQ> A§VJ©V ^mJmVrb Vmn‘mZ {H$Zmar àXoemnojm {Xdgm OmñV d amÌr H$‘r AgVo. ‘moR>çm Obme¶m§À¶m {H$Zmar ^mJmVrb àXoem§da hdm‘mZ g‘ AgVo. Imao dmao Am{U ‘VbB© dmao {H$Zmar àXoemV H$m¶‘ dmhV Agë¶mZo hdm‘mZ g‘ amIʶmg ‘XV hmoVo. {H$Zmar àXoemV Vmn‘mZmMr X¡{ZH$ Am{U dm{f©H$ H$jm H$‘r AgyZ OgOgo A§VJ©V ^mJmV Omdo VgVgo hr $ H$jm dmT>V OmVo. X¡{ZH$ Am{U dm{f©H$ Vmn‘mZ H$joMo H$‘rV H$‘r ñVa ho {H$Zmar àXoemVrb hdm‘mZmMo ‘wb^yV d¡{eîQ>ç AgyZ, hr H$jm A˶{YH$ AgUo ho I§S>m§VJ©V hdm‘mZmMo ‘wb^yV d¡{eîQ>ç AgVo. 4. O‘rZ d nmʶmMo à‘mU …- nmʶmÀ¶m VwbZoV O‘rZ bdH$a VmnV Agë¶mZo Á¶m àXoem§‘ܶo Obme¶m§À¶m VwbZoV I§S>r¶ àXoe A{YH$ AgVmo VoWo gmYmaU Vmn‘mZ nmVir A{YH$ AmT>iVo. ¶mCbQ> Obme¶m§Mo A{Y³¶ AgUmè¶m àXoem§‘ܶo gmYmaU Vmn‘mZ nmVir H$‘r AgVo. ¶mMmM n[aUm‘ åhUyZ X{jU JmobmYm©Vrb gmYmaU Vmn‘mZ ho CÎma JmobmYm©À¶m gmYmaU Vmn‘mZmnojm H$‘r AgVo. 5. gmJar àdmh (Ocean currents) :- gmJaObmÀ¶m KZVoVrb d Vmn‘mZmVrb ’$aH$ Am{U dmao ¶m§À¶m à^mdm‘wio gmJamV àdmh {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ho àdmh {dfwdd¥ÎmmnmgyZ Y«wdr¶ ^mJmH$S>o Am{U Y«wdr¶ ^mJmH$Sy>Z {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ ^mJmH$S>o dmhV AgVmV. {dfwdd¥ÎmmH$Sy>Z Yw«dr¶ ^mJmH$S>o dmhUmao àdmh CîU AgVmV Va Y«wdr¶ ^mJmH$Sy>Z {dfwdd¥ÎmmH$S>o dmhUmao àdmh erV AgVmV. Ago CîU qH$dm erV gmJaràdmh Ooìhm {H$Zmar àXoemOdiyZ dmhV AgVrb Voìhm ˶m àXoemVrb Vmn‘mZmda ˶m§Mm n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. CXm. Jë’$ ñQ´>r‘ ¶m CîU g‘wÐàdmhmÀ¶m à^mdm‘wio dm¶ì¶ ¶yamon I§S>mÀ¶m {H$Zmar ^mJmVrb àXoem§Mo gmYmaU Vmn‘mZ dmT>Vo. 6. dmhUmao dmao (Prevailing winds) …- dmhUmè¶m dmè¶m‘wio Vmn‘mZmÀ¶m nwZ{d©VaUmV ghmæ¶ hmoVo. {H$Zmar àXoemda dmhUmè¶m Imao dmao Am{U ‘VbB© dmao ¶m dmè¶m§‘wio {H$Zmar àXoemVrb hdm‘mZ g‘ amIbo OmVo. {dfwdd¥ÎmmH$Sy>Z Y«wdr¶ àXoemH$S>o dmhUmè¶m dmè¶m§‘wio àXoem§Mo Vmn‘mZ dmT>dbo OmVo Va Y«wdr¶ àXoem§H$Sy>Z ¶oUmè¶m dmè¶m§‘wio Vmn‘mZ KQ>Vo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 12  Geography – Ramesh Sir dm¶yXm~ (Atmospheric Pressure) :- dmVmdaUmVrb hdoMo ^yn¥ð>mdarb EH$H$ joÌmda nS>Umao dOZ åhUOo dm¶yXm~ hmo¶. dm¶yXm~ ~ma qH$dm {‘br~ma ¶m EH$H$mV ‘moOVmV. g‘wÐgnmQ>rÀ¶m ñVamda gm‘mݶ dmVmdaUr¶ n[apñWVrV dm¶yXm~ 1.013 ~ma qH$dm 1013 {‘br~ma BVHo$ AgVo. Cƒ dm¶yXm~ - àXoemdarb dmVmdaUmV hdm A{YH$ XmQ> Agë¶mZo hdoMo n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda nS>Umao dOZ A{YH$ AgVo. Aem n[apñWVrg Cƒ dm¶yXm~ Ago åhUVmV. H$‘r dm¶yXm~ - àXoemdarb dmVmdaUm‘ܶo hdm {dai ñdénmV Agë¶mg n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda nS>Umao hdoMo dOZ XoIrb H$‘r AgVo. Aem n[apñWVrg H$‘r dm¶yXm~ Ago åhUVmV. dm¶y^ma CVma - XmoZ g^modVmbr pñWV AgUmè¶m ñWmZm§da AgUmè¶m dm¶y^mamÀ¶m ‘yë¶mVrb ’$aH$mg dm¶y^ma CVma (Pressure gradient) Ago åhUVmV. dm¶y^ma CVma åhUOo Cƒ dm¶yXm~ Am{U H$‘r dm¶yXm~ ¶m§À¶mVrb ’$aH$ hmo¶. dm¶yXm~mda n[aUm‘ H$aUmao KQ>H$ …- 1. Vmn‘mZ (Temperature) :- dmVmdaUmMo Vmn‘mZ dmT>ë¶mg hdm àgaU nmdyZ {dai ~ZVo. {dai hdoMr KZVm H$‘r Agë¶mZo n¥ð>^mJmda nS>Umam ^ma XoIrb H$‘r AgVmo, åhUOoM dm¶yXm~ H$‘r hmoVmo. ¶mCbQ> hdoMo Vmn‘mZ H$‘r Pmë¶m‘wio hdm AmHw§$MZ nmdVo Am{U hdoMr KZVm dmT>Vo. ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ dm¶yXm~ dmT>Vmo. {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ àXoemV Vmn‘mZ OmñV Agë¶mZo dm¶yXm~ H$‘r AgVmo Va Yw«dr¶ àXoemV Vmn‘mZ H$‘r Agë¶mZo dm¶yXm~ OmñV AgVmo. 2. g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZMr C§Mr (Altitude) :- ^yn¥ð>mbJV hdoÀ¶m daÀ¶m Wam§Mm Xm~ nSy>Z VoWrb hdoMr KZVm dmT>Vo. ¶m‘wio g‘wÐgnmQ>rÀ¶m nmVirda ^yn¥ð>mdarb dm¶yXm~ OmñV AgVmo. C§MrZwgma hdoÀ¶m ñV§^mMr OmS>r H$‘r hmoV OmVo, ¶m‘wio g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ C§M Joë¶mg dm¶yXm~ H$‘r hmoV OmVmo. Vmn‘mZ nÅ>o (Temperature belts) :- Vmn‘mZmVrb ’$aH$mZwgma {dfwdd¥ÎmmnmgyZ Y«wdr¶ ^mJmH$S>o OmVmZm doJdoJio Vmn‘mZ {d^mJ ‘mZbo OmVmV. ˶m§ZmM Vmn‘mZmMo nÅ>o Ago åhUmVmV. 1. Tropical Zone/CîU nÅ>m …- {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m CÎmaog d X{jUog 230 30’ Ajd¥Îmm§n¶ªVÀ¶m àXoemV gy¶©{H$aU b§~én nS>VmV ¶m‘wio ˶m àXoemV Vmn‘mZ OmñV AgVo. ¶m àXoembmM CîU H${Q>~§Yr¶ àXoe Ago åhUVmV. 2. Temperate Zone/g‘erVmoîU nÅ>m …- XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo 230 30’ Vo 660 30’ Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ gy¶©{H$aU WmoS>ogo {Vano nS>VmV. ¶m‘wio ˶m ^mJmV Vmn‘mZ A{YH$ CîU qH$dm A{YH$ erV ZgVo. åhUyZ ¶m nQ²>Q>çmg g‘erVmoîU nÅ>m Ago åhUVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 13  Geography – Ramesh Sir 3. Frigid Zone/erV nÅ>m …- 230 30’ Vo 660 30’ CÎma d X{jU Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ gy¶©{H$aU A{Ve¶ {Vano nS>VmV. ˶m‘wio VoWo Vmn‘mZ Iyn H$‘r AgVo. dm¶yXm~ nÅ>o (Pressure belts) :- n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda {dfwdd¥ÎmmH$Sy>Z Yw«dm§H$S>o OmVmZm doJdoJio Vmn‘mZmMo nÅ>o {Z‘m©U Pmbo AmhoV. ˶mMà‘mUo {dfwdd¥ÎmmH$Sy>Z Y«wdm§H$S>o OmVmZm H$‘r-OmñV dm¶yXm~mMo nÅ>o XoIrb V¶ma hmoVmV. 1. {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ H$‘r Xm~mMm nÅ>m (Equatorial Low Pressure Belt) $:- hm nÅ>m {dfwdd¥ÎmmnmgyZ 50 CÎma d 50 X{jU Ajd¥Îmmn¶ªV Amho. ¶oWo gy¶{© H$aU b§~én nS>V Agë¶mZo hdm VmnVo d hbH$s hmodyZ da OmVo. ¶m‘wio {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ àXoemV ^yn¥ð>mbJV H$‘r Xm~mMm nÅ>m V¶ma hmoVmo. 2. ‘ܶAjd¥Îmr¶ OmñV Xm~mMo nÅ>o (Mid-latitude High Pressure Belts)…- {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ ^mJmV da Jobobr hdm OmñV C§MrdéZ Y«wdr¶ àXoemH$S>o dmhÿ bmJVo. C§Mrdarb H$‘r Vmn‘mZm‘wio hdm W§S> homdyZ OS> hmoVo. Aer W§S> d OS> Pmbobr hdm CÎma d X{jU JmobmYm©V 250 Vo 350 Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ Imbr ¶oVo. ¶m‘wio ^yn¥ð>mbJV OmñV Xm~mMo nÅ>o {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. 3. CnY«wdr¶ H$‘r Xm~mMo nÅ>o (Subpolar Low Pressure Belts) :- n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmdarb Kf©Um‘wio Am{U n[adbZm‘wio ¶m ^mJmVrb hdm daÀ¶m {XeoZo bmoQ>br OmVo. CÎma d X{jU JmobmYm©V 550 Vo 650 Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ hm n[aUm‘ {XgyZ ¶oVmo. ^yn¥ð>mbJVMr hdm da bmoQ>br Joë¶m‘wio ^yn¥ð>mbJV H$‘r Xm~mMm nÅ>m {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. 4. Y«wdr¶ OmñV Xm~mMo nÅ>o (Polar High Pressure Belts) :- XmoÝhr Y«wdr¶ àXoemV df©^a Vmn‘mZ eyݶ A§e gopëg¶gnojmhr H$‘r AgVo. n[aUm‘V… Yw«dr¶ àXoemV ^yn¥ð>mbJV OmñV Xm~mMo nÅ>o {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. dm¶wXm~mMo nÅ>o gy¶m©À¶m ^mg‘mZ ^«‘UmZwgma gw‘mao 50 Vo 70 CÎmaoH$S>o qH$dm X{jUoH$S>o gaH$VmV. dmao (Winds) * dmè¶m§À¶m {Z{‘©Vrda Am{U {Xeoda à^md Q>mH$Umao KQ>H$ …- 1. dm¶y^ma CVma (Pressure Gradient) :- XmoZ eoOmarb àXoem§da AgUmè¶m dm¶y^mamÀ¶m ‘yë¶mVrb ’$aH$mg dm¶y^ma CVma Ago åhUVmV. Aem dm¶yXm~mVrb ’$aH$m‘wio OmñV Xm~mÀ¶m nQ²>Q>çmH$Sy>Z H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m nQ²>Q>çmH$S>o hmoUmar hdoMr {j{VOg‘m§Va hmbMmb åhUOo dmam hmo¶. dm¶y^ma CVmamÀ¶m Vrd«oVMm (dm¶yXm~mÀ¶m ’$aH$mVrb Vrd«VoMm) n[aUm‘ dmè¶m§À¶m JVrda hmoVmo. dm¶yXm~m~Vrb ’$aH$ {OVH$m A{YH$ {VVHo$ dmao A{YH$ doJmZo dmhVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 14  Geography – Ramesh Sir 2. H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘ (Coriolis Effect) :- n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n[adbZ JVr‘wio n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda hm n[aUm‘ {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. ¶m n[aUm‘m‘wio H$moU˶mhr JVr‘mZ dñVyÀ¶m {Xeo‘ܶo ~Xb KSy>Z ¶oVmo. H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘m‘wio CÎma JmobmYm©V dmhUmao dmao ˶m§À¶m COdrH$S>o diVmV Va X{jU JmobmYm©V dmhUmao dmao ˶m§À¶m S>mdrH$S>o diVmV. H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘mMr d¡{eîQ>ço …- - H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘mg H$mhr {R>H$mUr “~b” (Force) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. na§Vy ho “~b” ZgyZ Ho$di n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n[adbZ (Rotation) JVrMm n[aUm‘ Amho. - H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘ Ho$di J{V‘mZ dñVy§daM H$m¶©aV hmoVmo. pñWa dñVy§da ¶mMm H$mhrhr n[aUm‘ hmoV Zmhr. - H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘m‘wio Ho$di dmhUmè¶m dmè¶m§Mr {XemM ~XbVo. dmè¶m§À¶m JVrda ˶mMm H$mhrhr n[aUm‘ hmoV Zmhr. - H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘mMo ‘yë¶ dmè¶mÀ¶m JVrda/doJmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. dmè¶mMm doJ {OVH$m A{YH$ Agob {VVHo$ H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘mMo ‘yë¶/n[a‘mU A{YH$ AgVo. ¶mMmM AW© ˶m dmè¶m§À¶m dhZmÀ¶m {Xeo‘ܶoo {VVH$m A{YH$ ~Xb hmoVmo. - H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘ Y«wdm§da gdm©V A{YH$ Va {dfwdd¥Îmmda eyݶ BVH$m AgVmo. 3. H|$ÐmoËgmar ~b (Centrifugal Force) :- H$m¶‘ñdénr dmao/J«hr¶ dmao (Permanent or Planetary Winds) :- - dmè¶mMr ‘yi {Xem H$m¶‘ OmñV Xm~mH$Sy>Z H$‘r Xm~mH$S>o Aer AgVo. dmè¶m§À¶m dhZmÀ¶m {Xeoda n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n[adbZmMm n[aUm‘ (H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘) hmoVmo. CÎma JmobmYm©V dmhUmao dmao Amnë¶m ‘yi {XeonmgyZ COdrH$S>o diVmV Va X{jU JmobmYm©‘ܶo dmhUmao dmao ‘yi {XeoÀ¶m S>mdrH$S>o diVmV. dmao Á¶m {XeoH$Sy>Z AWdm Á¶m ñWmZmnmgyZ dmhV ¶oVmV, ˶m {XeoMo AWdm ñWmZmMo Zmd ˶m dmè¶m§Zm {Xbo OmVo. CXm. npíM‘oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o dmhUmè¶m dmè¶m§Zm npíM‘r dmao Ago åhUVmV. VgoM Xar àXoemH$Sy>Z nd©V‘m϶mÀ¶m {XeoZo dmhUmè¶m dmè¶m§Zm Xar dmao (Valley Breeze) Ago åhUVmV. dmao H$m¶‘ñdénr dmao qH$dm J«hr¶ dmao A{Z˶ dmao qH$dm ~XbUmao dmao - nydu¶ dmao/ì¶mnmar dmao - Imao dmao-‘VbB© dmao - npíM‘r dmao - S>m|Jar dmao-Xar dmao - Y«wdr¶ nydu¶ dmao - h§Jm‘r dmao - ñWm{ZH$ dmao Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 15  Geography – Ramesh Sir * J«hr¶ dmao …- 1. nydu¶ dmao/ì¶mnmar dmao (Trade Winds) …- ho dmao ‘ܶAjd¥Îmr¶ OmñV Xm~mÀ¶m nQ²>Q>çmH$Sy>Z {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m nQ²>Q>çmH$S>o dmhVmV. CÎma JmobmYm©V ¶m dmè¶m§Mr {Xem B©emݶoH$Sy>Z Z¡F$˶oH$S>o AgVo Va X{jU JmobmYm©V ¶m§Mr {Xem Am¾o¶oH$Sy>Z dm¶ì¶oH$S>o AgVo. ¶m§À¶m dhZmMr gmYmaU {Xem nyd}H$Sy>Z npíM‘oH$S>o Agë¶mZo ¶m dmè¶m§ZmM nydu¶ dmao Ago åhUVmV. ‘ܶ¶wJrZ H$mbI§S>m‘ܶo ¶m dmè¶m§À¶m {Xem d JVrMm Cn¶moJ Aa~ ì¶mnmè¶m§Ûmao Amnë¶m ì¶mnmamgmR>r Ho$bm OmV Ago. åhUyZ ¶m dmè¶m§Zm ì¶mnmar dmao (Trade Winds) AgoXoIrb åhUVmV. ì¶mnmar dmao {dfwdd¥Îmmn¶ªV nmohMV AgVmZm Vrd« gm¡aD$O}‘wio CîU Am{U hbHo$ ~ZyZ daÀ¶m {XeoZo OmVmV. ¶m‘wio dmVmdaUr¶ ApñWaVm {Z‘m©U hmoVo. 2. npíM‘r dmao (Westerlies) …- XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo ‘ܶAjd¥Îmr¶ OmñV Xm~mÀ¶m nQ²>Q>çmH$Sy>Z CnYw«dr¶ H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m nQ²>Q>çm§H$S>o dmhUmè¶m dmè¶m§Zm npíM‘r dmao Ago åhUVmV. ¶m dmè¶m§À¶m dhZmMr gd©gmYmaU {Xem npíM‘oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o AgVo. Y«wdr¶ àXoemH$Sy>Z ¶oUmao erV d OS> dmao Am{U CîU d hbHo$ npíM‘r dmao ¶m§À¶m EH$Ì ¶oʶm‘wio “gr‘m (Fronts) ” {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ¶m gr‘m§nmgyZM nwT>o g‘erVmoîU AmdVmªMr (Temperate Cyclones) {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. g‘erVmoîU àXoemVrb dmVmdaUr¶ n[apñWVr ‘hÎdnyU© à‘mUmV ¶m AmdVmª‘wio à^m{dV hmoVo. npíM‘r dmè¶m§À¶m à^mdmImbr g‘erVmoîU AmdV} npíM‘oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o dmhÿ bmJVmV. npíM‘r dmè¶m§‘wio g‘erVmoîU àXoemVrb I§S>m§À¶m npíM‘r {H$Zmè¶mda nO©Ý¶d¥ï>r hmoVo. CÎma JmobmYm©V I§S>r¶ joÌ (O‘rZ) A{YH$ à‘mUmV Agë¶mZo npíM‘r dmè¶m§À¶m àdmhmda Am{U dhZmÀ¶m {Xeoda à^md nS>Vmo. ¶mCbQ> X{jU JmobmYm©V I§S>r¶ àXoe A{Ve¶ H$‘r à‘mUmV Agë¶mZo npíM‘r dmè¶m§À¶m àdmhmbm AS>Wim ZgVmo. X{jU JmobmYm©V npíM‘r dmao A{Ve¶ Vrd« doJmZo dmhV Agë¶mZo Ajm§emZwgma ˶m§Zm nwT>rb Zmdm§Zr/{deofUm§Zr AmoiIbo OmVo. X{jU JmobmYm©Vrb npíM‘r dmao …- 1. JaOUmao Mmirg (Roaring Forties) - X{jU JmobmYm©V 40 Vo 50 A§e Ajd¥ÎmmXaå¶mZ dmhVmV. 2. Idibobo nÞmg (Furious Fifties) - 50 Vo 60 A§e Ajm§em§Xaå¶mZ dmhVmV. 3. qH$MmiUmao gmR> (Shrieking Sixties) - X{jU JmobmYm©V 60 A§e Ajd¥ÎmmÀ¶m Amgnmg ho dmao dmhVmV. 3. Y«wdr¶ dmao (Polar Winds) :- ho dmao Y«wdr¶ OmñV Xm~mÀ¶m nQ²>Q>çmH$Sy>Z CnYw«dr¶ H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m nQ²>Q>çmH$S>o dmhVmV. ¶m dmè¶m§À¶m dhZmMr gmYmaU {Xem nyd}H$Sy>Z npíM‘oH$S>o Agë¶mZo ¶m§ZmM Y«wdr¶ nydu¶ dmao Ago åhUVmV. CîU d hbHo$ Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 16  Geography – Ramesh Sir npíM‘r dmao Am{U W§S> d OS> Y«wdr¶ dmao EH$Ì ¶odyZ {d{dY gr‘m {Z‘m©U H$aVmV. ¶mVyZM nwT>o g‘erVmoîU AmdVmªMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. dmVmdaUmMm {ÌH$mofr¶ aoImd¥Îmr¶ àdmh (Tricellular Meridional Circulation of the Atmosphere) 1. CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ H$mof/h°S>bo H$mof (Tropical Cell or Hadley Cell) :- ‘ܶAjd¥Îmr¶ OmñV Xm~mÀ¶m nÅ>¶mH$Sy>Z {dfwdd¥ÎmmH$S>o dmhV Ambobo ì¶mnmar dmao Vrd« gm¡aD$O}‘wio CîU hmodyZ da OmVmV. ho da Jobobo dmao daÀ¶m dmVmdaUm‘ܶo Y«wdr¶ àXoemH$S>o dmhÿ bmJVmV. C§Mrdarb H$‘r Vmn‘mZm‘wio W§S> d OS> hmodyZ ho dmao 250 Vo 350 Ajd¥Îmm§Xaå¶mZ Imbr CVaVmV. AemàH$mao h°S>bo H$mof nyU© hmoVmo. daÀ¶m dmVmdaUmVyZ ¶m àoXemV dmhUmao dmao ì¶mnmar dmè¶m§À¶m {déÕ {XeoZo dmhV Agë¶mZo ˶m§ZmM à{Vì¶mnmar dmao (Antitrades) Ago åhUVmV. {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m {R>H$mUr dmVmdaUmMr C§Mr gdm©{YH$ AgV Agë¶mZo VrZhr H$mofm§n¡H$s h°S>bo H$mofmMr C§Mr gdm©{YH$ AgVo. 2. ‘ܶAjd¥Îmr¶ H$mof/’o$aob H$mof (Mid-latitude Cell or Ferrel Cell) :- ‘ܶAjd¥Îmr¶ OmñV Xm~mÀ¶m nÅ>¶mH$Sy>Z CnY«wdr¶ H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m nQ²>Q>çmH$S>o npíM‘r dmao dmhVmV. 550 Vo 650 Ajm§em§Xaå¶mZ, XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo, ho dmao daÀ¶m {XeoZo dmhÿ bmJVmV. n¥ÏdrMo n[adbZ Am{U n¥ð>^mJmdarb Kf©Um‘wio ho dmao D$Üd©{XeoZo dmhVmV. daÀ¶m dmVmdaUmV Joë¶mZ§Va ho dmao EH$‘oH$m§À¶m {déÕ {Xem§Zm dmhÿ bmJVmV (Y«wdm§À¶m {XeoZo EH$ àdmh Am{U {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m {XeoZo EH$ àdmh). {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m {XeoZo dhZ H$aUmam àdmh 250 Vo 350 Ajm§em§Xaå¶mZ déZ Imbr CVaVmo. ¶mà‘mUo ’o$aob H$mof nyU© hmoVmo. 250 Vo 350 Ajm§em§Xaå¶mZ XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo dmao déZ Imbr CVaV Agë¶mZo, ¶m àXoemV OmñV Xm~ nÅ>m {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. AemàH$mao ‘ܶAjd¥Îmr¶ OmñV Xm~ nQ²>Q>çmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶mMà‘mUo 550 Vo 650 Ajm§em§Xaå¶mZ XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo dmao D$Üd© {XeoZo dmhV Agë¶mZo ^yn¥ð>mbJV H$‘r Xm~mMo joÌ {Z‘m©U hmoVo. AemàH$mao CnY«wdr¶ H$‘r Xm~ nÅ>m {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. ¶mdéZ Amnë¶m Ago ܶmZmV ¶oB©b H$s {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ Am{U Y«wdr¶ dm¶yXm~ nÅ>o CîUVo‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbo AmhoV ( Thermally induced), Va ‘ܶAjd¥Îmr¶ Am{U CnYw«dr¶ dm¶yXm~ nÅ>o hdoÀ¶m dhZm‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbo AmhoV (Dynamically induced). 3. Y«wdr¶ H$mof (Polar Cell) :- Y«wdr¶ OmñV Xm~mÀ¶m nQ²>Q>çmH$Sy>Z CnYw«dr¶ H$‘r Xm~ nQ²>Q>çmH$S>o dmhV ¶oUmao dmao n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n[adbZm‘wio D$Üd©Jm‘r hmoVmV. daÀ¶m dmVmdaUmV Joë¶mZ§Va ho dmao Y«wdr¶ àXoemÀ¶m {XeoZo dmhÿ bmJVmV. Y«wdr¶ àXoemn¶ªV nmohMë¶mda, W§S> d OS> Pmë¶mZo ho dmao Imbr CVaVmV d ¶mà‘mUo Y«wdr¶ H$mof nyU© hmoVmo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 17  Geography – Ramesh Sir dm¶wXm~ nÅ>o (Pressure Belts) CîUVo‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobo hdoÀ¶m dhZm‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobo (Thermally induced) (Dynamically induced) - {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ H$‘r Xm~ nÅ>m - ‘ܶAjd¥Îmr¶ OmñV Xm~ nÅ>m - Y«wdr¶ OmñV Xm~ nÅ>m - CnY«wdr¶ H$‘r Xm~ nÅ>m - Y«wdr¶ nydu¶ dmao - h§Jm‘r dmao Aíd Ajm§e (Horse Latitudes) :- 30 A§e Vo 35 A§e Ajm§em§Xaå¶mZ XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo dmao déZ Imbr CVaVmV. ¶m‘wio ¶m{R>H$mUr ‘ܶAjd¥Îmr¶ OmñV Xm~ nÅ>m {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. ¶m‘wio XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo 30 A§e Vo 35 A§e Ajm§em§Xaå¶mZ dmVmdaUr¶ pñWaVm {Z‘m©U hmoVo Am{U hdoMm àdmh Iyn H$‘r Vrd«Vm d doJmMm AgVmo. ‘ܶ¶wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV KmoS>çm§Mm ì¶mnma H$aUmao ì¶mnmar Ooìhm ¶m àXoemVyZ àdmg H$arV Voìhm ¶m àXoemV hdoÀ¶m àdmhmMm A^md Agë¶mZo ì¶mnmè¶m§Mr OhmOo nwT>o gaH$V ZgV. Aemdoir OhmOm§Mo dOZ H$‘r H$aʶmgmR>r Vo ì¶mnmar Amnë¶m OhmOmVrb KmoS>o nmʶmV ’o$Hy$Z XoV AgV. ¶m‘wio OhmO hbHo$ hmodyZ nwT>o Zobo Omdy eH$V Ago. åhUyZ ¶m àXoemg Aíd Ajm§e Ago åhUVmV. Am§VaCîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ H|$Ðr^dZ nÅ>m (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone-ITCZ) :- 5 A§e CÎma Am{U 5 A§e X{jU Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ AgUmam {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ H$‘r Xm~ nÅ>m åhUOoM ITCZ hmo¶. ¶m àXoemV A{Ve¶ ‘§X ñdénmV dmao dmhV Agë¶mZo ¶mbmM “em§V nÅ>m” (Belt of Calm) qH$dm Doldrum Ago åhUVmV. ITCZ À¶m àXoemV ì¶mnmar dmao CîU hmodyZ da OmV Agë¶mZo ˶m§À¶mVrb ~mînmnmgyZ ³¶wå¶wbmo{Zå~g àH$maMo ‘moR>çm AmH$mamMo T>J V¶ma hmoVmV Am{U ˶m§À¶mnmgyZ ‘wgiYma nmD$g nS>Vmo. gy¶m©À¶m CÎmaoH$S>rb Am{U X{jUoH$S>rb ^mg‘mZ ^«‘Um~amo~a hm nÅ>mXooIrb AZwH«$‘o CÎmaoH$S>o Am{U X{jUoH$S>o gaH$V amhVmo. CÝhmù¶mVrb A¶Z {XdgmÀ¶m àg§Jr (21 OyZ) S>moëS´>‘ CÎmaoH$S>o gaH$Vo H$maU ¶mdoir gy¶© H$H©$d¥Îmmda b§~én AgVmo. ¶m CbQ> {hdmù¶mVrb A¶Z {XZmÀ¶m (22 {S>g|~a) doir gy¶© ‘H$ad¥Îmmda b§~én Agë¶mZo ITCZ XoIrb X{jUoH$S>o gaH$Vmo. 23 gßQ>|~a Am{U 21 ‘mM© amoOr gy¶© {dfwdd¥Îmmda Agë¶mZo ITCZ XoIrb {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m {R>H$mUr pñWa AgVmo. ITCZ ‘ܶo npíM‘oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o dmhUmao {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ npíM‘r dmao AgVmV. ho dmao dmXim§er g§~§{YV AgVmV. ITCZ ¶m nQ²>Q>çmbm CÎma Am{U X{jU Aem XmoZ gr‘m AgVmV. CÎma gr‘og NITC (North Inter Tropical Covergence) Ago åhUVmV Va X{jU gr‘og SITC (South Inter Tropical Convergence) Ago åhUVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 18  Geography – Ramesh Sir * A{Z˶ dmao qH$dm ~XbUmao dmao (Variable Winds) :- 1. Imao dmao - ‘VbB© dmao (Land and Sea Breeze) :- I§S>r¶ àXoe Am{U Obme¶m§À¶m, VmnʶmÀ¶m d W§S> hmoʶmÀ¶m {^Þ Xam§‘wio Imao dmao -‘VbB© dmao {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Imao dmao (Sea Breeze) :- ho dmao g‘wÐmH$Sy>Z O{‘ZrH$S>o dmhVmV. O‘rZ bdH$a VmnV Agë¶mH$maUmZo {XdgmÀ¶m doir g‘wÐmÀ¶m VwbZoV O{‘Zrdarb Vmn‘mZ A{YH$ AgVo. ¶mMmM n[aUm‘ åhUyZ O{‘Zrda H$‘r dm¶yXm~ joÌ {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ¶mMdoir g‘wÐ ‘mÌ W§S> Agë¶mZo gmJar n¥ð>^mJmda A{YH$ dm¶yXm~mMo jo Ì {Z‘m©U hmoVo. dm¶y^ma CVma g§H$ënZoZwgma dmao A{YH$ Xm~mH$Sy>Z H$‘r Xm~mH$S>o dmhVmV. åhUOoM dmao g‘wÐmH$Sy>Z O{‘ZrH$S>o dmhVmV. Aem dmè¶m§ZmM Imao dmao Ago åhUVmV. Imao dmao g‘wÐmdéZ dmhV ¶oV Agë¶mZo AmЩVm¶wº$ AgVmV. ¶m‘wio ¶m dmè¶m§nmgyZ {H$Zmar àXoemV nO©Ý¶d¥ï>r hmoVo. Imao dmao {XdgmÀ¶m doir dmhVmV. ‘VbB© dmao (Land Breeze) :- ho dmao O{‘ZrdéZ g‘wÐmH$S>o dmhVmV. amÌrÀ¶m doir nmʶmÀ¶m VwbZoV O‘rZ bdH$a W§S> hmoVo åhUyZ O{‘Zrda H$‘r Vmn‘mZ Agë¶mZo Cƒ Xm~mMr n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ¶mMdoir gmJar n¥ð>^mJmda ‘mÌ A{YH$ Vmn‘mZ Agë¶mZo H$‘r Xm~mMr pñWVr AgVo. ¶mÀ¶m n[aUm‘ñdén dmao O{‘ZrH$Sy>Z g‘wÐmH$S>o dmhÿ bmJVmV. ‘VbB© dmao O{‘ZrdéZ dmhV ¶oV Agë¶mZo gmYmaUnUo H$moaS>o AgVmV. åhUyZ ¶m dmè¶m§nmgyZ nO©Ý¶d¥ï>r hmoV Zmhr. ‘VbB© dmao amÌrÀ¶m doir dmhVmV. Imao dmao Am{U ‘VbB© dmao [H$Zmar àXoemda gmV˶mZo dmhV Agë¶mZo {H$Zmar àXoemdarb Vmn‘mZ A˶{YH$ W§S> qH$dm A˶{YH$ CîU Aem àH$maMo AmT>iyZ ¶oV Zmhr Va g‘ ñdénmVrb hdm‘mZ AmT>iVo. 2. S>m|Jar dmao-Xar dmao (Mountain and Valley Breeze) :- nd©Vr¶ àXoe Am{U Xar àXoe ¶m§À¶m {d{^Þ Xam§Zr VmnʶmÀ¶m à{H«$¶o‘wio S>m|Jar dmao Am{U Xar dmao {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. S>m|Jar dmao nd©Vr¶ àXoemH$Sy>Z XarH$S>o Va Xar dmao Xar^mJmH$Sy>Z nd©VmÀ¶m {eIamH$S>o dmhV AgVmV. S>m|Jar dmao (Mountain Breeze) :- amÌrÀ¶m doir S>m|Ja‘m϶mÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmdéZ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV D$O}Mo CËgO©Z Pmë¶mZo S>m|Ja‘m϶mMm àXoe W§S> hmoVmo. ¶mMdoir XarÀ¶m {R>H$mUr dZm§À¶m AmÀN>mXZm‘wio D$O}Mo CËgO©Z Z Pmë¶mZo Vmn‘mZ A{YH$ AgVo. S>m|Ja‘m϶mdarb Cƒ Xm~mH$Sy>Z Xar‘Yrb H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m {XeoZo dmè¶m§§Mo dhZ hmody bmJVo. ¶m§ZmM S>m|Jar dmao åhUVmV. Xar dmao (Valley Breeze) :- {XdgmÀ¶m doir Vrd« gm¡aD$O}‘wio S>m|Ja‘m϶mMm ^mJ A{YH$ VmnVmo. ¶mÀ¶m VwbZoV XarMm ^mJ ‘mÌ gmYmaUnUo dZmÀN>mXrV Agë¶mZo OmñV à‘mUmV VmnV Zmhr. ¶m‘wio S>m|Ja‘m϶mda H$‘r Xm~mMo Am{U XaràXoem‘ܶo OmñV Xm~mMo joÌ {Z‘m©U hmoVo. dmao Cƒ Xm~mH$Sy>Z H$‘r Xm~mH$S>o, åhUOoM XarH$Sy>Z S>m|Ja‘m϶mH$S>o dmhÿ bmJVmV. Aem dmè¶m§ZmM Xar dmao Ago åhUVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 19  Geography – Ramesh Sir 3. ñWm{ZH$ dmao (Local Winds) :- J«hr¶ dmao nyU© J«hmda dmhV Agë¶mZo ˶m§Zm J«hr¶ dmao Ago åhUVmV. nU ¶mCbQ> H$mhr dmè¶m§Mm àdmh nyU© J«hmda Z AmT>iVm {d{eï> EImÚm àXoemVM AmT>iVmo. Aem dmè¶m§Zm ñWm{ZH$ dmao Ago åhUVmV. ñWm{ZH$ dmao CîU Am{U erV Aem XmoZ àH$maMo AgVmV. CîU ñWm{ZH$ dmao 1. {MZyH$ dmao (Chinook Wind) :- àem§V ‘hmgmJamdéZ ¶oUmao dmXir dmao CÎma A‘o[aH$m I§S>mVrb am°H$sO nd©Vam§JoÀ¶m npíM‘ CVmamdéZ da MT>VmV Am{U ¶m CVmamda nO©Ý¶ XoVmV. nyd© CVmamdéZ Imbr CVaV AgVmZm ho dmao CîU d H$moaS>o ~ZVmV Am{U nwT>o CÎma A‘o[aHo$À¶m ‘¡XmZr àXoemV npíM‘oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o dmhVmV. {MZyH$ dmao gmYmaUnUo {hdmù¶mV dmhVmV. ho dmao CîU d H$moaS>o AgVmV. {hdmù¶m‘ܶo ~’©$d¥ï>r hmoV Agë¶mZo CÎma A‘o[aHo$À¶m ‘¡XmZmVrb JdVmi àXoe ~’$m©Imbr PmH$bm OmVmo. ¶mMdoir {MZyH$ ho CîU dmao ¶m àXoemdéZ dmhV Amë¶mZo JdVmi àXoemda gmR>bobo ~’©$ Aën H$mbmdYrV {dViVo Am{U nyU© JdVmi àXoe (àoA[aO) CKS>m nS>Vmo. {MZyH$ dmè¶m§À¶m ¶m à^mdm‘wioM ˶m§Zm “ñZmoBQ>g©” (snoweaters) Ago åhUVmV. 2. ’$m°Z dmao (Foehn Winds) …- - ho CîU d H$moaS>o dmao AmhoV. - ¶wamon I§S>mVrb Amëßg nd©Vam§JoÀ¶m CÎma CVmamdéZ ho dmao Imbr CVaVmV. - ho dmao ‘w»¶V… pñdËPbªS> ¶m Xoem‘ܶo AmT>iVmV. ¶m dmè¶m§À¶m à^mdm‘wio pñdËPbªS>‘Yrb nd©Vr¶ àXoemV gmR>bobo ~’©$ {dViVo Am{U A{Ve¶ Z¶Zaå¶ dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U hmoVo. pñdËPbªS>‘Yrb n¶©Q>Z CÚmoJmgmR>r ho dmao {deof ‘hÎdmMo AmhoV. 3. ha‘mQ>Z dmao (Harmattan winds) :- - ho A{’«$H$m I§S>mV AmT>iUmao CîU d H$moaS>o dmao AmhoV. ho dmao Imao dmao-‘VbB© dmè¶m§§MoM ñdén Amho. - ghmam dmid§Q>mdéZ dmhV Agë¶m‘wio ho dmao A{YH$M H$moaS>o ~ZVmV. - A{’«$H$m I§S>mMm npíM‘ {H$Zmam, ‘w»¶V… {JZrÀ¶m AmImVmMm àXoe, A{Ve¶ AmЩVm¶wº$ Agë¶mZo ¶m àXoemVrb dmVmdaU ÌmgXm¶H$ ~ZVo. Vmn‘mZ Am{U Cƒ AmЩVm¶wº$ dmVmdaU ‘mZdr Amamo½¶mg hm{ZH$maH$ R>aVo. - ¶m Aem AàgÞ n[apñWVrZo ¶wº$ dmVmdaUmV OgoM ha‘mQ>Z dmao dmhV ¶oVmV, VgoM AMmZH$ dmVmdaU H$moaS>o Pmë¶mZo àgÞ ~ZVo Am{U amoJH$maH$ dmVmdaU Zmhrgo hmoVo. ha‘mQ>Z dmè¶m§À¶m Aem à^mdm‘wioM ˶m§Zm “S>m°³Q>a dmao” Ago åhUVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 20  Geography – Ramesh Sir 4. {gamo¸$mo dmao (Sirocco Winds) :- - ho CîU Am{U H$moaS>o dmao AmhoV. - ghmam dmid§Q>mnmgyZ CÎmaoH$S>o ho dmao dmhVmV. ghmam dmid§Q>mVyZ gwé hmodyZ ^y‘ܶ g‘wÐmdéZ dmhV ho dmao X{jU ¶wamon‘Yrb BQ>br d ñnoZ ¶m ñWmZm§da nmohMVmV. ho gmao dmao ghmam dmid§Q>mdéZ dmhVmZm bmb a§JmMr dmiy gmo~V KoVmV VgoM ^y‘ܶ g‘wÐmdéZ dmhVmZm AmЩVm emofyZ KoVmV. X{jU ¶wamon‘ܶo ho dmao nO©Ý¶d¥îQ>rg H$maUr^yV R>aVmV. nmD$gm~amo~a gmo~V AmUbobr bmb dmiy XoIrb nS>V Agë¶mZo nmD$g bmb a§JmMm {XgVmo. ¶m nmdgmbmM “a§º$a§{OV nmD$g” (Blood Rains) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. {gamo¸$mo dmao X{jU ¶wamon‘Yrb eoVr {nH$m§gmR>r VgoM ’$i{nH$m§gmR>r hm{ZH$maH$ R>aVmV. ¶m dmè¶m§Zm {d{dY àXoem§‘ܶo {d{^Þ ñWm{ZH$ Zmdm§Zr AmoiIbo OmVo. - B{Oá‘ܶo-Im‘grZ - {b{~¶m‘ܶo-{J~br - Q>çw{Z{e¶m‘ܶo-{M{b - Aa~À¶m dmid§Q>m‘ܶo-{g‘y‘ BVa CîU ñWm{ZH$ dmao …- {~«H${’$ëS>a - Am°ñQ´>o{b¶mVrb pìh³Q>mo[a¶m àm§Vm‘ܶo ~°H$amoba - A‘o[aHo$À¶m ‘¡XmZr àXoem‘ܶo em‘b - ‘ogmonmoQ>o{‘¶m d n{e©¶mÀ¶m AmImVm‘ܶo Zm°d}ñQ>a - ݶyPrb§S>‘ܶo. g°ÝQ>m A°Zm-¶w.Eg.E.‘ܶo by - CÎma ^maVm‘ܶo Pm|S>m - AO}pÝQ>Zm‘ܶo A±S>rO nd©VmÀ¶m nyd© CVmamda ¶m‘mo - OnmZ‘Yrb CîU d H$moaS>o dmao erV ñWm{ZH$ dmao …- 1. {‘ñQ´>mb dmao (Mistral Winds) :- - ho ñnoZ d ’«$mÝg‘ܶo dmhUmao erV dmao AmhoV. - ¶m dmè¶m§À¶m dhZmMr gmYmaU {Xem dm¶ì¶oH$Sy>Z (Northwest) Am¾o¶oH$S>o (Southeast) AgVo. 2. ~moam dmao (Bora Winds) :- - A°{S´>¶m{Q>H$ g‘wÐmÀ¶m {H$Zmar àXoemda ‘w»¶V… H«$moE{e¶m Am{U BQ>br ¶m Xoem§À¶m {H$Zmar ^mJmda ho dmao dmhVmV. - ho erV Am{U H$moaS>o dmao AgVmV. - ¶m dmè¶m§Mm gmYmaU doJ Vmer 120 Vo 200 {H$.‘r. AgVmo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 21  Geography – Ramesh Sir 3. pãbPmS>© dmao (Blizzard) :- - Yw«dr¶ àXoem§‘ܶo dmhUmao ho Vrd« dmXir dmao AgVmV. - ho dmao erV Am{U H$moaS>o AgVmV. - ho dmao CÎma Am{U X{jU Y«wdm§À¶m Amgnmg VgoM ¶w.Eg.E., H°$ZS>m Am{U gm¶~o[a¶m àXoemV AmT>iVmV. - ¶m dmè¶m§Zm ¶w.Eg.E.‘ܶo “Zm°W©a” Va gm¶~o[a¶m ‘ܶo “~wamZ” Ago åhUVmV. BVa erV ñWm{ZH$ dmao …- nJm© - a{e¶m‘Yrb Qw>ÝS´>m àXoem‘ܶo ~mBO - ’«$mÝg‘Yrb A{VerV dmao boìh°ÝQ>a - X{jU ñnoZ‘ܶo dmhUmao erV dmao n°ånoamo - X{jU A‘o[aHo$Vrb “nånmg” ¶m JdVmi àXoem‘ܶo dmhUmao erV dmao Q´>°‘m°ÝQ>oZm - ‘ܶ ¶wamon‘ܶo gm¡a {d{H$aU (Solar Radiation) :- - Xa goH§$Xmbm 3,00,000 {H$.‘r. doJmZo (3 x 108 m/s) àdmg H$aUmè¶m {dÚwV Mw§~H$s¶ bKw bhatÀ¶m ñdénmV gy¶m©nmgyZ CËg{O©V hmoUmè¶m eº$sbm/D$O}bm gm¡ae{º$ Ago åhUVmV. - gy¶m©nmgyZ CËg{O©V hmoUmam gm¡aàH$me 8 {‘{ZQ>o Am{U 20 goH§$Xm§‘ܶo n¥Ïdrn¶ªV nmohMVmo. - àH$memZo EH$m dfm©V nma Ho$bobo A§Va åhUOo EH$ àH$medf© hmo¶. AdH$memVrb XrK© A§Va ‘moOʶmgmR>r ho EH$H$ dmnaVmV. 1 àH$medf© = 9.5 x 1012 {H$.‘r. CîUVoMo A§XmOnÌH$ (Heat Budget) :- VËd - n¥ÏdrMm n¥ð>^mJ Am{U dmVmdaU ¶m§À¶mÛmao àmá Ho$br OmUmar D$Om© VgoM n¥ÏdrMm n¥ð>^mJ Am{U dmVmdaU ¶m§Ûmao CËg{O©V Ho$br OmUmar D$Om© g‘mZ AgVo. gy¶m©nmgyZ n¥ÏdrÀ¶m {XeoZo ¶oUmar gm¡aD$Om© bKwbhatÀ¶m (short wave solar radiation) ñdénmV AgVo Va n¥ÏdrMm n¥ð>^mJ Am{U dmVmdaU ¶m§À¶mnmgyZ CËg{O©V hmoUmar D$Om© hr XrK© bhatÀ¶m ( long wave terrestrial radiation) ñdénmV AgVo. “CîUVoMo A§XmOnÌH$” hr g§H$ënZm Or. Q>r. Q´>odmWm© ¶m ^yJmobVkmÀ¶m Aä¶mgmda AmYmarV Amho. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m {XeoZo ¶oUmar gm¡aD$Om© …- - gy¶m©nmgyZ n¥ÏdrH$S>o ¶oUmè¶m EHy$U gm¡aD$O}n¡H$s Odinmg 35 Q>¸o$ D$Om© AdH$memV namd{V©V H$éZ bmdbr OmVo. ¶mn¡H$s 27 Q>¸o$ D$Om© T>Jm§Ûmao, 6 Q>¸o$ D$Om© Yw{bH$Um§Ûmao Am{U 2 Q>¸o$ D$Om© ~’$m©ÀN>mXrV àXoemÛmao namd{V©V Ho$br OmVo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 22  Geography – Ramesh Sir 27 % T>J 35% 6% Yw{bH$U AdH$memV namd{V©V 2% ~’$m©ÀN>mXrV àXoe - Cabobr 65 Q>¸o$ D$Om© n¥ÏdrMo Vmn‘mZ dmT>ʶmg H$maUr^yV R>aVo. ¶m 65 Q>¸o$ gm¡aD$O}n¡H$s 51 Q>¸o$ gm¡aD$Om© n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmÛmao Am{U 14 Q>¸o$ gm¡aD$Om© n¥ÏdrÀ¶m dmVmdaUmÛmao emofyZ KoVbr OmVo. - n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmÛmao emofyZ KoVë¶m OmUmè¶m 51 Q>¸o$ gm¡aD$O}n¡H$s 34 Q>¸o$ gm¡aD$Om© à˶j gm¡a {dH$saUmÀ¶m ñdénmV Va 17 Q>¸o$ gm¡a D$Om© AdH$memVyZ hmoUmè¶m gm¡aeº$sÀ¶m CËgO©ZmÀ¶m ñdénmV àmá hmoVo. ¶m D$O}bmM àgm[aV XrZàH$me (Diffused Daylight) Ago åhUVmV. (àgmarV {XZàH$me - gy¶m©nmgyZ ¶oUmar H$mhr gm¡aeº$s {d{H$aU (scattering) Am{U namdV©Z (reflection) ¶m {H«$¶m§Ûmao dmVmdaUmV ’o$H$br OmVo. hr gm¡aeº$s g§nyU©nUo AdH$memV Zmhrer hmoV Zmhr Va naV n¥ÏdrbmM {‘iVo. ¶mbmM àgmarV {XZàH$me Ago åhUVmV) n¥ÏdrH$S>o ¶oUmar gm¡aD$Om© 100 % 35 % 65 % (AdH$memV namdV©Z) 51% 14% 6% 2% dmVmdaUmÛmao 27%T>Jm§Ûmao ~’$m©ÀN>m{XV n¥ð>^mJmÛmao emofU emofU Yw{bH$Um§Ûmao àXoemÛmao 34% n«Ë¶j 17% n«gmarV {XZàH$memÀ¶m gm¡a {d{H$aU ñdénmV Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 23  Geography – Ramesh Sir CËg{O©V hmodyZ ~mhoa OmUmar gm¡aD$Om© - - gy¶m©H$Sy>Z n¥ÏdrÀ¶m {XeoZo ¶oUmè¶m gm¡aD$O}n¡H$s 35% D$Om© da nm{hë¶mà‘mUo AdH$memV namd{V©V Ho$br OmVo. - n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmZo emofU Ho$boë¶m 51 Q>¸o$ gm¡aD$O}n¡H$s 17 Q>¸o$ D$Om© n¥ÏdrÛmao à˶j AdH$memV CËg{O©V Ho$br OmVo. hr D$Om© dmVmdaUmÛmao emofyZ KoVbr OmV Zmhr. Cd©[aV 34 Q>¸o$ D$Om© n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmH$Sy>Z CËg{O©V Ho$br OmVo. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmÛmao CËg{O©V Pmbobr hr 34 Q>¸o$ D$Om© dmVmdaUmÛmao emofyZ KoVbr OmVo. AemàH$mao dmVmdaUmH$S>o 14 Q>¸o$ D$Om© gy¶m©H$Sy>Z Am{U 34 Q>¸o$ D$Om© n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmH$Sy>Z Aer EHy$U 48 Q>¸o$ D$Om© O‘m hmoVo. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmH$Sy>Z dmVmdaUmbm 9 Q>¸o$ gm¡aeº$s A{^gaU {H«$¶oZo (convection), 19 Q>¸o$ gm¡aeº$s ~mînr^dZ {H«$¶oÛmao (latent heat of condersation) Am{U 6 Q>¸o$ D$Om© n[aUm‘H$maH$ D$ËgO©ZmÛmao (Effective radiation) àmá hmoVo. - dmVmdaUmÛmao emofyZ KoVbr OmUmar hr EHy$U 48 Q>¸o$ gm¡aD$Om© AdH$memV CËg{O©V Ho$br OmVo. n¥ÏdrÛmao CËg{O©V gm¡aD$Om© 100% (àmá D$Om©) 65 % 35 % 51 % 14 % (n¥ð>^mJ) (dmVmdaU) 34 + 14 = 48 34 % 17 % - AemàH$mao n¥ÏdrMm n¥ð>^mJ Am{U dmVmdaUmÛmao emofU Ho$br OmUmar D$Om© nyU©nUo AdH$memV CËg{O©V Ho$br OmVo Am{U ¶m àH$mao CîUVoMo A§XmOnÌH$ g§Vw{bV R>odbo OmVo. dm¶wamer (Airmasses) - n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmdarb EImÚm {d{eï> àXoemda {j{VOg‘m§Va {XeoV ngaboë¶m Am{U Vmn‘mZ, dm¶wXm~ Am{U AmЩVm Aem ^m¡{VH$ JwUY‘mª‘ܶo EH${OZgrnUm AgUmè¶m hdoÀ¶m {demb amerbm dm¶wamer Ago åhUVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 24  Geography – Ramesh Sir dm¶wametÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r Amdí¶H$ pñWVr …- - dm¶wamerV AmT>iyZ ¶oUmam EH${OZgrnUm àmá hmoʶmgmR>r Vr hdm ~è¶mM H$min¶©V CËn{ÎmñWmZmÀ¶m àXoemV pñWa amhʶmMr JaO AgVo. - {demb d EH${OZgr n¥ð>^mJ. - à˶mdV© pñWVr - Cƒ dm¶wXm~ pñWVr. - dm¶w^ma CVma A˶§V H$‘r qH$dm ZJʶ Agmdm. dm¶wametMo dJuH$aU (Classification of Airmasses) …- A. JwUY‘m©Zwgma dm¶wametMo dJuH$aU …- 1. erV dm¶wamer (Cold Airmass) $:- - ¶m dm¶wametMo Vmn‘mZ, dm¶wametÀ¶m Imbr AgUmè¶m n¥ð>^mJmÀ¶m Vmn‘mZmnojm H$‘r AgVo. n¥ð>^mJmH$Sy>Z dm¶wamerH$S>o D$O}Mm àdmh Pmë¶mZo hr dm¶wamer ApñWa hmoʶmMr e³¶Vm AgVo. - ¶m dm¶wamerV Vmn‘mZ d gmnoj AmЩVoMo à‘mU H$‘r AgVo. 2. CîU dm¶wamer (Warm Airmass) :- - ¶m dm¶wametMo Vmn‘mZ, dm¶wametÀ¶m Imbr AgUmè¶m n¥ð>^mJmÀ¶m Vmn‘mZmnojm A{YH$ AgVo. ¶m dm¶wamerH$Sy>Z n¥ð>^mJmH$S>o D$O}Mm àdmh hmoV Agë¶mZo hr dm¶wamer pñWa hmoʶmMr e³¶Vm AgVo. dm¶wamet‘Yrb n[adV©Z (Modification of Airmasses) :- 1. Am¡pîUH$ n[adV©Z (Thermal Modification) - dm¶wamerg CîUVm àmá Pmë¶mg, Vr ApñWa ~ZyZ daÀ¶m {XeoZo dmhÿ bmJVo. ¶m CbQ> dm¶yamernmgyZ CîUVm Xÿa OmV Agë¶mg, dm¶wamer W§S> hmodyZ pñWa ~ZVo. 2. MbZm‘wio hmoUmao n[adV©Z (Dynamic Modification) :- dm¶wamerMo dhZ hmoV AgVmZm Ooìhm ‘mJm©‘ܶo dm¶wamerg S>m|JaCVmamdéZ da MT>mdo bmJVo Voìhm daÀ¶m {XeoZo dhZ hmoV Agë¶mZo dm¶wamer ApñWa ~ZVo. ¶mCbQ> Oa dm¶wamer nd©V CVmamdéZ ImbÀ¶m {XeoZo dmhÿZ ^yn¥ð>mbJV O‘m hmoV Agob Va Aem dhZm‘wio dm¶wamer pñWa ~ZVo. ~. CËn{ÎmñWmZmZwgma dm¶wametMo dJuH$aU …- 1. Y«wdr¶ dm¶wamer (Polar airmasses) :- Y«wdr¶ àXoemV {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m ¶m dm¶wamer AmhoV. ¶m dm¶wamer I§S>r¶ àXoemda qH$dm gmJar n¥ð>^mJmda {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. åhUyZ ¶m dm¶wametMo I§S>r¶ Y«wdr¶ dm¶wwamer Am{U gmJar Y«wdr¶ dm¶wamer Ago ‘w»¶V… XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. Y«wdr¶ dm¶wametZm “P” Ago Xe©{dVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 25  Geography – Ramesh Sir I§S>r¶ Y«wdr¶ dm¶wamer - “cP” (Continental Polar) gmJar Y«wdr¶ dm¶wamer - mP (Maritime Polar) 2. CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ dm¶wamer (Tropical airmasses) :- CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ àXoemV {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m ¶m dm¶wamer I§S>r¶ àXoemda qH$d§m gmJar n¥ð>^mJmda {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. åhUyZ ¶m dm¶wametMo XoIrb I§S>r¶ CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ dm¶wamer Am{U gmJar CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ dm¶wamer Ago XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ dm¶wametZm “T” (Tropical) Ago Xe©{dVmV. I§S>r¶ CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ dm¶wamer - cT (Continental Tropical) gmJar CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ dm¶wamer - mT (Maritime Tropical) darb dm¶wamer EH$Va erV AgVmV qH$dm CîU AgVmV. erV dm¶wametgmR>r “k”(Cold) ho Aja dmnaVmV Va CîU dm¶wamer Xe©{dʶmgmR>r “w”(warm) ho Aja dmnaVmV. ¶mMà‘mUo pñWa dm¶wwamer Xe©{dʶmgmR>r “s”(stable) Am{U ApñWa dm¶wamer Xe©{dʶmgmR>r ”u”(unstable) hr Ajao dmnaVmV. dm¶wamer Y«wdr¶ (P) CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ (T) mP cP mT cT mPk mPw cPk cPw mTk mTw cTk cTw P- Y«wdr¶ (Polar) T - CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ (Tropical) m - gmJar (Maritime) c - I§S>r¶ (Continental) k - erV (Cold) w - CîU (Warm) darb à˶oH$ amer nwÝhm “pñWa”(stable) Am{U “ApñWa” (unstable) Aem XmoZ àH$maMr AgVo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 26  Geography – Ramesh Sir Fronts (gr‘m) - XmoZ {déÕ JwUY‘mªÀ¶m dm¶wamer EH$Ì Amë¶mZ§Va ˶m XmoZ dm¶wametÀ¶m Xaå¶mZ EH$ {Vanr gr‘maofm {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ¶m gr‘maofm§ZmM gr‘m (Fronts) Ago åhUVmV. gr‘m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r Amdí¶H$ pñWVr …- 1. XmoZ {déÕ JwUY‘mªÀ¶m dm¶wametMr CnpñWVr. 2. darb dm¶wametMo EH$Ì ¶oUo. C~Xma gr‘m (Warm Front) gr‘m§Mo àH$ma erV gr‘m (Cold Front) A{Y{dï> gr‘m (Occluded Front) pñWa gr‘m (Stationary Front) 1. C~Xma gr‘m (Warm Front) :- - Á¶m gr‘o‘ܶo EH$Ì ¶oUmè¶m {déÕ JwwUY‘mªÀ¶m dm¶wametn¡H$s C~Xma dm¶wamer A{YH$ g{H«$¶ AgVo Aem gr‘og “C~Xma gr‘m” åhUVmV. - g{H«$¶ C~Xma dm¶wamer, erV dm¶wamernojm hbH$s Agë¶mZo H«$‘e… nÕVrZo erV dm¶wamerÀ¶m déZ dmhÿ bmJVo. - C~Xma dm¶wamer g§W JVrZo Am{U H«$‘e… erV dm¶wamerdéZ dmhÿ bmJë¶mZo nwT>rb H«$‘mZo T>Jm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo - {gag, {gamoñQ>´°Q>g, AëQ>moñQ´>°Q>g, {Zå~moñQ>°́Q>g Am{U ñQ>°´Q>g T>J. - ¶m T>Jm§nmgyZ {H$˶oH$ Vmgn¶ªV MmbUmar gmYmaU Vo ‘ܶ‘ nO©Ý¶d¥ï>r hmoVo. 2. erV gr‘m (Cold Front) :- - Á¶m gr‘oÀ¶m {R>H$mUr erV dm¶wamer A{YH$ g{H«$¶ Am{U AmH«$‘H$ AgVo ˶m gr‘og “erV gr‘m” åhUVmV. - CîU dm¶wamerÀ¶m VwbZoV erV dm¶wamer A{YH$ XmQ> Am{U OS> Agë¶mZo CîU dm¶wamerg O{‘ZrdéZ da T>H$byZ, ^yn¥îR>mbJV dmhVo. - nyU© CîU dm¶wamer Vrd« doJmZo da T>H$bbr Joë¶m‘wio ¶m dm¶wamerVrb AmЩVonmgyZ ³¶wå¶wbmo{Zå~g Am{U {Zå~moñQ´>°Q>g gmaIo ‘moR>çm AmH$mamMo T>J {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ¶m T>Jm§nmgyZ drOm§À¶m H$S>H$S>mQ>mgh Am{U T>Jm§À¶m JS>JS>mQ>mgh ‘wgiYma nO©Ý¶d¥ï>r hmoVo. - erV gr‘oMm doJ hm CîUgr‘oÀ¶m doJmnojm A{YH$ AgVmo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 27  Geography – Ramesh Sir 3. A{Y{dï> gr‘m (Occluded Front) :- - erV gr‘m doJmZo dmhV ¶odyZ CîUgr‘oMm nmR>bmJ H$ê$Z, CîUgr‘og ‘mJo Q>mH$Vo. ¶m à{H«$¶oV CîU dm¶wamer nyU©nUo n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmnmgyZ {dñWm{nV hmoVo. Aem {R>H$mUr {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m gr‘og “A{Y{dï> gr‘m” Ago åhUVmV. 4. pñWa gr‘m (Stationary Front) :- - Ooìhm XmoZ {déÕ JwUY‘mªÀ¶m dm¶wamer EH$‘oH$m§g g‘m§Va nÕVrZo dmhV {ZKyZ OmVmV Voìhm pñWa gr‘m {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ¶m gr‘oÀ¶m {R>H$mUr dmVmdaU nyU©V… pñWa AgVo. AmdV© (Cyclones) AmdV© ho H$‘r Xm~mMo H|$Ð AgyZ g^modVbmÀ¶m àXoemVyZ dmao H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m H|$ÐmH$S>o dmhV ¶oVmV. ¶m à{H«$¶o‘ܶo dmè¶m§Mr {Xem MH«$mH$ma qH$dm dV©wimH$ma nÕVrMr AgVo. AmdVm©‘ܶo dmao dmhVmZm CÎma JmobmYm©‘ܶo KS>çmimÀ¶m H$mQ>çmÀ¶m CbQ>çm {XeoZo ( anticlockwise) Am{U X{jU JmobmYm©‘ܶo KS>çmimÀ¶m H$mQ>çmÀ¶m {XeoZo (clockwise) dmhVmV. AmdV©{Z{‘©VrÀ¶m ñWmZmZwgma AmdVmªMo ‘w»¶V… XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. 1. CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdV© (Tropical Cyclones) 2. g‘erVmoîU H${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdV© (Temperate Cyclones) CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdV} {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m CÎmaoH$S>o d X{jUoH$S>o 30 A§e Ajd¥Îmm§n¶©VÀ¶m àXoemV hr AmdV} AmT>iVmV. ‘w»¶V… H$H©$d¥Îm Am{U ‘H$ad¥ÎmmÀ¶m Xaå¶mZ hr AmdV} {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. AmdV©{Z{‘©VrgmR>r Amdí¶H$ KQ>H$ …- - {dñVrU© d OmñV Vmn‘mZmMo gmJar joÌ Á¶mMo Vmn‘mZ 27 A§e go. Agmdo. gmh{OH$M Aer n[apñWVr CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ àXoemV AmT>iVo. - AmdVmªÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘mMr CnpñWVr Amdí¶H$ AgVo. H$maU ¶m n[aUm‘mÀ¶m AZwnpñWVrV dmao MH«$mH$ma {XeoZo {’$é eH$Uma ZmhrV. ¶mM H$maUm‘wio {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zm 50- 80 n¶ªVÀ¶m ^mJmV H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘mMo ‘yë¶ ZJʶ Agë¶mZo AmdV} {Z‘m©U hmoV ZmhrV. ~hþVoH$ CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdV} {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ¶m XmoÝhr ~mOybm 50 Vo 20 Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ g‘wÐm§À¶m npíM‘ ^mJmV {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. - CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdVmªÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r ^anya AmЩVm AgUmar hdm Amdí¶H$ AgVo. gm§Ðr^dZ (condensation) {H«$¶o‘wio MH«$s¶ dmXimÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r Amdí¶H$ AgUmar D$Om© {‘iVo. - MH«$s¶ dmXimÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r hdoMo CÜd©{XeoZo dhZ hmoUo A˶§V Amdí¶H$ AgVo. hdoMo Ago dhZ Pmë¶mZo, hdoVrb AmЩVoMo T>Jm§‘ܶo énm§Va hmoVo. ‘moR>çm AmH$mamMo T>J V¶ma Pmë¶mZo ¶m AmdVm©‘ܶo ‘wgiYma nmD$g nS>Vmo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 28  Geography – Ramesh Sir à{H«$¶m …- g‘wÐmÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda Cƒ Vmn‘mZm‘wio H$‘r Xm~mMo H|$Ð {Z‘m©U hmoVo. AmOw~mOyÀ¶m àXoemVyZ ¶m H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m H|$ÐmH$S>o dmè¶m§Mo dhZ Vrd« doJmZo hmody bmJVo. H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m H|$Ðm^modVr dmao MH«$mH$ma {XeoZo dmhV da OmVmV. ¶màH$mao H$‘r Xm~mMo H|$Ð H$m¶‘ amIbo OmVo. doJmZo da OmUmè¶m dmè¶m§‘wio nO©Ý¶d¥ï>rXoIrb AmT>iVo. d¡{eîQ>ço …- - AmdV© Mjw - AmdVm©‘Yrb H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m H|$Xmbm AmdV© Mjy Ago åhUVmV. ¶m ^mJmV hdm AJXr em§V AgVo. Vmn‘mZ OmñV AgyZ àXoe {Za^« AmH$memMm AgVmo. ¶m ^mJmV nO©Ý¶ A{O~mV AgV Zmhr. AmdV© MjwMm ì¶mg gw‘mao 25 {H$.‘r.n¶ªV AgVmo. - AmdVm©Mm AmH$ma - CËnÎmrÀ¶m {R>H$mUr AmdVm©Mm ì¶mg gw‘mao 80 {H$.‘r. AgVmo. na§Vw A{YH$ {dH${gV AmdVm©Mm ì¶mg 300 {H$.‘r. Vo 1500 {H$.‘r. n¶ªVhr Agy eH$Vmo. - AmdVm©Mm doJ - ¶m AmdVmªMm doJ Vmer 50 Vo 60 {H$.‘r. AgVo. na§Vw H$mhr AmdVmªÀ¶m doir Vmer 120 Vo 200 {H$.‘r. doJmZohr dmao dmhVmV. - CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdV} g‘wÐr àXoemda A{YH$ AmH«$‘H$ ~ZVmV Am{U Vrd« doJmZo dmhVmV. na§Vw O{‘Zrda nmohMë¶mda ‘mÌ hr AmdV} jrU ~ZVmV Am{U I§S>m§VJ©V ^mJmV Zï> hmodyZ OmVmV. ¶m AmdVmª‘wio ‘w»¶V… I§S>m§Mm {H$Zmar ^mJ à^m{dV hmoVmo. - CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdV} H$mhr {d{eï> H$mim§néVrM ‘¶m©{XV AgVmV, ‘w»¶V… CÝhmù¶m‘ܶo AmT>iVmV. - ¶m AmdVmªÀ¶m H|$Ð^mJr A{Ve¶ H$‘r Xm~mMo H|$Ð AgyZ, ¶mÀ¶m ^modVr g‘^ma aofm b§~dVw©imH$ma AmH$mamV AgVmV. - {Xem - CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdV} ì¶mnmar dmè¶m§À¶m à^mdmImbr nyd}H$Sy>Z npíM‘oH$S>o dmhVmV. CÎma JmobmYm©V AmdVm©Vrb dmè¶m§Mr {Xem KS>çmimÀ¶m H$mQ>çm§À¶m CbQ> {XeoZo AgVo. X{jU JmobmYm©V AmdVm©Vrb dmè¶m§Mr {Xem KS>çmimÀ¶m H$mQ>çm§À¶m {XeoZo AgVo. - ˶m§À¶m Vrd« doJm‘wio CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdV} {dZmeH$ Am{U {dÜd§gH$ Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr ~ZVmV. ‘wgiYma nmD$g, g‘wÐObmÀ¶m nmVirVrb dmT> Am{U MH«$mH$ma nÕVrZo Vrd« doJmV dmhUmao dmao ¶m‘wio ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {OdrV Am{U {dÎmhmZr hmoVo. AmdVm©er g§~§{YV dmVmdaU pñWVr …- 1. AmdVm©Mm AJ«^mJ - ì¶mnmar dmè¶m§À¶m à^mdmImbr nyd}H$Sy>Z npíM‘oH$S>o dhZ H$arV AgVmZm, AmdVm©Mm AJ«^mJ gd©àW‘ {H$Zmar àXoemda nmohMVmo. AmdVm©Mm AJ«^mJ ‘w»¶V… ³¶wå¶wbmo{Zå~g Am{U {Zå~moñQ´>°Q>g àH$maÀ¶m ‘moR>çm AmH$mamÀ¶m T>Jm§Zr ~Zbobm AgVmo. AJ«^mJmÀ¶m AmJ‘Zm~amo~a AmH$memV H$mio T>J XmQy>Z ¶oVmV, Ñí¶Vm H$‘r hmoVo Am{U dmao Vrd« doJmZo dmhÿ bmJVmV. {dOm§Mm bIbImQ> hmoVmo d ‘wgiYma nmD$g nS>Vmo. AmdVm©À¶m AJ«^mJmV nmíd©^mJmnojm d¥ï>rMo à‘mU A{YH$ AgVo. ¶mdoir {H$ZmaràXoemda nyagÑe pñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 29  Geography – Ramesh Sir 2. AmdVm©Mm Mjw (Eye of the Cyclone) :- AJ«^mJ nwT>o OmD$Z AmdV© MjyMo AmJ‘Z Pmë¶mda dmam em§V hmoVmo, hdoMm Xm~ H$‘r hmoVmo, AmH$me {Za^« ~ZVo VgoM nmD$g Wm§~bobm AgVmo. MjyàXoemV ({H$ZmaràXoemda) Oar dmVmdaU em§V Agbo Var g‘wÐmda A{Ve¶ ^m¶ZH$ n[apñWVr AgVo. 3. AmdVm©Mm níM^mJ …- AmdV© Mjy nwT>o {ZKyZ Joë¶mZ§Va AmdVm©À¶m níM^mJmMo AmJ‘Z hmoVo Am{U AmdVm©À¶m AJ«^mJmÀ¶m doir AgUmar dmVmdaUr¶ n[apñWVr nwÝhm {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. AmH$memV T>J O‘m hmoD$ bmJVmV, dmao doJmZo dmhÿ bmJVmV Am{U ‘wgiYma nO©Ý¶d¥ï>r hmoVo. AmdVm©Mm nmíd©^mJ nwT>o {ZKyZ Joë¶mZ§Va dmam em§V hmoVmo Am{U AmH$me {Za^« hmoVo. CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdVmªMo dJuH$aU …- 1. CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ {djmo^ (Tropical Disturbances) :- XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo 5 A§§e Vo 30 A§e Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ g‘wÐmÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmda H$‘r Xm~mMo joÌ {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ˶m§ZmM nydu¶ bhar (easterly waves) Ago åhUVmV. ì¶mnmar dmè¶m§À¶m à^mdmImbr ho nyd}H$Sy>Z npíM‘oH$S>o dmhVmV. 2. CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ dm¶yJV© (Tropical Depression) :- ho H$‘r Xm~mMo H|$Ð AgyZ, ¶m H|$Ðm^modVr dmè¶m§Mr JVr Vmer 40 Vo 50 {H$.‘r. AgVo. ho dm¶wJV© ‘w»¶V… ITCZ À¶m gm{ÞܶmV {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ~§JmbÀ¶m CngmJamV Ago dm¶wJV© {Z‘m©U hmodyZ Vo npíM‘oH$S>o dmhV OmdyZ ^maVmÀ¶m A§VJ©V ^mJmn¶ªV nmohMVmV. 3. CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ dmXio (Tropical Stroms) :- AmdVm©À¶m ‘ܶ^mJr H$‘r Xm~mMo H|$Ð AgyZ ˶mÀ¶m g^modVr hdoMm Xm~ OmñV AgVmo. OmñV Xm~mÀ¶m joÌmH$Sy>Z H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m H|$ÐmH$S>o dmhVmZm dmè¶m§Mm doJ Vmer 40 Vo 120 {H$.‘r. AgVmo. 4. h[aHo$Ýg Am{U Q>m¶’y$Ýg - AQ>bm§{Q>H$ g‘wÐ, ‘op³gH$moMo AmImV Am{U H°$ao{~¶Z g‘wÐmV {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m dmXim§Zm h[aHo$Ýg Ago åhUVmV. n°{g{’$H$ g‘wÐmV {’${bnmB©Ýg ~oQ>g‘whm§À¶m g^modVmbr {Z‘m©U hmodyZ OnmZ d MrZH$S>o OmUmè¶m dmXim§Zm Q>m¶’y$Ýg Ago åhUVmV. CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ dmXim§Mr àmXo{eH$ Zmdo - h[aHo$Ýg - ¶y.Eg.E. - Q>m¶’y$Ýg - MrZ - {dbr {dbr - Am°ñQ´>o{b¶m - gm¶³bmoÝg - qhXr ‘hmgmJa Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 30  Geography – Ramesh Sir - ~°½¶yAmo - {’${bnmB©Ýg - Q>m¶’w$ - OnmZ Q>m°Z}S>mo - hr Zagmù¶mÀ¶m AmH$mamMr AmdV}, gdm©V bhmZ AmH$mamMr AgyZ gdm©{YH$ {dÜd§gH$ AgVmV. ¶m dmXim§Mo daMo Q>moH$ é§X AgyZ ³¶wå¶wbmo{Zå~g T>Jm§nmgyZ V¶ma Pmbobo AgVo Va ImbMo Q>moH$ EH$m Aé§X dm¶wñV§^mÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo O{‘Zrbm {MQ>H$bobo AgVo. g‘erVmoîU H${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdV} - hr AmdV} ‘w»¶V… 35 A§e Vo 60 A§e Ajd¥Îmm§À¶m Xaå¶mZ XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ¶m AmdVm©Mo ‘w»¶ joÌ npíM‘r dmè¶m§À¶m àXoemV Amho. - ¶m AmdVm©g ‘ܶAjd¥Îmr¶ AmdV© (Mid latitude cyclones), CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ A{V[aº$ AmdV© (extra- tropical cyclones), Va§J AmdV© (wave cyclones) qH$dm Ho$di dm¶wJV© (Depressions) Ago {d{dY Zmdm§Zr g§~moYbo OmVo. - ¶m AmdVm©À¶m {Z{‘©Vr‘ܶo {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m gr‘m (Fronts) {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. åhUOoM ¶m AmdVmªÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r XmoZ {déÕ JwUY‘mªÀ¶m dm¶wametMo EH$Ì ¶oUo A˶§V Amdí¶H$ AgVo. CXm. CîU, AmЩ d hbH$s dm¶wamer-npíM‘r dmao erV Am{U XmQ> dm¶wamer - Yw«dr¶ dmao g‘erVmoîU AmdVm©Mm N>oX - d¡{eîQ>ço - - g‘erVmoîU AmdV} {d{dY AmH$mam§Mr AgVmV. JmobmH$ma, AY©JmobmH$ma, b§~dVw©imH$ma, ìhr AmH$mamMo, B. ¶m gd© AmdVmª‘ܶo gm‘mݶ AgUmar pñWVr åhUOo H$‘r Xm~mMo H|$Ð Am{U ˶mÀ¶m g^modVr AgUmao Cƒ Xm~mMo joÌ hmo¶. - AmdVm©Mm AmH$ma d {dñVma - ¶m AmdVmªMm gamgar ì¶mg 1000 Vo 1200 {H$.‘r. BVH$m AgVmo Va ˶m§Mr C§Mr 10 Vo 12 {H$.‘r. AgVo. - {Xem - g‘erVmoîU àXoemV {Z‘m©U hmoUmar AmdV}, npíM‘r dmè¶m§À¶m à^mdmImbr npíM‘oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o dmhVmV. - dmè¶m§Mo ñdén - ¶m AmdVmª‘Yrb dmao CîUH${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdVm©‘Yrb dmè¶m§à‘mUo {dZmeH$mar ZgVmV. - AmdVm©Vrb dmè¶m§Mr {Xem CÎma JmobmYm©V KS>çmimÀ¶m H$mQ>çmÀ¶m CbQ> {XeoZo Va X{jU JmobmYm©V KS>çmimÀ¶m H$mQ>çmÀ¶m {XeoZo AgVo. - g^modVmbÀ¶m àXoemVyZ H|$Ð^mJmH$S>o dmhUmao dmao H|$Ðmn¶ªV nmohMy eH$V ZmhrV. ¶màH$mao H$‘r Xm~mMo H|$Ð H$m¶‘ {Od§V amIbo OmVo. g‘erVmoîU H${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdVm©er g§~§{YV dmVmdaU pñWVr …- g‘erVmoîU H${Q>~§Yr¶ AmdV} ‘w»¶V… Mma ^mJm§‘ܶo {d^m{OV H$aVm ¶oVmV. ¶m Mmahr ^mJm§‘ܶo dmVmdaU pñWVr {^Þ AgVo - CîUgr‘m, C~Xma hdoMm ^mJ, erV gr‘m d erV hdoMm ^mJ. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 31  Geography – Ramesh Sir 1. CîU gr‘m - ¶m gr‘oÀ¶m {R>H$mUr CîU dm¶wamer H«$‘e… nÕVrZo erV dm¶wamerÀ¶m da MT>V Agë¶mZo {d{eï> H«$‘mZo T>Jm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ¶m T>Jm§À¶m H«$‘dma {Z{‘©Vr‘wio XrK©H$min¶ªV MmbUmar gmYmaU d¥ï>r AmT>iVo. 2. C~Xma hdoMm ^mJ - CîUgr‘oMm ^mJ {ZKyZ Joë¶mZ§Va hm ^mJ ¶oVmo. AmH$me {Za^« Am{U ñdÀN> ~ZVo. ¶m pñWVr‘ܶo AMmZH$nUo Vmn‘mZmV dmT> hmoVo. nmD$g Wm§~bobm AgVmo. 3. erV gr‘m - Vmn‘mZmV AMmZH$nUo KQ> ¶oVo. ¶m gr‘oÀ¶m {R>H$mUr ³¶wå¶wbmo{Zå~g àH$maMo T>J {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ¶m T>Jm§nmgyZ {dOm§À¶m bIbImQ>mgh ‘wgiYma nmD$g nS>Vmo VgoM T>Jm§Mm JS>JS>mQ> AgVmo. ¶m gr‘oÀ¶m {R>H$mUr nS>Umam nmD$g AënH$mi nS>Vmo. 4. erV hdoMm ^mJ - ¶m pñWVr‘ܶo Vmn‘mZ H$‘r AgVo. AmH$me nwÝhm {Za^« Am{U ñdÀN> ~ZVo. dm¶wXm~ PnmQ>çmZo dmT>Vmo. ¶m pñW{VZ§Va AmdVm©Mm eodQ> hmodyZ nwÝhm AmdVm©nydu à‘mUo dmVmdaU pñWVr àñWm{nV hmoVo. OoQ> dmao (Jet Streams) - XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo Y«wdm§À¶m ^modVr Vrd« doJmZo, VmH$XdmZ dmè¶m§Mm àdmh npíM‘oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o dmhVmo. hm dmè¶mMm àdmh Vnm§~amÀ¶m daÀ¶m Wam‘ܶo Aé§X nQ²>Q>çmÀ¶m ñdénmV dmhV AgVmo. ¶m dmè¶m§ZmM OoQ> dmao Ago åhUVmV. - npíM‘r OoQ> dm趧mMm àdmh Y«wd Am{U 20 A§e Ajd¥Îm ¶m§À¶m Xaå¶mZ XmoÝhr JmobmYmª‘ܶo AmT>iVmo. - OoQ> dmao 7 {H$.‘r. Vo 14 {H$.‘r. C§§MrÀ¶m nQ²>Q>çmV dmhV AgVmV. - Xþgè¶m OmJ{VH$ ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m doir A‘o[aHo$Mr bT>mD$ OoQ> {d‘mZo OnmZÀ¶m {XeoZo CS>V OmV AgVmZm, ˶m§Zm {déÕ {XeoZo dmhV ¶oUmè¶m dmè¶m§Mm AS>Wim OmUdbm, Á¶m‘wio OoQ> {d‘mZm§À¶m doJmV ‘hÎdnyU© KQ> Pmbr. - OnmZdéZ naV A‘o[aHo$À¶m {XeoZo ¶oVmZm OoQ> {d‘mZm§À¶m doJ A{YH$M dmT>bm H$maU dmè¶m§À¶m doJmMm ˶m§Zm AmYma {‘imbm. ¶m KQ>ZoMm H$miOrnyd©H$ Aä¶mg Ho$ë¶mZ§Va Ago ܶmZmV Ambo H$s daÀ¶m dmVmdaUmV npíM‘oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o Vrd« doJmZo dmhUmam dmè¶m§Mm EH$ àdmh Amho Omo Vnm§~amÀ¶m daÀ¶m gr‘oOdi dmhVmo. d¡{eîQ>ço 1. OoQ> dmè¶m§Mr gamgar bm§~r hOmamo {H$.‘r. AgVo. é§Xr 200-300 {H$.‘r. AgVo Va C§Mr 2-4 {H$.‘r. AgVo. 2. ¶m dmè¶m§À¶m dhZmMm àdmh ZmJ‘moS>r diUm§À¶m ñdénmV AmT>iVmo, Aem ZmJ‘moS>r OoQ> dmè¶m§ZmM “am°ñ~r Va§J” (Rossby Waves) Ago åhUVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 32  Geography – Ramesh Sir ‘mÝgyZ (Monsoon) ^yn¥ð>mda dmhUmao dmao F$Vw‘mZmZwgma Amnbr àdmhmMr {Xem ~XbVmV ¶mbmM ‘mÝgyZ Ago åhUVmV. F$Vw‘mZmZwgma Amnë¶m àdmhmMr {Xem ~XbUmè¶m dmè¶m§Zm ‘mog‘r dmao åhUVmV. ho dmao F$Vw‘mZmVrb ~XbmZwgma dfm©Vrb XmoZ doim Amnbr {Xem ~XbVmV. ‘mÝgyZ eãXmMr CËnÎmr Aao{~H$ eãX “‘m¡{g‘” (Mausim) qH$dm ‘bm¶Z eãX “‘m°pÝgZ” (Monsin) ¶m§À¶mnmgyZ Pmbobr Amho. ¶m eãXm§Mm AW© “F$Vw” (season) Agm hmoVmo. F$Vy åhUOo Agm dmVmdaUr¶ àdmh Omo Xa ghm ‘{hݶm§Zr Amnbr àdmhmMr {Xem nyU©nUo CbQ>{XeoZo ~XbVmo. ^maVr¶ CnI§S>mda {hdmù¶mVrb ghm ‘{hZo dmao B©emݶoH$Sy>Z Z¡F$˶oH$S>o dmhVmV Va CÝhmù¶mVrb ghm ‘{hZo dmao Z¡F$˶oH$Sy>Z B©emݶoH$S>o dmhVmV. ‘mÝgyZÀ¶m {Z{‘©Vrer g§~§{YV g§H$ënZm …- 1. Am¡pîUH$ {gÕm§V (Thermal Concept) :- hm {gÕm§V gd©àW‘ h°bo (Halley) ¶m ^yJmob VÁkmZo 1686 gmbr ‘m§S>mb. ¶m {gÕm§VmZwgma ‘mÝgyZMr {Z{‘©Vr nwT>rb XmoZ KQ>H$m§‘i w o hmoVo. A. n¥ÏdrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmMo {df‘m§Jr (heterogeneous) ñdén (O‘rZ d nmʶmMo Ag‘mZ {dVaU). ~. I§S>r¶ àXoe Am{U gmJar àXoe ¶m§À¶m VmnʶmMm Am{U W§S> hmoʶmMm {d{^Þ Xa CÎma JmobmYm©V {hdmim AgVmZm, Ooìhm gy¶© ‘H$ad¥Îmmda b§~én AgVmo Voìhm Am{e¶m I§S>mda Cƒ Xm~mMo joÌ AgVo. ¶m n[apñWVrV ~¡H$b Vbmd Am{U noemda ¶m XmoZ {R>H$mUr Cƒ Xm~mMo joÌ {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ¶mCbQ> X{jU JmobmYm©V CÝhmim Agë¶mZo X{jU qhXr ‘hmgmJamda H$‘r Xm~mMo H|$Ð {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ dmao Cƒ Xm~mH$Sy>Z H$‘r Xm~mH$S>o dmhÿ bmJVmV. ¶m dmè¶m§ZmM B©emݶ ì¶mnmar dmao Ago åhUVmV. O{‘ZrdéZ g‘wÐmÀ¶m {XeoZo dmhV Agë¶mZo ho dmao H$moaS>o AgVmV. CÎma JmobmYm©V gy¶© Ooìhm H$H©$d¥Îmmda b§~én AgVmo åhUOoM CÎma JmobmYm©V CÝhmim AgVmZm Am{e¶m I§S>mda H$‘r Xm~mMo joÌ {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ~¡H$b Vbmd Am{U ‘wbVmZ ¶m XmoZ àXoem§À¶m Amgnmg ‘w»¶V… H$‘r Xm~mMo H|$Ð {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ¶mCbQ> ¶mMdoir X{jU JmobmYm©V {hdmim Agë¶mZo qhXr ‘hmgmJamda ‘mÌ OmñV Xm~mMo joÌ {Z‘m©U Pmbobo AgVo. ¶mÀ¶m n[aUm‘ñdén Cƒ Xm~mH$Sy>Z H$‘r Xm~mH$S>o dmao dmhÿ bmJVmV. X{jU qhXr ‘hmgmJamH$Sy>Z Am¾o¶ ì¶mnmar dmao dmhV {dfwdd¥ËÎmmn¶ªV nmohMVmV. {dfwdd¥Îm Amobm§ Sy>Z ho ì¶mnmar dmao CÎma JmobmYm©V nmohMVmV. {dfwdd¥Îm Amobm§Sy>Z CÎma JmobmYm©V Amë¶mZ§Va ho dmao H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘m‘wio COdrH$S>o diVmV Am{U Z¡F$˶oH$Sy>Z B©emݶoH$S>o dmhÿ bmJVmV. ¶m dmè¶m§ZmM Z¡F$˶ ‘mÝgyZ dmao Ago åhUVmV. ¶m dmè¶m§nmgyZ ^maVr¶ CnI§S>mda nmD$g nS>Vmo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 33  Geography – Ramesh Sir 2. dm¶yXm~ pñW˶§Va {gÕm§V/Dynamic concept …- hm {gÕm§V âbm°Z (Flohn) ¶m ^yJmobVÁkmZo ‘m§S>mb. ˶mÀ¶m ‘Vmà‘mUo ‘mÝgyZMr {Z{‘©Vr dm¶yXm~nQ²>Q>çm§À¶m Am{U dm¶ynQ²>Q>çm§À¶m ñWbm§Vam‘wio hmoVo. CÎma JmobmYm©Vrb B©emݶ ì¶mnmar dmao Am{U X{jU JmbmYm©Vrb Am¾o¶ ì¶mnmar dmao ¶m§À¶m EH$Ì ¶oʶm‘wio ITCZ ¶m nQ²>Q>çmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. ITCZ À¶m CÎma Am{U X{jU gr‘m§Zm AZwH«$‘o NITC Am{U SITC Ago åhUVmV. ¶m nQ²>Q>çm‘ܶo {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ npíM‘r dmao dmhVmV. CÝhmù¶mVrb A¶Z{XZmÀ¶m doir (21 OyZ) gy¶© H$H©$d¥Îmmda b§~ê$n AgVmo. ¶m pñWVr‘ܶo NITC 300 Ajd¥Îmmn¶ªV ngabobo AgVo Am{U X{jU VgoM Am¾o¶ Am{e¶m ITCZ À¶m joÌm‘ܶo ¶oVmV. {dfwdd¥Îmr¶ npíM‘r dmao ¶m àXoemda àñWm{nV hmoVmV Am{U Z¡F$˶ ‘mÝgyZ dmao åhUyZ dmhÿ bmJVmV. CÎma JmobmYm©Vrb {hdmù¶mÀ¶m doir ITCZ X{jUoH$S>o gaH$bobm AgVmo. ¶mdoir Am¾o¶ Am{e¶m Am{U X{jU Am{e¶m àXoemda B©emݶ ì¶mnmar dmao dmhÿ bmJVmV. ¶mà‘mUo CÎma JmobmYm©Vrb CÝhmù¶mÀ¶m doir Z¡F$˶ ‘mÝgyZ dmao dmhVmV. ¶m dmè¶m§nmgyZM ^maVr¶ CnI§S>mda nO¥Ý¶d¥ï>r hmoVo. ¶mCbQ> CÎma JmobmYm©Vrb {hdmù¶mÀ¶m doir ^maVr¶ CnI§S>mda B©emݶ ì¶mnmar dmao dmhVmV. ho dmao V{‘iZmSy> {H$Zmè¶mda (H$moamo‘§S>b {H$Zmè¶mda) nO©Ý¶d¥ï>r XoVmV. ‘mÝgyZMr gwédmV …- 1. {h‘mb¶ Am{U {V~oQ>À¶m nR>mamMr ^y{‘H$m- {V~oQ>Mo nR>ma ho C§Mrdarb CîUVoÀ¶m òmoVmà‘mUo Am{U {h‘mb¶ nd©V ^m¡{VH$ AS>Wù¶mà‘mUo H$m‘ H$aVo. 2. XmoÝhr Y«wdm§^mdVr Vnm§~amÀ¶m daÀ¶m ñVamda OoQ> dmè¶m§Mr CnpñWVr. 3. Am{e¶m I§S> Am{U qhXr ‘hmgmJa joÌmV I§S>r¶ àXoe Am{U gmJar àXoe ¶m§À¶m VmnʶmMm d W§S> hmoʶmMm {^Þ {^ÝZ Xa. da rb KQ>H$m§Mm EH${ÌVnUo n[aUm‘ ‘mÝgyZÀ¶m CËnÎmr Am{U àJVrda hmoVmo. OoQ> dmè¶m§Mm ‘mÝgyZda à^md …- CÎma JmobmYm©Vrb {hdmù¶m‘ܶo OoQ> dmè¶m§Mr X{jU emIm {h‘mb¶mÀ¶m X{jUodéZ dmhV AgVo. ¶m‘wio ^maVr¶ CnI§S>mda Cƒ Xm~pñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo. Omon¶ªV hr X{jU emIm ApñVËdmV AgVo Vmon¶ªV ‘mÝgyZbm gwédmV hmoV Zmhr. CÎma JmobmYm©Vrb CÝhmù¶mÀ¶m doir dm¶yXm~ nÅ>o CÎmaoH$S>o gaH$VmV. ¶mM~amo~a OoQ> dmè¶m§Mm àdmh XoIrb CÎmaoH$S>o gaH$Vmo. ¶m n[apñWVrV OoQ> dmè¶m§Mr X{jU emIm AÑí¶ hmoVo. gmYmaUnUo OyZ ‘{hݶmÀ¶m ‘ܶmV hr n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ¶m n[apñWVr‘ܶo X{jU JmobmYm©Vrb ì¶mnmar dmao ^maVr¶ CnI§S>mÀ¶m {XeoZo dmhÿ bmJVmV. {dfwdd¥Îm Amobm§S>ë¶mda H$mo[aAm°{bg n[aUm‘m‘wio ho ì¶mnmar dmao ñdV…À¶m COdrH$S>o diyZ Z¡F$˶ ‘mÝgyZ dmè¶m§À¶m ñdénmV X{jU Am{e¶mda dmhVmV. *** Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 34  Geography – Ramesh Sir 2. gm¡a ‘§S>b/Solar System ho {díd AZ§V d AWm§J Amho. {dídmV AZoH$ AmH$meJ§Jm (Galaxy) AmhoV. ¶mn¡H$s n¥Ïdr ‘{‘ëH$s do’ ¶m AmH$meJ§JoMm (Milky Way Galaxy) ^mJ Amho. ¶m AmH$meJ§JoMm EH$ N>moQ>mgm ^mJ åhUOo Amnbr gy¶©‘mbm hmo¶. n¥Ïdr ¶m gy¶©‘mboVrb AZoH$ J«hm§n¡H$s EH$ J«h Amho. gy¶© ¶m gy¶©‘mboÀ¶m H|$Ðr¶ ñWmZmda AgyZ ˶mÀ¶m Jwê$ËdmH$f©U e³Vr‘wioM gd© J«h Vmao, ¶m gy¶©‘mboV EH${ÌV ~m§Ybobo amhVmV. gy¶© A{VVá dm¶y§Mm ~Zbobm Jmoim Amho. n¥ÏdrnmgyZ gy¶m©Mo A§Va gmYmaUnUo 150 Xebj {H$.‘r. BVHo$ Amho. gy¶©, M§Ð Am{U AdH$memV M‘H$Umè¶m gd© JmobH$m§Zm IJmobr¶ qnS> ( Celestial Bodies) Ago åhUVmV. H$mhr IJmobr¶ qnS> ‘moR>o Am{U CîU AgVmV. Vo dm¶y§Mo ~Zbobo AgVmV. ˶m§Zm ñdV…Mr CîUVm Am{U àH$me AgVmo. Aem {n§S>m§Zm Vmao åhQ>bo OmVo. gy¶© hm EH$ Vmam Amho. BVa Vmao ho gy¶m©à‘mUoM M‘H$VmV, na§Vw Vo Amnë¶mnmgyZ IynM bm§~ Agë¶mZo Amnë¶mbm ˶m§Mr CîUVm OmUdV Zmhr. Vmè¶m§‘wio AmH$memV {XgUmè¶m {d{dY AmH¥$VtZm ZjÌ ( Constellations) Ago åhUVmV. gßVfu hm gdm©{YH$ àM{bV ZjÌ Amho. gáfu ‘Cgm© ‘oOa’ ZjÌ (Ursa Major Constellation) Mm ^mJ Amho. ˶mbmM {~J {~Aa (Big Bear) ZjÌ Agohr åhUVmV. gßVfu‘Yrb Y«wd Vmè¶mMm Cn¶moJ àmMrZ H$mir bmoH$ {XemXe©H$ åhUyZ H$aV. Y«wd Vmam CÎma {Xem Xe©{dVmo. H$mhr IJmobr¶ qnS>m§Zm ñdV…Mm àH$me ZgVmo. ˶m§Zm BVa Vmè¶m§nmgyZ àH$me {‘iVmo. Aem IJmobr¶ qnS>m§Zm J«h (Planet) Ago åhUVmV. ßb°ZoQ> ¶m eãXmMm CJ‘ ßb°ZoQ>mB© (Planetai) ¶m J«rH$ eãXmnmgyZ Pmbobm Amho. ßb°ZoQ>mB© eãXmMm AW© ^Q>Ho$ Agm hmoVmo. Amnë¶m gm¡a‘mboVrb gd© J«hm§Zm gy¶m©nmgyZ CîUVm Am{U àH$me {‘iVmo. gm¡a‘mboV EHy$U AmR> J«h AmhoV. ¶mn¡H$s AZoH$ J«hm§Zm ˶m§Mo CnJ«h XoIrb AmhoV. M§Ð hm n¥ÏdrMm CnJ«h Amho. ‘hÎdmMo Jwê$ (Jupiter), e{Z (Saturn) d ¶waoZg ¶m J«hm§À¶m ^modVr JmobmH$ma nÅ>o/{a§J AmhoV. ho nÅ>o bhmZ CëH$m§Mo (Debris) ~Zbobo AmhoV. IJmobr¶ Xþ{~©UrZo AmnU n¥Ïdrdê$Zhr Vo nmhÿ eH$Vmo. gm¡a‘§S>b/gy¶©‘mbm (The Solar System) - gy¶©, AmR> J«h, CnJ«h, bKwJ«h (Asteroids) d CëH$mqnS> (Meteroid) Aem IJmobr¶ qnS>m§Zr {‘iyZ Amnbr gy¶©‘mbm ~Zbr Amho. - gy¶© - gy¶© Amnë¶m gm¡a‘mboMm H|$Ð AgyZ A{VVá Aem dm¶y§Mm ~Zbobm Amho. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 35  Geography – Ramesh Sir Do you know? amo‘Z {‘϶ H$Wm§‘ܶo gmob (Sol) hm gy¶©XodVm Amho. gmoba åhUOo gy¶m©er g§~§{YV hmo¶. ¶m‘wio gy¶©, ˶mMo J«h, CnJ«h B˶mXtZm gy¶©‘mbm (Solar System) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. IJmobr¶ qnS> Am{U ˶mÀ¶m hmbMmbtMo {ZarjU H$aUmè¶m Aä¶mgH$m§Zm IJmobemñÌk (Astronomer) Ago åhUVmV. Am¶©^Å>> ho àmMrZ ^maVmVrb à{gX²Y IJmobemñÌk hmoVo. ˶m§Zr Agm {gÕm§V ‘m§S>bm hmoVm H$s gd© J«h Am{U M§Ð ho gy¶©àH$mem‘wio àH$m{eV hmoVmV. J«h AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgVmV d bwH$bwH$V ZmhrV. J«hm§Zm ñdV…Mr CîUVm d àH$me ZgVmo. Vmè`m§nmgyZ {_iUmè`m D$O}_wio J«h àH$m{eV AgVmV. Amnë¶m gy¶©‘mboV EHy$U AmR> J«h AmhoV. gy¶m©nmgyZ A§VamZwgma ¶m J«hm§Mm H«$‘ - ~wY (Mercury), ewH«$ (Venus), n¥Ïdr (Earth), ‘§Ji (Mars), Jwê$ (Jupiter), e{Z (Saturn), ¶waoZg (Uranus), ZonÀ¶yZ (Neptune). (My Very Efficient Mother Just Served Us Nuts). ho gd© J«h EH$m {d{eï> ‘mJm©Zo gVV gy¶m©bm àX{jUm KmbV AgVmV. ¶m ‘mJm©bm H$jm ( Orbit) Ago åhUVmV. `m H$jm A§S>JmobmH$ma AgVmV. ~wY J«hmbm gy¶m©Mr EH$ àX{jUm nyU© H$aʶmgmR>r ’$³V 88 {Xdg bmJVmV. Va n¥Ïdrbm 365 {Xdg bmJVmV. ewH«$ hm J«h n¥ÏdrMm Owim^mD$ ‘mZbm OmVmo. H$maU ˶mMm AmH$ma n¥ÏdrgmaImM Amho. 2006 gmbn¶ªV ßbwQ>mobmhr J«h ‘mZbo OmV Ago. _mÌ Am§Vaamï´>r¶ IJmobemñÌr¶ g§KmZo (International Astronomical Union) J«hm§Mr ZdrZ ì¶m»¶m ‘mݶ Ho$ë¶mZo ßbwQ>mobm ˶mVyZ dJiʶmV Ambo. ßbwQ>mobm AmVm ~Qw>J«h (Dwarf Planet) ‘mZbo OmVo. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 36  Geography – Ramesh Sir gy`©_mboVrb J«h d Ë`m§Mr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr परिवलन (दिवस) परिभ्रमण (दिवस) सर्ू यापयसनू चे अंति उपग्रहे क्र. ग्रह स्वरुप Rotation Time Revolution Time (िशलक्ष दि.मी.) (Satellites) (Days) (Days) 1. बधु अंतर्ग्रह 59 88 58 2. शक्र ु अंतर्ग्रह 243 225 108 3. पृथ्वी अंतर्ग्रह 1 365 1 150 4. मंगळ अंतर्ग्रह 1 687 2 228 5. 11 वर्र 11 महहने 778 गरुु बाह्यर्ग्ह 9 तास 56 मी. 95 (4333 हिवस) 6. 29 वर्र 5 महहने 1430 शनी बाह्यर्ग्ह 10 तास 34 मी. 146 (10,759 हिवस) 7. 84 वर्र 2870 यरु े नस बाह्यर्ग्ह 17 तास 14 मी. 28 (30,687 हिवस) 8. 165 वर्र 4500 नेपच्यनू बाह्यर्ग्ह 16 तास 7 मी. 16 (60,190 हिवस) A§VJ«©h ho IS>H$mi ñdénmMo AmhoV. ~{hJ«©hm§n¡H$s Jwé d eZr ho dm`y§Mo Jmoio AgyZ `waoZg d ZonÀ`yZ ho ~\$m©Mo Jmoio AmhoV. _§JimMo XmoZ M§Ð - Phobos (\$mo~mog) d Deimos (S>o_mog). Jwé J«hmMo Mma _moR>o /_hÎdmMo M§Ð - Ganymade (J°Zr_oS)>, Callisto (H°$brñQ>mo), Lo (bmo) d Europa (`wamonm) eZr J«hmMm gdm©V _moR>m CnJ«h - Titan (Q>m`Q>Z) `waoZg J«hmMm _hÎdmMm CnJ«h - Miranda ({_am§S>m) gy`©_mboVrb Ho$di ewH«$ d `waoZg `m XmoZM J«hm§Mr ñdV…^modVr {\$aÊ`mMr {Xem nyd}H$Sy>Z npíM_oH$S>o Amho. BVa gd© J«h _mÌ npíM_oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o {\$aVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 37  Geography – Ramesh Sir gy`©_mboVrb gdm©V _moR>o J«h …- 1. Jwé 2. e{Z 3. `waoZg 4. ZonÀ`yZ 5. n¥Ïdr gy`©_mboVrb gdm©V bhmZ J«h …- 1. ~wY 2. _§Ji 3. ewH«$ 4.n¥Ïdr n¥Ïdr …- gy`m©nmgyZ {Vgè`m H«$_m§H$mMm J«h. AmH$mamZwgma nmMì`m H«$_m§H$mMm gdm©V _moR>m J«h. gy`m©nmgyZ gamgar A§Va 150 Xebj {H$._r. {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ`m {R>H$mUr \w$Jra d Y«wdm§À`m {R>H$mUr MnQ>m AmH$ma. bKwJ«h AdH$memV Vmao, J«h, CnJ«h ¶m{edm¶ AZoH$ bhmZ-bhmZ IJmobr¶ qnS> AgVmV. Vo gy¶m©^modVr ^«‘U AgVmV. ˶m§Zm bKwJ«h (Asteroids) Ago åhUVmV. AZoH$ dfmªnydu J«hmÀ¶m ñ’$moQ>mVyZ ¶m bKwJ«hm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Pmbr Ago ‘mZbo OmVo. ‘§Ji Am{U Jwê$ J«hmÀ¶m Xaå¶mZ Ago AZoH$ bKwJ«h AmhoV. bKwJ«hm§À¶m ¶m nQ²>Q>çmbm bKwJ«h nÅ>m (Asteriod Belt) Ago åhUVmV. bKwJ«h nÅ>çmÀ`m AmVrb J«hm§Zm A§VJ«©h (Inner Planets) Va ~mhoarb J«hm§Zm ~møJ«h (Outer Planets) Ago åhUVmV. VgoM ZonÀ¶yZÀ¶m nbrH$S>o AgUmè¶m nQ²>Q>çmbm ³¶wna nÅ>m (Kuiper Belt) Ago åhUVmV. CëH$mqnS> AdH$memV ‘w³V[a˶m ^«‘U H$aUmao IS>H$ åhUOo CëH$mqnS> hmo¶. H$mhr doim ho CëH$m n¥ÏdrÀ¶m H$joV àdoe H$aVmV. n¥ÏdrÀ`m dmVmdaUmV àdoe H$aVmZm Vo H$mhr doim nyU©nUo OiyZ OmVmV. n¥Ïdrda CëH$mqnS> nS>ʶmÀ¶m ¶m à{H«$¶obm CëH$mnmV Ago åhUVmV. H$Yr H$Yr ¶m CëH$m nyU©nUo Z OiVm n¥Ïdrda nS>VmV. ˶m§Zm AmeZr Ago åhUVmV. ‘hmamï´>mVrb ~wbT>mUm {OëømVrb bmoUma gamoda CëH$mnmVm‘wio V¶ma Pmbobo Amho Ago _mZbo OmVo. Xr{K©H$m (Galaxy) Xr{K©H$m åhUOo AZ§V Vmao, Yyi, dmam, J«h Am{U CnJ«hm§Mm EH$ g§M hmo¶. Amnbr gy¶©‘mbm AmH$meJ§Jm (Milkyway) ¶m Xr{K©Ho$V Amho. ¶m Xr{K©Ho$Vrb H$moQ>çdYr Vmè¶m§n¡H$s EH$ Vmam åhUOo gy¶© hmo¶. A°ÝS´>mo‘oS>m hr Amnë`m AmH$meJ§JoOdiMr Xþgar Xr{K©H$m Amho. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 38  Geography – Ramesh Sir DO you know? Zrb Am‘©ñQ´>m±J M§Ðmda nmD$b R>odUmam n{hbm ‘mZd hmoVm. ˶mZo 21 Owb¡, 1969 amoOr M§Ðmda n{hbo nmD$b R>odbo hmoVo. A‘o[aHo$À¶m (U.S.A.) ¶m Mm§Ð ‘mo{h‘oMo Zmd Anmobmo {‘eZ Ago hmoVo. CnJ«h (Satellite) åhUOo Ago IJmobr¶ dñVy/qnS> Oo J«hm§À¶m g^modVmbr {’$aVmV. Á¶m àH$mao Z¡g{J©H$ CnJ«h AgVmV ˶mM àH$mao ‘mZd[Z{‘©V CnJ«h XoIrb AgVmV. ¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ ‘m{hVr d XiUdiUmH$[aVm hmoVmo. ‘mZd{Z{‘©V CnJ«h am°Ho$Q>À¶m ghmæ¶mZo A§VamimV nmR>dbo OmVmV. ^maVmZo nmR>{dbobo H$mhr CnJ«h - INSAT, IRS, EDUSAT, etc. M§Ð …- n¥ÏdrMm EH$_od Z¡g{J©H$ CnJ«h. n¥ÏdrnmgyZ A§Va - 3,84,400 {H$._r. M§ÐmMm ì`mg n¥ÏdrÀ`m ì`mgmÀ`m EH$ MVwWmªe BVH$m Amho. M§Ðmbm ñdV…^modVr VgoM n¥Ïdr^modVr XoIrb EH$ àX{jUm nyU© H$aÊ`mg 27 {Xdgm§Mm H$mbmdYr bmJVmo. `mMm n{aUm_ åhUyZ n¥ÏdrdéZ Amnë`mbm M§ÐmMr Ho$di EH$M ~mOy {XgVo. *** Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 39  Geography – Ramesh Sir 3. ^maVmMm ^yJmob ñWmZ - nyU©nUo CÎma JmobmYm©V pñWV. {dñVma - 804` CÎma Vo 3706` CÎma Ajm§e - 6807` nyd© Vo 97025` nyd© aoIm§e joÌ’$i - 32,87,263 Mm¡.{H$.‘r. - OJmVrb EHy$U I§S>r¶ n¥ð>^mJmÀ¶m 2.4% joÌ ^maVmZo ì¶mnbobo Amho. - joÌ’$imZwgma ^maV OJmVrb gmVì¶m H«$‘m§H$mMm Xoe Amho. eoOmar Xoe - ^maVmÀ¶m ^ygr‘m gmV Xoem§Zm {^S>VmV - nm{H$ñVmZ, A’$Jm{UñVmZ, MrZ, Zonmi, ^yQ>mZ, ~m§½bmXoe d å¶mZ‘ma. lrb§H$m d ‘mbXrd ho XoIrb ^maVmMo eoOmar Xoe AmhoV. lrb§H$m Xoe nmëH$Mr gm‘wÐYwZr Am{U ‘ÞmaMo AmImV ¶m§À¶mÛmao ^maVmnmgyZ {dbJ Pmbobm Amho. - ^maV^y‘r nwT>rb nmM {d^mJm§‘ܶo {d^m{OV H$aVm ¶oVo. - CÎma d B©emݶoH$S>rb nd©Vr¶ àXoe - CÎma ^maVr¶ ‘¡XmZr àXoe - ÛrnH$ënr¶ nR>ma/^maVr¶ nR>ma - {H$Zmar ‘¡XmZo - ^maVr¶ ~oQ>g‘yh - CÎma-X{jU bm§~r - 3214 {H$.‘r. nyd©-npíM‘ bm§~r - 2933 {H$.‘r. - ^ygr‘m - 15,200 {H$.‘r. gmJar {H$Zmam - 7517 {H$.‘r. 1. CÎma d B©emݶoH$S>rb nd©V àXoe - - ¶m nd©Vam§Jm§Zm {h‘mb¶ nd©Vam§Jm Ago åhUVmV. {h‘mb¶ nd©Vam§Jm ¶m VrZ à‘wI g‘m§Va nd©Vam§Jm§nmgyZ ~Zboë¶m AmhoV. - {h‘mb¶ nd©VmMm {dñVma npíM‘og “Z§Jmn~©V” nmgyZ nyd}g “Zm‘Mm ~ê$Am” n¶©V Amho. - {h‘mb¶mMr bm§~r 2400 {H$.‘r. AgyZ é§Xr Odinmg 240-320 {H$.‘r. Amho. - ‘mD§$Q> EìhaoñQ> ho OJmVrb gdm©V C§M {eIa {h‘mb¶m‘ܶoM AgyZ, Vo Zonmi‘ܶo pñWV Amho. - Jm°S>{dZ Am°pñQ>Z (K2) - ho ^maVmVrb gdm©V C§M {eIa AgyZ Vo H$pí‘a {h‘mb¶‘ܶo ¶oVo. ho OJmVrb Xþgè¶m H«$‘m§H$mMo gdm}ƒ {eIa Amho. - {h‘mb¶ nd©Vam§Jo‘ܶo nwT>rb VrZ g‘m§Va nd©Vam§Jm ¶oVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 40  Geography – Ramesh Sir A) ~¥hX² {h‘mb¶/{h‘mÐr/A§V{h©‘mb¶ - - {h‘mb¶ nd©VmVrb gdm©V C§M am§J AgyZ Odinmg gd© ‘w»¶ {eIao ¶m am§JoV AmT>iVmV. - gmYmaU C§Mr - 6000-6500 ‘rQ>a - ¶m nd©Vam§Jog XodVm§Mo {ZdmgñWmZ Ago åhUVmV. - é§Xr - gmYmaU 25 {H$.‘r. B) {h‘mMb {h‘mb¶/‘ܶ {h‘mb¶ - - gmYmaU C§Mr - 1500-4500 ‘rQ>a - é§Xr - gmYmaUnUo - 80 {H$.‘r. - ¶m am§Jog H$pí‘a‘ܶo nranm§Omb Va {h‘mMb àXoe‘ܶo Ym¡bmYa Ago åhUVmV. - à{gÕ ñWmZo - {e‘bm, ‘gwar, Xm{O©qbJ, Z¡{ZVmb, B. - à{gÕ Imoao - H$mpí‘a, H$m§J«m, Hw$by, B. C) {edm{bH$/~mø {h‘mb¶ - - gmYmaU C§Mr - 900-1100 ‘rQ>a - é§Xr - npíM‘oH$S>o - 45 {H$.‘r. nyd}H$S>o - Odinmg 8 {H$.‘r. - {edm{bH$ Am{U {h‘mMb nd©Vam§Jm§À¶m ‘ܶo H$mhr bm§~ AmH$mamÀ¶m Xè¶m AmhoV. ˶m§Zm “Sy>Z” Ago åhUVmV. CXm. XohamSy>Z, H$moQ>brSy>Z, nmQ>brSy>Z, B. {h‘mb¶ nd©VmMo àmXo{eH$ {d^mJ A) H$mpí‘a {h‘mb¶ - - qgYw d gVbO ZÚm§À¶m Xaå¶mZMm àXoe - hm àXoe ‘w»¶V… Oå‘w-H$mpí‘a d bXmI `m H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§_Ü`o ¶oVmo. - ¶m àXoemVrb nd©Vam§Jm§Mm H«$‘ CÎmaoH$Sy>Z X{jUoH$S>o nwT>rbà‘mUo Amho - H$maH$moa‘ bXmI PmñH$a nranm§Omb - ¶m àXoem‘ܶo “H$maodm” hr JmimMr ‘¥Xm AmT>iVo. hr ‘¥Xm g’$aM§X, H$mpí‘ar Ho$ea (Om\$amZ), AIamoS>, B. {nH$m§À¶m CËnmXZmgmR>r à{gÕ Amho. B) Hw$‘mD±§$ {h‘mb¶ - - gVbO d H$mbr ZÚm§À¶m Xaå¶mZMm àXoe - hm àXoe ‘w»¶V… CÎmamI§S> amÁ¶mV ¶oVmo. - Z§XmXodr, ~{ÐZmW d Ho$XmaZmW hr à{gÕ ñWmZo ¶m àXoemV ¶oVmV. Yashashrii Academy, Pune, 90282 73501 41  Geography – Ramesh Sir C) ‘ܶ {h‘mb¶ - - H$mbr d {VñVm ZÚm§À¶m Xaå¶mZMm àXoe - hm àXoe ‘w»¶V… Zonmi‘ܶo ¶oVmo. - OJmVrb gdm©V C§M {eIa ‘mD§$Q> EìhaoñQ> ¶m àXoem‘ܶo Amho. D) AéUmMb {h‘mb¶/Amgm_ {h_mb` - - {VñVm d ~«÷nwÌm ZÚm§À¶m Xaå¶mZMm àXoe - hm àXoe AéUmMb àXoe d Amgm_ amÁ`m§_Ü`o amÁ¶mV ¶oVmo. - npíM‘oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o Q>oH$S>çm§Mm H«$‘ Xm’$bm {‘ar A^moa {?