Quick Points PDF

PUNITHA RAJA G Quick Points 1. Globe and the Rose theatres associated with William Shakespeare. 2. In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Shakespeare writes the following lines: Brutus: Peace! Count the clock. Cassius: The clock has stricken three (Act II, scene I, lines 193-94). 3. Nietzsche said, "Talent is an adornment; an adornment is also a concealment." 4. Ann Landers once claimed, "The poor wish to be rich, the rich wish to be happy, the single wish to be married, and the married wish to be dead." 5. Samuel Johnson writes,"Labour and care are rewarded with success, success produces confidence, confidence relaxes industry, and negligence ruins the reputation which diligence had raised" (Rambler No. 21). 6. The character of Yoda states in Star Wars, Episode I: "Fear leads to anger; anger leads to hatred; hatred leads to conflict; conflict leads to suffering." 7. Beowulf, in which a hero with the strength of thirty men wrestles with the monster Grendel. 8. In medias res (Latin for “in the midst of things”) means Opening of the plot in the middle of the action. 9. Tetrameter – a verse in a poem consisting of four metric feet. 10. Tercet – a grouping of three consecutive lines of poetry that may or may not rhyme. 11. Trimeter –a line of a poem that contains three metric feet. 12. The autobiography of Mohandas K. Gandhi, My Experiments with Truth, originally written in Gujarati between 1927 and 1929, is now considered a classic. 13. Poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley, whose elegy on the death of John Keats (Adonais, 1821) contains a prophetic vision of his own death. 14. Benjamin Kurtz’s The Pursuit of Death (1930) is on Shelley. 15. “The Owl and the Nightingale” (c. 1220), in which two birds, the symbols of love and religion, debate their respective values. 16. David Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779) 17. John Donne compared two separated lovers to the twin legs of a compass in his poem “The Anniversary.” 18. Plato called Archilochus “the prince of Sages”. 19. George Eliot’s pen name is Mary Ann Evans. Her famous debut novel is Adam Bede. 20. A Doll’s House is a three act play in prose by Henrik Ibsen. 21. A House’s Tale is a novel by Mark Twain. His pen name is Samuel Clemens. 22. A Marriage Proposal is a one-act play (Farce) by Anton Chekhov written in 1888- 1889 and first performed in 1890. Natalia, Stepan Stepanovitch Chubokov, Ivan are the characters in this play. 23. A Tale of a Tub is a satire by Jonathan Swift. It is a prose parody which divided into sections of “Digression” and “A Tale” of three brothers Peter, Martin and Jack. 24. Aeschylus is often described as “the father of tragedy”. 25. Alexander Pope translated Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. Pope is the third most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, after Shakespeare and Tennyson. The Rape of the Lock is dedicated to his friend John Caryll. Pope also contributed to Addison’s play Cato. The Rape of the Lock was published in 1712; with a revised version published in 1714. It is a mock epic which satirizes high society quarrel between Arabella Fermor (Belinda) and Lord Petre. Belinda is Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 2 Quick Points compared to the Sun in the poem. “An Essay on Criticism” (1711) and “Windsor Forest” (1713) are also his works. 26. Arms and the Man is a comedy by George Bernard Shaw. The title was borrowed from Virgil’s Aeneid in Latin ( Arms and the man I Sing). Raina is a character in the play. Shaw’s other works are Candida, You Never Can Tell, The Man of Destiny. 27. Between the Acts is the final novel by Virginia Woolf published in 1941 shortly after her suicide. 28. George Bernard Shaw’s Candida set in the month of October. 29. Confidence is a novel by Henry James in 1879. 30. Death in Venice (1912) is a novella by German author Thomas Mann. 31. Dream of Four to Middling Women is Samuel Beckett’s first novel. It is an autobiographical novel. The main character Belacqua is a writer and teacher in the novel. 32. Edgar Allan Poe began his own journal “The Penn”. ( Later it was renamed as “The Stylus”) 33. Thomas Hardy first employed the term “Wessex” in Far from the Madding Crowd. 34. Franklin Evans or The Inebriate is the only novel ever written by Walt Whitman. 35. George Bernard Shaw is the only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize in literature ( 1925) and an Oscar (1938). Shaw wrote 63 plays. His first novel Immaturity was written in 1879 but last one to be printed in 1931. His last significant play was In Good King Charles Golden Days. 36. George Eliot’s pen name was Mary Ann Evans. Her works- Adam Bede(1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Romola (1866), Felix Holt, the Radical (1866), Middlemarch(1871-72), Daniel Doronda (1876). 37. Jonathan Swift wrote “Drapier’s Letters” in 1724. 38. Gustav Flaubert was a French writer and well known for his first published novel, Madame Bovary (1857). 39. Happy Days is a play in two acts by Samuel Beckett. Winnie, Willie are the characters in the play. 40. Henrik Ibsen is often regarded to as “the father of realism” and one of the founders of Modernism in Theatre. 41. Love in Several Masques was Henry Fielding’s first play. 42. Chaucer lived during the reigns of : Edward III, Richard II and Henry IV 43. William Langland was the closest contemporary of Chaucer. 44. The Hundred Year's War was fought between England and France. 45. The War of Roses figures in the works of Shakespeare. 46. John Wycliffe is called 'the morning star of the Reformation'. 47. Twenty Nine pilgrims in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales were going on the pilgrimage from the Tabard Inn. 48. Three pilgrims in the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales represent the military profession. 49. Eight ecclesiastical characters are portrayed in the Prologue in Canterbury Tales. 50. It is believed that the Host at the Inn was a real man. His name was Harry Bailly. 51. The pilgrims were going to Shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury. 52. Three women characters figure in the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. 53. “The Parson's Tale” is in prose in Canterbury Tales. 54. “Bath” is the name of the town to which she belonged in Chaucer’s “Wife of Bath”. 55. "He was as fresh as the month of May ".This line occurs in the Prologue. This is referred to the Squire. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 3 Quick Points 56. Treatise on the Astrolabe is Chaucer's prose work. 57. The War of Roses was fought between The House of York and The House of Lancaster 58. The followers of Wycliffe were called “ the Lollards” 59. John Wycliffe was the first to render the Bible into English in 1380. 60. The Piers the Plowman is a series of visions seen by its author Langland. ‘The Vision of a 'Field Full of Folks' was the first vision that he saw. 61. Occleve in The Governail of Princes wrote a famous poem mourning the death of Chaucer. 62. Caxton was the first to set up a printing press in England in 1476. 63. William Tyndale’s English New Testament is the earliest version of the Bible. 64. Tottle's Miscellany is a famous anthology of 'Songs and Sonnets' by Wyatt and Surrey. 65. Amoretti contained 88 sonnets of Spenser. 66. Thomas Mores' Utopia was first written in Latin in 1516. It was rendered into English in 1551. 67. Roister Doister is believed to be the first regular comedy in English by Nicholas Udall. 68. Gorboduc is believed to be the first regular tragedy in English by Sackville and Norton in collaboration. 69. Chaucer's Physician in the Doctor of Physique was heavily dependent upon Astrology. 70. Spenser described Chaucer as "The Well of English undefiled’. 71. Chaucer's pilgrims go on their pilgrimage in the month of April. 72. Forest of Arden appears in the play As You Like It by William Shakespeare. 73. Globe Theatre was built in 1599. 74. When Sidney died, Spenser wrote an elegy on his death called “Astrophel” 75. Spenser’s Epithalamion is a wedding hymn. 76. The first tragedy Gorboduc was later entitled as Ferrex and Porrex. 77. Sidney's “Apologie for Poetrie” is a reply to Gosson's “School of Abuse”. 78. In his Apologie for Poetrie, Sidney defends the Three Dramatic Unities. 79. Christopher Marlowe wrote only tragedies. He first used Blank Verse in his Jew of Malta. 80. "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships”. This line occurs in Doctor Faustus by Marlowe. 81. Ben Jonson used the phrase 'Marlowe's mighty line' for Marlowe's Blank Verse. 82. Ruskin said, "Shakespeare has only heroines and no heroes". 83. The phrase 'The Mousetrap' used by Shakespeare in Hamlet. It is the play within the play. 84. Spenser dedicates the Preface to The Faerie Queene to Sir Walter Raleigh. 85. The Faerie Queene is an allegory.In this Queen Elizabeth is allegorized through the character of Gloriana. 86. Charles Lamb called Spenser the 'Poets' Poet'. 87. Spenser first used the Spenserian stanza in Faerie Queene. 88. In the original scheme or plan of the Faerie Queene as designed by Spenser, it was to be completed in Twelve Books. But he could not complete the whole plan. Only six books exist now. 89. Twelve Cantos are there in Book I of the Faerie Queene. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 4 Quick Points 90. In the Dedicatory Letter, Spenser Says that the real beginning of the allegory in the Faerie Queene is to be found in Book XII. 91. The Faerie Queene is basically a moral allegory. Spenser derived this concept of moral allegory from Aristotle. 92. Ben Jonson said 'Spenser writ no language.' 93. Spenser divided his ‘Shepheardes Calender’ into twelve Ecologues. They represent twelve months of a year. 94. Bacon's Essays are modelled on the Essais of Montaigne. 95. Bacon is the author of Novum Organum. 96. Spenser dedicated his Shepheards Calendar to Sir Philip Sidney. 97. Ten Essays were published in Bacon's First Edition of Essays in 1597. 98. 58 essays of Bacon were published in his third and last edition of Essays in 1625. 99. "......... a mixture of falsehood is like alloy in coin of gold and silver, which may make the metal work the better , but it embaseth it". These lines occur in Bacon’s “Of Truth”. 100. Hamlet said "Frailty thy name is woman” in Hamlet by Shakespeare. 101. "Life is a tale, told by an idiot, Full of sound and fury signifying nothing." These lines occur in Macbeth by Shakespeare. 102. "The lunatic, the lover, and the poet, Are of imagination all compact." These lines occur in A Mid - Summer Night's Dream. 103. "Neither a borrower nor a lender be”. This line was told by Polonius in Hamlet. 104. "Life is but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more." These lines are in Macbeth. 105. Ben Jonson's comedies are called 'Comedies of Humour' because each of them deals with a particular 'Humour' in human nature. 106. The Age of James I is called the Jacobean Age. 107. Samson Agonistes is an epic written by John Milton. 108. Milton wrote Areopagitica to defend people's Freedom of Speech. 109. Twelve books are there in Paradise Lost. In Book IV of Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve meet for the first time. Paradise was first published in 1667 in ten books. The Second Edition was followed in 1674 in twelve books. The longest book is BOOK IX with 1,189 lines and the shortest book is BOOK VII with 640 lines. It was written in blank verse. Satan is considered as the “Hero” in Paradise Lost. The story opens in Hell. Eve was created by God taken from one of Adam’s ribs. 110. Milton became blind in 1652 (at the age of 44) and he wrote Paradise Lost through dictation with the help of Amanuenses and friends. 111. The term 'Metaphysical School of Poets' was first applied to Donne and this companion poets by Dr. Johnson. 112. ‘Fame is the last infirmity of noble mind'. This line occurs in Milton’s Lycidas. 113. “Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven”. Satan says this line in Paradise Lost. 114. Samson Agonistes loved Delilah and he was betrayed by her in Samson Agonistes. 115. Lycidas is a pastoral elegy written by Milton on the death of his friend Edward King. 116. Wordsworth says of Milton: 'Thy soul was like a star, and dwelt apart'. 117. 'Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour!’. Wordsworth remembers Milton in one of his sonnets. 118. Dryden's Essay of Dramatic Poesy is a critical treatise on dramatic art developed through dialogues. 119. Dryden's Essay of Dramatic Poesy develops through dialogues amongst four interlocutors. They are - Eugenius, Crites, Neander , Lisideius. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 5 Quick Points 120. In Dryden’s Essay of Dramatic Poesy Neander speaks for Modern English Dramatists. (Neander is Dryden in Essay of Dramatic Poesy) 121. Conquest of Granada is a play written by Dryden. 122. Dryden's All For Love is based on Antony and Cleopatra. 123. John Locke is the author of The Essay on Human Understanding. 124. The central theme of Dryden's The Hind and the Panther is Defence of Roman Catholicism. 125. Samuel Butler's Hudibras is a satire on Puritanism. 126. Grace Abounding is an autobiographical work by John Bunyan. 127. Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress is an allegory. 128. 'Gather ye rose - buds while ye may'. This is the opening line of 'Counsel to Girls' written by Robert Herrick. 129. "Here is God's plenty". Dryden refers Chaucer in the line. 130. Nahum Tate gave a happy ending to King Lear. 131. The theatres were closed down during the Commonwealth period in England. In 1660 they were reopened. 132. "Here lies my wife, here let her rest ! Now she is at rest, and so am I ! " This was a proposed epitaph to be engraved on the tomb of John Dryden’s wife. 133. Dryden's The Medal is a personal satire on Shaftesbury. 134. Dryden is hailed as 'The Father of English Criticism' by Dr. Johnson. 135. "The Restoration marks the real moment of birth of our Modern English Prose." Matthew Arnold says this. 136. The term 'Augustan' was first applied to a School of Poets by Dr. Johnson. 137. Matthew Arnold called the eighteenth century "Our admirable and indispensable Eighteenth Century". 138. Matthew Arnold called the eighteenth century 'the Age of Prose and Reason'. 139. 'Dryden found English poetry brick and left it marble.' Dr. Johnson remarked this. 140. 'If Pope be not a poet, where is poetry to be found? This observation was made by Dr.Johnson. 141. "I shall endeavour to enlighten morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality." Addison made this endeavor. 142. Richard Steele started the journal The Tatler. 143. The ‘Four Wheels of the Van of the English Novel are- Fielding, Smollett, Sterne, Richardson. 144. Referring to one of his novels, Jonathan Swift said, "Good God! What a genius I had when I wrote that book! “He was referring A Tale of the Tub. 145. Pope said "The proper study of mankind is man”. 146. Absolem and Achitophel deals with the Popish Plot'. 147. The Elegie in praise of John Donne was written by Thomas Carew. 148. In Joseph Andrews Fielding parodies Richardson's Pamela. 149. Swift said 'Pope can fix in one couplet more sense than I can do in six'. 150. The 'Coffee House Culture' flourished in The Age of Dr. Johnson. 151. Pope observed, "A little knowledge is a dangerous thing Drink deep or taste not the Pierian spring." 152. Lady M.W.Montagu said Pope's Essay on Criticism is 'all stolen'. 153. Matthew Prior's The Town and Country Mouse is a parody of Dryden's The Hind and the Panther. 154. Dr. Johnson wrote the “Lives” of 52 poets in his "Lives of the Poets”. 155. Dr. Johnson left out Goldsmith in his Lives of the Poets. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 6 Quick Points 156. Tennyson called Milton "the mighty-mouthed inventor of harmonies". 157. James Thomson’s Seasons is a Nature poem divided into four parts. 158. John Dyer is the author of the poem Grongar hill. 159. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” begins with the line "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day". 160. 1798 was taken to be the year of the beginning of the Romantic Movement because Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads was published in the year. 161. Wordsworth's Prelude is an Autobiographical poem. 162. Cowper wrote, "God made the country and man made the town." 163. "We are laid asleep in body and become a living soul." This line occurs in Wordsworth’s Tintern Abbey. 164. Collins's poem "In Yonder Grave a Druid lies" is an elegy on the death of James Thomson. 165. Thomas Love Peacock satirises Shelley and Coleridge in Nightmare Abbey. 166. "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife". This line occurs in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. 167. The phrase, "willing suspension of disbelief" is applied to Coleridge. 168. "When lovely woman stoops to folly" occurs in a play written by Oliver Goldsmith. (She Stoops to Conquer) 169. "Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive. But to be young was very heaven." This line occurs in Wordsworth’s The Prelude. 170. According to Shelley "Hell is a city much like London." 171. The Mariner kills an albatross in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. 172. Robert Southey’s A Vision of Judgment is a ludicrous eulogy of George II. 173. Shelley was expelled from the Oxford University for the publication of On the Necessity of Atheism. 174. Lord Byron was the poet who woke one morning and found himself famous. 175. Matthew Arnold called Shelley "an ineffectual angel beating in the void his luminous wings in vain". 176. Walter Scott’s novels are called Waverly Novels. 177. 'Elia' is a pen-name assumed by De Quincey. 178. Shelley's Defense of Poetry is a rejoinder (reply) to Love Peacock's The Four Ages of Poetry. 179. Adonais is a Pastoral Elegy written by Shelley on the death of Keats. 180. Madeline is the heroine in Eve of St. Agnes by John Keats. 181. Matthew Arnold said about Keats, "He is with Shakespeare". 182. Keats said himself, "My name is writ in water." 183. Coleridge said. "I have a smack of Hamlet myself". 184. Shelley's death was caused by drowning. 185. "Life, like a dome of many coloured glass, Stains the white radiance of Eternity Until death tramples it to fragments, die." These lines occur in Shelley’s Adonais. 186. Keats’ Ode on a Grecian Urn ends with the line: "For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair.” 187. "A thing of beauty is a joy forever." This line is in Keats’s Endymion. 188. Charles Lamb has written Tales from Shakespeare. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 7 Quick Points 189. Walter Scott is considered to be the most remarkable Historical Novelist of the Romantic Period. 190. Ode of wit is a small masterpiece of Abraham Cowley. 191. The first poet laureate of England was Ben Jonson (unofficial). 192. After Walter Scott’s refusal the Poet Laureateship was conferred on Robert Southey. 193. Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, dealt with the people's plan to prevent James from coming to the throne and make Duke of Monmouth the king, which is known as the Popish plot. 194. The title of poet of laureate was first conferred by letters patent to John Dryden. 195. Queen Victoria succeeded to the throne of England after William IV. 196. D.G.Rossetti was the leader of the Pre-Raphaelite group of artists in England. (Pre- Raphaelites : D.G.Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, Morris and Swinburne) 197. Elizabeth Barret Browning is the author of Aurora Leigh. 198. The basic theme of Arnold’s Literature and Dogma is Theology. 199. Arnold’s Culture and Anarchy deals with the subject of Education. 200. The subtitle of Vanity Fair is “Novel Without a Hero”. 201. George Eliot's novel Romola is a Historical novel. 202. Charles Dickens left Edwin Drood (his novel) unfinished. 203. Voltaire wrote: "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.’ 204. In Memoriam Tennyson mourns the death of Arthur Hallam. 205. Matthew Arnold's Thyrsis is an elegy written on the death of Hugh Clough. 206. Arnold defines Poetry as "Poetry is a criticism of life, under the conditions fixed for such a criticism by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty". 207. The Dynasts is an epic drama written by Hardy. It deals with The Napoleonic Wars. 208. The scene of a wife's auction takes place in Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge. 209. The phrase 'Stormy Sisterhood' is applied to Bronte Sisters-Charlotte, Emily, and Anne. 210. "Happiness is but an occasional episode in the general drama of pain." This line appears in Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge. 211. Charles Dicken’s David Copperfield is most autobiographical. 212. Wilkie Collins is the author of the novel No Name. 213. In Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities', the two cities referred to are : London and Paris. 214. Tennyson's Queen Mary is a drama. 215. Browning's Rabbi Ben Ezra begins with the lines: "Grow old along with me ! The best is yet to be." 216. "Truth sits upon the lips of dying men." This line occurs in Matthew Arnold’s Sohrab and Rustum. 217. War Poets : Rupert Brooke, Julian Grenfell and Siegfried Sassoon 218. Rudyard Kipling said "Oh, East is East, and West is West, And never the twain can meet." 219. The Waste Land by T S Eliot is dedicated to Ezra Pound. 220. The Waste Land is divided into five parts. 221. The Waste Land ends with the line, "Datta, Dayadhvam, Damyata, Shanti, Shanti, Shanti." 222. James Joyce's Ulysses is based on the pattern of Homer’s Odyssey. 223. D.H.Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers has autobiographical overtones. 224. D.H.Lawrence called one of his novels Kangaroo as “Thought Adventure". 225. The phrase ‘religion of the blood' is associated with D.H.Lawrence. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 8 Quick Points 226. A character in Virginia Woolf’s novel Orlando changes his sex. Charles II is characterised in this novel. 227. A woman's search for a fitting mate is the central theme of Bernard Shaw's Man and Superman. 228. ‘Chocolate cream hero' appears in Shaw’s Arms and the Man. 229. The phrase 'Don Juan in Hell' occurs in Shaw’s Man and Superman. 230. Prostitution is the central theme of Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession. 231. Labour and Capital conflict is the central theme of Galsworthy’s Strife. 232. "The law is what it is -a majestic edifice sheltering all of us, each stone of which rests on another." These lines occur in Galsworthy’s Justice. 233. Bernard Shaw was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1925. 234. Joseph Conrad's novels are generally set in the background of the sea. 235. Rudyard Kipling wrote the poem “ If” 236. The term 'Stream of consciousness' was first used by William James. 237. The terms 'Inscape' and 'Instress' are associated with Hopkins. 238. 'Sprung Rhythm' was originated by Hopkins. 239. T.S. Eliot called 'Hamlet' an artistic failure. 240. The World Within World is an autobiography of Stephen Spender. 241. G. B. Shaw said, "For art's sake alone I would not face the toil of writing a single sentence”. 242. Aldous Huxley borrowed the title ‘Brave New World’ from Shakespeare’s The Tempest. 243. William Morris is the author of The Earthly Paradise. 244. T S Eliot was believed to be "a classicist in literature, royalist in politics and anglo- catholic in religion”. 245. Virginia Woolf was the founder of the Bloomsbury Group, a literary club of England. 246. George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty – Four and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World are prophetic novels. 247. Plato said, ‘Art is twice removed from reality'. 248. Plato proposed in his Republic that poets should be banished from the ideal Republic. 249. Five principal sources of Sublimity are there according to Longinus. 250. In Dryden's Essay of Dramatic Poesy there are four speakers representing four different ideologies. Neander expresses Dryden's own views. 251. Dr. Johnson called Dryden 'the father of English criticism' 252. Shelley said, "poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world”. 253. Dr. Johnson preferred Shakespeare's comedies to his Tragedies. 254. Coleridge said, "I write in metre because I am about to use a language different from that of prose." 255. Heroic Couplet is a two-line stanza having two rhyming lines in Iambic Pentameter. 256. Alexandrine is a line of six iambic feet occasionally used in a Heroic couplet. 257. Terza Rima is a run-on three-line stanza with a fixed rhyme-scheme. 258. Rhyme Royal stanza is a seven-line stanza in iambic pentameter. 259. Ottawa Rima is an eight-line stanza in iambic pentameter with a fixed rhyme- scheme. 260. Spenserian stanza is a nine-line stanza consisting of two quatrains in iambic pentameter, rounded off with an Alexandrine. 261. Blank verse has a metre but no rhyme. 262. Simile is a comparison between two things which have at least one point common. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 9 Quick Points 263. Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement for the sake of emphasis. 264. The poem by Chaucer known to be the first attempt in English to use the Heroic Couplet is The Legend of Good Women. 265. Chaucer introduced the Heroic couplet in English verse and invented Rhyme Royal. 266. The invention of the genre, the Eclogues (pastoral poetry) is attributed to Alexander Barclay. 267. Mort D' Arthur is the first book in English in poetic prose. 268. First to use blank verse in English drama Thomas Sackville. 269. The first English play house called The Theatre was founded in London, 1576. 270. Thomas Wyatt introduced the sonnet form to England. 271. Thomas Nash was the creator of the picaresque novel. ( The Unfortunate Traveler) 272. Francis Bacon is the first great stylist in English prose. 273. Marlowe wrote only tragedies. 274. Sir Walter Raleigh wrote the introductory sonnet to Spencer's Fairy Queen. 275. Wordsworth viewed that "poetry divorced from morality is valueless". 276. Longinus is called the first romantic critic. 277. Dr. Johnson defined poetry as "Metrical Composition". 278. Carlyle defined poetry as 'Musical thought'. 279. Bacon is known as the father of English essay. 280. Imaginary characters were first introduced in the periodical essay of Addison and Steele. 281. Montaigne is known as the father of Essay. 282. To Arnold, Nature is , “A Calm refuge and solace to the troubled heart”. 283. Father of Greek tragedy – Aeschylus 284. Father of Comedy – Aristophanes 285. Father of English Poetry - Geoffrey Chaucer 286. Father of English Printing - William Caxton 287. Father of detective story - Edgar Allen Poe 288. Father of English Prose - King Alfred 289. Morning Star of Reformation - John Wycliffe 290. Wolf Hall (2009) is a historical novel by English author Hilary Mantel. 291. Boz is the pen name of Charles Dickens. 292. Henry James described novels as "loose baggy monsters". 293. T. S. Eliot has made attempt to combine religious symbolism and society comedy in his plays Murder in the Cathedral and The Cocktail Party. 294. In 1960, the ban finally lifted on D. H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover, written in 1928. 295. Strophe, antistrophe and epode are the components of Pindaric ode. a. Strophe : Dancers danced from the right to the left b. Antistrophe : Left to the right or counter turn c. Epode: When the dancers were fixed in the stage. 296. Pneumonia was the cause of William’s death in Sons and Lovers. 297. ‘Brevity is the soul of wit’ is a quotation from William Shakespeare. 298. Sir Toby Belch speaks the lines : “Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale.” in Twelfth Night. 299. In Paradise Lost, Book I, Satan is the embodiment of Milton’s Spirit of revolt. 300. Wordsworth called poetry “the breadth and finer spirit of all knowledge”. 301. Twelfth Night opens with the speech of Duke. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 10 Quick Points 302. Kubla Khan of Coleridge is an opium dream. (Xanadu is a place in this poem) 303. Shelley used Terza rima stanza form in his famous poem ‘Ode to the West Wind’. 304. The phrase ‘Pathetic fallacy’ is coined by John Ruskin. 305. Five soliloquies are spoken by Hamlet in the play Hamlet. 306. “The best lack all conviction, while the worst are full of passionate intensity.” These lines are from “The Second Coming” by W. B Yeats. 307. Sensuousnessisthe most notable characteristic of Keats’ poetry. 308. Optimismisthe key-note of Browning’s philosophy of life. 309. The title of Carlyle’s ‘Sartor Resartus’ meansTailor Repatched. 310. “Epipsychidion” is composed by Shelley. 311. “The better part of valour is discretion” occurs in Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Part I. 312. Graham Greeneused a pseudonym, Michael Angelo Titmarsh, for much of his early work. 313. Pride and Prejudice was originally a youthful work entitled‘First Impressions’. 314. There’s a special providence in the fall of a sparrow.” The line given above occurs inHamlet. 315. Sir John Falstaff is one of Shakespeare’s greatest comic figures. (The character appears both in Henry IV Part 1 and The Merry Wives of Windsor) 316. Samuel Pepys began his diary in New Year’s Day 1660 and wrote till 1669. 317. Blakesaid “That Milton was of the Devil’s party without knowing it”. 318. Women’s Education and Rights isthe theme of Tennyson’s Poem ‘The Princess’. 319. Oedipus complex and Electra complex are the terms used by Carl Jung. 320. D. H. Lawrence wrote“My own great religion is a belief in the blood, the flesh as being wiser than the intellect.” 321. Shakespeare makes fun of the Puritans in his playTwelfth Night. 322. “The rarer action is in virtue that in vengeance.” This line occurs inThe Tempest. 323. ‘Heaven lies about us in our infancy’. This line occurs in the poemImmortality Ode by Wordworth. 324. Wordsworth calls himself ‘a Worshipper of Nature’ in his poemTintern Abbey. 325. Direct or epic methodof narration has been employed by Dickens in his novel Great Expectations. 326. Coleridgesaid ‘Keats was a Greek’. 327. D. G. Rossetti was a true literary descendant ofKeats. 328. Browning’s famous poem ‘Rabbi Ben Ezra’ is included inDramatis Personae. (Browning has used Italian styles in his poetry) 329. Sandition is the unfinished novel by Jane Austen. 330. Miss Havisham was arrogant in Great Expectation and she remained a spinster throughout her life. 331. The Romantic Revival in English Poetry was influenced by theFrench Revolution. 332. ‘O, you are sick of self-love’. Malvoliois referred to in these words in Twelfth Night. 333. Hamlet isa passionate lover. 334. Mirandaexclaims; ‘Brave, new, world!’ in Shakespeare’s play The Tempest. 335. Paradise Lost shows an influence ofChristianity and the Renaissance. 336. Poloniusin Hamlet suggests that one should neither be a lender nor a borrower. 337. How do I love theepoem ends 'I shall but love thee better after death' by Elizabeth Barrett. 338. Lord Byronis considered a national hero in Greece. 339. The three gallants weregoing to a wedding in the poem 'The rime of the Ancient Mariner' by Coleridge. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 11 Quick Points 340. Harold Nicholson described T. S. Elliot as 'Very yellow and glum. Perfect manners'. 341. Emily Dickinsonrarely left home. 342. Rupert Brooke wrote his poetry duringFirst World War. 343. Maya Angelou wrote 'A brave and startling truth' in 1996. 344. Using words or letters to imitate sounds is called onomatopoeia. 345. The study of poetry's meter and form is calledProsody. 346. Shakespeare composed much of his plays inIambic pentameter. 347. 'Did my heart love til now?/ Forswear it, sight/ For I never saw a true beauty until this night' is famous lined from Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare. 348. Auld Lang Syne is a famous poem by Robert Burns. 349. Arthur Conan Doylewrote "The Hound of the Baskervilles”. 350. Agatha Christiewrote "Ten Little Niggers”. 351. Haiku is a Japanese poetic form. 352. Dylan Thomas's 'Under Milk Wood’ is known as A radio play. 353. A funny poem of five lines is called Limerick. 354. W. H. Auden described poetry “A game of knowledge”. 355. Bildungsroman and Erziehungsroman German terms signifying “novels of formation” or “novels of education”. 356. Black Death is the name given to the epidemic of plague that occurred in Chaucer's Age. 357. Occleve wrote a famous poem The Governail of Princes mourning the death of Chaucer. 358. William Tyndale’s English New Testament is the earliest version of the Bible. 359. Thomas Mores' Utopia was first written in Latin in 1516. It was rendered into English in 1551. 360. Roister Doister is believed to be the first regular comedy in English in Nicholas Udall. 361. Spenser described Chaucer as "The Well of English undefiled”. 362. Rahel and Estha are the twins in Arundhati Roy’s The God of small Things. 363. Tinu and Dinu are the characters in Mrinal Pande’s Daughter’s Daughter. 364. In The Branded, Laxman Gaikwad retrospects the subhuman condition of Uchalya community. 365. The sunshine Cat is an outstanding poem by Kamala Das. 366. Bianca or The Young Spanish Maiden is a novel by Toru Dutt. 367. Rukmini is the protagonist in Nectar in the Sieve by Kamala Marakandaya. 368. The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl C Buck. 369. Mahesh Dattani is the founder of a theatre group known as ‘Playpen’. 370. In Part II of An Essay on Criticism by Popeincludes a famous couplet: A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring. 371. An Essay on Criticism was famously and fiercely attacked by John Dennis, who is mentioned mockingly in the work. Consequently, Dennis also appears in Pope's later satire, The Dunciad. 372. “To err is human, to forgive divine” is a famous line appears in Pope’s An Essay on Criticism 373. An Essay on Man is a poem published by Alexander Pope in 1734. 374. Pope's Essay on Man and Moral Epistles were designed to be the parts of a system of ethics which he wanted to express in poetry. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 12 Quick Points 375. Voltaire calledPope’s An Essay on Man "the most beautiful, the most useful, the most sublime didactic poem ever written in any language" 376. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a Russian physician, dramaturge and author. Chekhov was a doctor by profession. 377. Anton Chekhov said , "Medicine is my lawful wife and literature is my mistress." 378. Anton Chekhov’s works are : The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard 379. Keat's Endymion has 4,000 lines. 380. Venus and Adonis, Glaucus and Scylla, Arcthusa and Alpheus – These pair of lovers Endymion meets in Keat’s Endymion. 381. Wordsworth wrote the famous Preface to the Lyrical Ballads. 382. Lyrical Ballads were published in1798. 383. The Lyrical Ballads opens with Rime of the Ancient Mariner 384. The Lyrical Ballads closes with Lines Written above Tintern Abbey. 385. Dorothy Wordsworth was the third person with Coleridge and Wordsworth at Quantico Hills when the Lyrical Ballads were composed. 386. John Keats is known for his Hellenic Spirit. 387. PB. Shelley wrote: "Our Sweetest songs are those that tell our saddest thoughts" 388. Shelley's Prometheus Unbound is a lyrical drama. 389. S.T Coleridge wrote this: "He prayed well, who loved well both man and bird and beast" 390. The journal to which Southey contributed regularly was The Quarterly Review. 391. Sir Walter Scott collected Scottish ballads, and published them along with his own, in Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. 392. Byron was 19 years old when he published Hours of Idleness, a collection of poems in heroic couplet. 393. When Hours of Idleness was criticized by the Edinburgh Review, Lord Byron retaliated by writing a satiric piece. The title of this satire was English Bards and Scotch Reviewers 394. The first two cantos of Byron’s Childe Harold take a reader to Spain, Portugal, and Greece and Albania 395. In Byron’s Childe Harold, the description of the "Battle of Waterloo" appears in Canto III. 396. The hero of Childe Harold is the poet himself. 397. "Michael", "The Solitary Reaper," "To a Highland Girl" - all these poems depict simple common folk. 398. Purchas's Pilgrimage inspired Coleridge's Kubla Khan. 399. The Vision of Judgment is satire on Southey. 400. Don Juan has 16 cantos. 401. Halide is the Daughter of an old pirate in Don Juan 402. "Man's love is of man's life a thing apart, "Tis woman's whole existence...." These lines appear in Don Juan. 403. Don Alfonso, Julia, Sultana , Don Juan – are the characters in Don Juan. 404. Shelley was only 18, When he wrote Queen Mab. 405. Shelley's Prometheus Unbound has a story from Greek mythology. 406. Asia, Hercules, Jupiter- are the characters in Shelly’s Prometheus Unbound. 407. Enmity of Saxon and Norman is the background of Ivanhoe. 408. Thomas Love Peacock wrote Headlong Hall, Maid Marian, Melincourt, Nightmare Abbey, Misfortunes of Elphin, Crotchet Castle and Gryll Grange. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 13 Quick Points 409. Sidney Smith, Henry Brougham, Francis Jeffrey are associated with the 'Edinburgh Review'. 410. "A lady's imagination is very rapid; it jumps from admiration to love, from love to matrimony in a moment." These lines are said by Darcy in Pride and Prejudice ( Jane Austen’s novel) 411. His sonnet was rejected by a magazine “Gem”, on the plea that it would "shock mothers". At this he wrote to a friend, "I am born out of time.... When my sonnet was rejected, I exclaimed 'Hang the age, I will write for antiquity.' He is Charles Lamb. 412. This patriotic song is often prescribed for school anthologies in India: "Breathes there the man, with soul so dead who never to himself hath said, this is my own, my native land." The Poet is Walter Scott. 413. Bingley is a character in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. 414. "About thirty years age, Miss Maria Ward of Huntingdon, with only seven thousand pounds, had the good luck to captivate Sir Thomas Bertram ". This is the beginning of the novel Mansfield Park by Jane Austen. 415. Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice begins with: "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife." 416. America's Age of Reason took place in 1750-1800. 417. Genres and styles of the Age of Reason were typically political pamphlets, essays, travel writing, speeches, and highly ornate writing. 418. Romantic author Mary Robinson wrote the lines: "Pavement slipp'ry, people sneezing, Lords in ermine, beggars freezing; Title gluttons dainties carving, Genius in a garret starving" 419. Unto This Lost was written by John Ruskin. This work of Ruskin influenced Mahatma Gandhi. 420. R.L.Stevenson is the author of Dr. Jakyll and Mr. Hyde. 421. Charles Dickens's characters are generally : Flat 422. The theme of Tennyson's Idylls of the King is The story of King Arthur and His Round Table 423. "Others abide our question. Thou art free We ask and ask : Thou smilest and art still, Out - topping knowledge." In these lines from a poem written by Matthew Arnold, 'Thou' refers to Shakespeare. 424. Some Elizabethan Puritan critics denounced poets as 'fathers of lies' and 'caterpillars of a commonwealth'. Stephen Gosson used these offensives terms in his The School of Abuse. 425. "The tragi-comedy , which is the product of the English theatre, is one of the most monstrous inventions that ever entered into a poet's thoughts." - Joseph Addison 426. "Be Homer's works your study and delight. Read them by day, and meditate by night." This advice was given to the poets by Pope. 427. "The end of writing is to instruct ; the end of poetry is to instruct by pleasing." – Dr.Johnson 428. "There neither is, nor can be, any essential difference between the language of prose and metrical composition." – William Wordsworth Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 14 Quick Points 429. "I write in metre because I am about to use a language different from that of prose." – Coleridge 430. Walter Pater gave the concept of "Art of Art's sake'. 431. Matthew Arnold gave the concept of "Art for life's sake’. 432. 'Objective correlative', 'Dissociation of sensibilities', 'Unification of sensibilities, Impersonality theory- are associated with T S Eliot. 433. John Crowe Ransom is believed to be the pioneer of the so-called New Criticism. 434. Prosody is science of all verse forms, poetic metres and rhythms. 435. Longinus is called the first romantic critic. 436. Aristotle is known as the first scientific critic. 437. Fred invites Scrooge to Christmas dinner in A Christmas Carole. 438. "Lycidas" is a poem by John Milton, written in 1637 as a pastoral elegy. It is dedicated to the memory of Edward King. Milton describes King as "selfless." 439. Elizabthan Theatres : Blackfriars Theatre, The Boar’s Head Theatre, Cockpit Theatre or The Phoenix, The Curtain, The Fortune, The Globe, The Hope, The Red Bull ( Play House), The Red Lion, The Rose Salisbury Court Theatre, The Swan, The Theatre, White friars Theatre. 440. The Globe Theatre was built in 1599 by Shakespeare’s playing company and was destroyed by fire on 29June, 1613.A second theatre was built on the same land by June 1614 and closed in 1642. A modern reconstruction of the Globe, named “Shakespeare’s Globe “opened in 1997. 441. Samuel Taylor Coleridge adopted Absolute principle in developing his theory of literature, a theory in which NATURE appears as the Absolute. 442. New Humanism: It was led by the scholars Irving Babbitt and Paul Elmer More, called for a rejection of transcendental, idealist terms, of which the Coleridge an Absolute was a major example. 443. The scholar Robert Calasso used the term absolute literature to describe writings that reveal a search for an absolute. 444. French writer Albert Camus employed the term “Absurd” to describe the futility of human existence, which he compared to the story of Sisyphus, the figure in Greek mythology condemned for eternity to push a stone to the top of a mountain only to have it roll back down again. 445. Martin Esslin found “the theatre of the absurd,” to describe plays that abandoned traditional construction and conventional dialogue. 446. Absurd Play and playwrights : Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot (1953) and Endgame (1957), Eugene Ionesco’s Rhinoceros (1960), Arthur Adamov’s Ping Pong (1955), Harold Pinter’s The Caretaker (1959), Edward Albee’s The American Dream (1961) and The Zoo Story, Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (1961), Gunther Grass’s The Tin Drum (1959) etc 447. Martin Esslin’s The Theatre of the Absurd was written in 1961. He first used “Theatre of Absurd” in this work. 448. The ELIZABETHAN five-act structure derives from the Roman playwright Seneca. 449. Kenneth Burke analyzes the tragic rhythm of action in his A Grammar of Motives (1945). 450. Action painting is a term coined by the critic Harold Rosenberg to describe a central principle of the Abstract Expressionist art movement that developed in the 1940s and ’50s. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 15 Quick Points 451. In novels such as Flaubert’s Madame Bovary (1856–57), Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina (1875–77) and Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850), the heroines of all three of these novels commit adultery and are punished as social outcasts. 452. The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne forms the basis of three novels by Updike (A Month of Sundays,1975; Roger’s Version,1986; and S,1988) in which the perspectives of the three main characters of the Hawthorne novel (Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth, and Hester Prynne) are recreated in contemporary terms. 453. Donald Greiner’s Adultery in the American Novel (1985) looks at the uses of the theme in the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry James, and John Updike. 454. Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island was written in 1883. 455. Walter Pater’s Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873), which concludes with the famous invitation to “burn with a hard gemlike flame” in the “desire for beauty, the love of art for its own sake.” 456. Oscar Wilde, who at the end of his life lamented in De Profundis (1905), “I treated art as the supreme reality and life as a mere mode of fiction.” 457. Affective fallacy is a term in NEW CRITICISM used to describe the error, from a New Critical perspective, of analyzing a work of literature in terms of its impact upon a reader. William Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley coined the term to call attention to the distinction between the text of a work and “its results in the mind of its audience.” “The Affective Fallacy” is included in Wimsatt’s The Verbal Icon (1954). 458. Harriet Wilson’s Our Nig; or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black was the first novel by an African American writer to be published in the United States. 459. African-American literature was dominated by three novelists: Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, and James Baldwin. Wright’s Native Son (1940), Ellison’s The Invisible Man (1952), and Baldwin’s Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953). 460. Major African-American Writers : Maya Angelou (I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings,1969), Ishmael Reed ( Mumbo Jumbo,1972), Alice Walker ( The Color Purple,1982), the playwright August Wilson (Fences,1987), and the Nobel laureate Toni Morrison (Beloved,1987). 461. Dr. Samuel Johnson was a poet, critic, editor, and lexicographer. 462. Gibbon wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–87) 463. Boswell wrote Life of Johnson (1791). 464. Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s The School for Scandal (1777), and Oliver Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer (1773) , William Congreve’s A Way of the World– are the examples for Comedy of Manners. 465. Tobias Smollett wrote the novel Humphrey Clinker (1771). 466. Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy (1760–67), is one of the great comic novels in English. 467. At the polar opposite of the view of age in King Lear is Robert Browning’s depiction in “Rabbi Ben Ezra”: Grow old along with me The best is yet to be 468. John Updike’s Rabbit tetralogy, Rabbit, Run (1960), Rabbit Redux, Rabbit is Rich, and Rabbit at Rest (1990). Rabbit, Run depicts three months in the life of a 26 year-old former high school basketball player Harry’Rabbit’ Angstrom. 469. Clifford Odets’s waiting for Lefty (1935), a passionate prolabor union drama focusing on a taxi drivers’ strike. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 16 Quick Points 470. Shakespeare’s notable drinkers, Sir Toby Belch in Twelfth Night and Falstaff in his three plays. 471. Sidney Carton, in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities (1859) declares “It is a far, far better thing I do than anything I have ever done.” 472. “I took the one less travelled by, and that has made all the difference” is a line from the poem “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost. 473. “Good fences make good neighbours” is a line from “Mending Wall” by Robert Frost. 474. Alexandrine is a line of six iambic feet (12 syllables). Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene, which consists of nine-line stanzas, the first eight in iambic pentameter, with the ninth line an alexandrine. 475. Eugene O’Neill wrote Long Day’s Journey Into Night (1940) 476. Sartre wrote No Exit in 1945. 477. Alienation Effect is a term coined by the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht to describe a desired detachment on the part of both actors and audience to prevent them from becoming emotionally involved in the action of the play. 478. Allegory: Jonathan Swift’s Tale of a Tub (1704), Scarlet Letter (1850), Herman Melville’s Moby Dick (1851). 479. Allusion is a reference within a literary text to some person, place, or event outside the text. 480. William Butler Yeats’s reference to “golden thighed Pythagoras” in his poem “Among School Children.” It is an example for personal allusion. 481. William Empson’s Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930), a work that had a powerful impact on the development of New Criticism. Empson used the term to describe a literary technique in which a word or phrase conveys two or more different meanings. 482. William Empson defined ambiguity as “any verbal nuance, however slight, which gives room for alternative reactions to the same piece of language.” 483. The American critic F. O. Matthiessen first employed the term American renaissance to describe the major works of Emerson (Essays, 1841, Poems, 1847); Thoreau (Walden, 1854); Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter, 1850); Melville (Moby Dick, 1851), and Whitman (Leaves of Grass, 1855). 484. Anapaest is a metrical FOOT containing two unaccented syllables followed by an accented syllable. 485. Anaphora: In RHETORIC, a figure of speech in which a word or words are repeated, usually at the beginning of successive sentences or lines of verse. William Blake’s “London” provides an example: In every cry of every man In every infant’s cry of fear In every vice, in every ban The mind-forg’d manacles I hear. 486. Janie Crawford is the heroine of Hurston’s novel Their Eyes Are Watching God. 487. In his Anatomy of Criticism (1957), Northrop Frye defines the term as “a form of fiction... characterized by a great variety of subject matter and a strong interest in ideas.” 488. Androgyny is combination of male and female characteristics. The word itself combines the Greek words for male (andros) and female (gynous). Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, Dickens’s unfinished novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1870), Poe’s Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 17 Quick Points “The Fall of the House of Usher” (1838), and John Barth’s The Sot-Weed Factor (1974) employ opposite-sex twins as embodiments of androgynous ideals. 489. Anglo-Irish Writers: George Farquahr, Richard Steele, Laurence Sterne, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Oliver Goldsmith, Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, Edmund Burke and Jonathan Swift. 490. William Butler Yeats returned to Celtic mythology as the inspirational source of his poetry. 491. Angry young men: A term applied to a group of English writers, whose novels and plays in the 1950s featured protagonists who responded with articulate rage to the malaise that engulfed post-war England. 492. “She tragedies” is a term coined by Nicholas Rowe which focused on the sufferings of an innocent and virtuous woman became the dominant form of pathetic tragedy. 493. Victor Brombert points out, “Nineteenth and twentieth century literature is... crowded with weak, ineffectual, pale, humiliated, self-doubting, inept, occasionally abject characters...” 494. Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952) has unnamed protagonist. 495. Albert Camus wrote The Fall (1954) 496. Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe (1820) 497. George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda (1876) 498. Aphorism is a brief, elegant statement of a principle or opinion, such as “God is in the details.” An aphorism is similar to an EPIGRAM, differing only in the epigram’s emphasis on WIT. 499. Apollonian/Dionysian are the Contrasting terms coined by the 19th-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche employs these terms in his The Birth of Tragedy (1872), in which he argues that Greek tragedy is essentially Dionysian, rooted in powerful and primitive emotions, and that the Apollonian element is a later accretion. 500. Aporia: The Greek word for complexity, used in classical philosophy to describe a debate in which the arguments on each side are equally valid. The “answer” to the question “Which comes first, the seed or the tree?” is an example of an aporia. 501. Apostrophe: A figure of speech in which a speaker turns from the audience to address an absent person or abstract idea. It differs from a soliloquy in that the speaker of an apostrophe need not be alone on the stage. An example occurs in the second act of Hamlet, when the Prince turns from a conversation with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. 502. Apron stage is a stage that is thrust out into the audience on three sides, creating closer contact than is the case with a PROSCENIUM stage. The apron stage was a common feature of Elizabethan theatres, such as Shakespeare’s GLOBE THEATRE. 503. Arab-American literature: An early and important force in Ameen Rihani, a Lebanese-born scholar and diplomat, whose The Book of Khalid (1911), a novel written in free verse records the struggles and triumphs in the immigrant experience. The most important early work of Arab-American literature is Kahil Gibran’s world-famous The Prophet (1923), a meditative prose poem, extolling love as the central fact of the human condition. 504. Philip Sidney’s Arcadia (1587, 1590) is an elaborate, pastoral prose-romance that exerted a strong influence on English Renaissance literature. 505. Aristotle defined literature as imitation (MIMESIS); gave an account of the origins, development, and structure of drama; distinguished between comedy and tragedy; and introduced the concept of CATHARSIS and the UNITIES. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 18 Quick Points 506. Arnold introduced a number of terms that have enjoyed wide currency: HEBRAISM/ HELLENISM, PHILISTINE, SWEETNESS AND LIGHT, and the TOUCHSTONE principle. 507. Art for art’s sake: The argument that art should be autonomous and not compelled to serve a specific c social or moral purpose. The phrase was used in 19thcentury France and England as a slogan of AESTHETICISM. 508. Aside: In drama, a comment by a character directed to the audience, not intended to be heard by the other characters on stage. The use of the aside affects the role of the audience in the play. 509. Assonance is a form of RHYME in which the vowels rhyme, but not the consonants. Examples: kite-bike; rate-cake. 510. Aubade: A poem in which lovers complain of the appearance of dawn, which requires them to part. The form achieved great popularity in medieval France and was employed by Chaucer in Troilus and Criseyde and by Shakespeare in Romeo and Juliet. 511. Walter J. Ongwrote an essay, “The Writer’s Audience is Always a Fiction.” 512. Roland Barthes’s “The Death of the Author” is included in his Image, Music, Text(1977) 513. Michel Foucault’s “What Is an Author?” is reprinted in The Foucault Reader (1984). 514. Ballad is originally a song associated with dance, the ballad developed into a form of folk verse narrative. The majority of folk ballads deal with themes of romantic passion, love affairs that end unhappily, or with political and military subjects. The story usually is in dialogue form. The ballad form was imitated by Romantic poets, signalled by the publication of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in 1798. 515. “Motiveless malignity” is the phrase by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 516. Bathos is a term used to describe a writer’s failure to elicit a strong emotion, inadvertently producing laughter or ridicule. 517. Jonathan Swift’s Battle of the Books (1697) satirized the modernist position. 518. Beat is a term for a group of American writers who came into prominence during the 1950s and offered a radical critique of middle class American values. 519. Berliner Ensemble is a Theatrical company established in East Berlin in 1949 by the playwright Bertolt Brecht. It offered Brecht the opportunity to implement his theoretical conceptions, such as EPIC THEATRE and the ALIENATION EFFECT. 520. Bildungsroman (education novel): A German term for a type of novel that focuses on the development of a character moving from childhood to maturity. Sometimes known as a Coming of Age novel, the form usually charts a movement from innocence to knowledge. Prominent examples include Goethe’s The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774), Charles Dickens’s David Copperfield (1849–50), James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), and Günter Grass’s The Tin Drum (1959). 521. BIOGRAPHERS : James Boswell’s The Life of Samuel Johnson (1791), Leon Edel’s five-volume biography of Henry James (1953–72), Richard Ellmann’s James Joyce (1959), and David Riggs’s Ben Jonson: A Life (1989). 522. Blank verse: The term for verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter, unrhymed lines of about 10 syllables, in which the accent falls on the even numbered syllables. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 19 Quick Points 523. Blazon is a lyric poem, typically a SONNET, in which the poet praises the beauty of his beloved, detailing her specific c features: eyes, hair, cheeks, and usually her “fair” complexion. Ex: Lord Byron’s “She Walks in Beauty like the Night.” 524. Bloomsbury group: A circle of English writers, artists, and philosophers with a shared set of values who frequently socialized at the homes of the novelist Virginia Woolf and her sister Vanessa Bell, located in the Bloomsbury section of London. Among its members were the economist John Maynard Keynes, the novelist E. M. Forster, the biographer Lytton Strachey, and the philosopher Bertrand Russell. 525. Braggart warrior (miles gloriosus): In classical comedy, a Stock Character who boasts of his military valor, but is usually shown to be a coward. Shakespeare’s Falstaff is a type of braggart warrior, as is Captain Boyle in Sean O’Casey’s Juno and the Paycock (1924). 526. Brat pack: Name given to a group of young writers who enjoyed brief fame in the 1980s. They included Jay McInerney (Bright Lights, Big City, 1984), Bret Easton Ellis (Less Than Zero, 1985) and Tama Janowitz (Slaves of New York, 1986). 527. Bricoleur is a term coined by the French Structuralist Claude Lévi-Strauss to describe someone who assembles disparate objects to produce a tool that serves a particular purpose. 528. Bunraku is the modern term for the puppet theater of Japan. Chikamatsu Monzaemon’s The Love Suicides at Sonezaki (1703) is one of the most celebrated examples of the genre. 529. Burlesque: A type of literature or drama designed to mock a serious work or an entire GENRE. As a form of Parody, burlesque is usually distinguished from satire by its broad comic effects and its willingness to depart from serious criticism of its subject in favor of simple entertainment. Ex: John Gay’s The Beggar’s Opera (1728), Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s The Critic (1779). 530. Philip Massinger wrote tragedy The Roman Actor (1626) 531. Byronic hero: A term for the dark, brooding, rebellious and defiant hero associated both with the character of George Gordon, Lord Byron and the heroes of many of his poems and plays. In the l9th century the Byronic hero became a major feature of Romanticism, its internally conflicted, alienated, and demonic strain at once attractive and dangerous. Ex: Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847) and the figure of Jeffrey Aspern in Henry James’s The Aspern Papers (1888). 532. Campus novel: A novel set at a college or university, in which academic life assumes not merely a background role but is a determining factor in the lives of its characters. Campus novels may be divided between those dealing with students’ experiences and those that focus on the faculty. Ex: Philip Roth’s When She Was Good (1967), Tom Wolfe’s My Name Is Charlotte Simmons (2004). 533. Ezra Pound’s major work is a poem consisting of over 100 cantos entitled simply The Cantos (collected and published in one volume in 1971). 534. Thomas Dekker wrote The Shoemaker’s Holiday (1599). 535. Joseph Heller’s Something Happened (1974) deals with a corporate ambience. 536. William Gaddis’s JR (1975), a satire focusing on a child capitalist. 537. Carnival is a term used by the Russian theorist Mikhail Bakhtin to explore the subversion of authority and official culture in popular entertainment and festivals. 538. “Cavalier Poetry,” specialized in witty, elegant love lyrics. A group of poets connected to the court of Charles I of England, who supported the King during the English Civil Wars (1641–49). The king’s followers were called Cavaliers while his Parliamentary opponents were known as Roundheads. Among the better known Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 20 Quick Points cavalier poets are Sir John Suckling, Richard Lovelace, Edmund Waller, Thomas Carew, and the finest poet of the group, Robert Herrick. 539. ‘Carpe Diem’ means “seize the day”: A Latin term expressing the idea of taking advantage of the present moment. In literature, the term refers to a type of poetry in which the poet implores the beloved to seize pleasure rather than to be “coy.” Two outstanding examples of the type date from the 17th century, Robert Herrick’s “To the Virgins, To Make Most of Time” and Andrew Marvell’s “To His Coy Mistress.” 540. Seize the Day (1956) is a novel written by Saul Bellow. 541. Catastrophe: In Tragedy, the final phase—the denouement—of the tragic action. In Henry IV, Part II, Shakespeare uses the term comically in the sense of “rear end”: “I’ll tickle your catastrophe.” 542. Catharsis means “purgation”. 543. In his Poetics, Aristotle defines tragedy as “an imitation of an action... through pity and fear effecting the proper catharsis of these emotions.” 544. Chamberlain’s/King’s Men: The two names of the acting company of which Shakespeare was a member and for which he wrote his plays. The Lord Chamberlain’s Men was formed in 1594 under the patronage of Henry Carey, (Lord Hunsdon), Lord Chamberlain from 1585 to 1596 and under his son George until 1603. The two star performers were Richard Burbage, who excelled in the leading tragic roles, and Will Kempe, the principal comic actor. In 1599 the players erected their own playhouse, the GLOBE THEATRE, on the outskirts of London. 545. A basic distinction between types of characters is that between “flat” and “round.” Flat characters tend to be minor figures, who remain unchanged throughout the story. Round characters—those seen in a more rounded fashion-usually change in the course of the story. 546. Chiasmus: In RHETORIC, the inversion of words from the first half of a statement in the second half. A famous example is John F. Kennedy’s “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” The critic Louis Montrose employs chiasmus in his definition of NEW HISTORICISM as “the history of texts and the textuality of history.” 547. Chicago renaissance: A period in early 20th-century American literary history when a significant number of important writers, including Theodore Dreiser, Edgar Lee Masters, Carl Sandburg, and Sherwood Anderson, lived in and wrote about Chicago. 548. Chicago school: A critical movement centered at the University of Chicago from the 1930s to the 1960s that adopted an Aristotelian approach to literary texts. Ronald Crane was the group’s leader. In addition to Crane, other prominent Chicago critics included W. R. Keast, Richard McKeon, Elder Olson, and Norman Maclean (later celebrated as the author of A River Runs Through It, 1976). 549. George Bernard Shaw wrote Saint Joan: A Chronicle Play (1923). 550. Climax is the turning point in a DRAMA or work of fiction. Although usually located near the end of a NARRATIVE or play, the climax occasionally occurs earlier, as Mark Antony’s address to the crowd at the midpoint of Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. 551. Closet drama: A play designed to be read either silently or in a group, not performed “Closet” in this sense means private library or study. Among notable examples of the type are John Milton’s “Samson Agonistes” (1671), Lord Byron’s Manfred (1817), and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound (1820). Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 21 Quick Points 552. Cockney school of poetry: A derisive term first employed in 1817 to describe the poetry of Leigh Hunt, John Keats, Percy Shelley and William Hazlitt. 553. Aristophanes’ last play, Plutus (388 B.C.), is the sole surviving example of “Middle Comedy,” a form that employed parody and satire of classical myth. 554. Comic Novels: Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones (1749) and Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy (1759–67), James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922), Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (1961). 555. Flannery O’Connor wrote A Good Man Is Hard to Find. 556. Coming of age: A sociological term for the movement of an individual from childhood or adolescence to adulthood. Ex: Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations (1860–61), Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), and Henry James’s What Maisie Knew (1897), J. D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye (1951) and Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird (1960). 557. Confessional Poetry: Name for a type of post–World War II American poetry in which the poet appears to reveal intimate details of his or her life and a fragile, fragmented sense of self. A major practitioner of the form was Robert Lowell, whose book of poems Life Studies (1959) had a powerful influence on two younger poets, Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton. Plath’s Ariel (1965), a collection of brilliant, angry, suicidal revelations, proved to be prophetic: two years before their publication, she took her own life. The title of Sexton’s first book of poetry, To Bedlam and Part Way Back (1960), is indicative of the personal anguish that motivated her poetry. 558. Robert Penn Warren wrote All the King’s Men (1946). 559. Connecticut wits: Name of a group of late 18th century American writers who attended Yale University around the time of the American Revolution. The members represented conservative political and cultural values, endorsing the study of literature as a source of moral improvement. Stylistically, they were influenced by the English tradition of the Augustan age, the examples of Pope and Swift. Among their better-known practitioners were the poets John Trumbull, Timothy Dwight, who became president of Yale in 1795, and Joel Barlow, who later served as ambassador to France. 560. The term “Courtly love” was coined in 1883 by the French medieval scholar Gaston Paris and developed by C. S. Lewis in his The Allegory of Love (1938). 561. The Criterion was an influential literary quarterly published in England from 1922 to 1939. Edited by T. S. Eliot, whose most famous poem The Waste Land appeared in its first issue, the journal helped to propagate the principles of New Criticism. 562. Cultural Studies:An interdisciplinary movement that focuses on Popular Culture, placing it in a socio-historical context. The movement originated in Great Britain in the 1960s and spread to the United States in the 1980s. 563. Curtal sonnet: It is a term coined by the Victorian poet Gerard Manley Hopkins to describe a sonnet of 10 and a half lines rather than the 14 lines of the usual sonnet. Ex: Hopkins’s celebrated poem “Pied Beauty”. 564. Cyberpunk is a form of SCIENCE FICTION in which the world of high-tech computer networks (cyberspace) dominates life in the near-future. 565. Dactyl is a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables, as in the word “courtesy”. 566. Dada is a movement of writers and artists that rejected conventional modes of art and thought in favour of consciously cultivated, deliberate nonsense. According to its founder, Tristan Tzara, “DADA MEANS NOTHING.” 567. Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species (1859). Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 22 Quick Points 568. Dasein: A term used by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger to describe the distinctively human way of being in the world. Dasein literally means “being there,” and Heidegger employs it to avoid the notion—implicit in terms like “self ” or “man”—of an isolated private entity set off from the objective world. 569. Shakespeare’s FIRST FOLIO appeared in 1623. 570. Shelley’s poems represented what the critic Mario Praz has called the “Romantic agony,” the aesthetic that pairs death with beauty. 571. Tolstoy wrote The Death of Ivan Ilych (1886) 572. Thomas Mann’s novella is Death in Venice (1912). 573. “Yale critics”: Paul De Man, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman. 574. Defamiliarization is a principle associated with RUSSIAN FORMALISM which asserts that one function of art and literature is to disturb its audience’s routine perception of reality. The term (in Russian ostranenie) was coined by the critic Viktor Shklovsky, who argued that in disrupting our everyday sense of what is real and important, art puts us in touch with our deepest experiences. The techniques of defamiliarization include placing characters and events in unfamiliar contexts, FOREGROUNDING dialects and slang in formal poetry, and employing unusual imagery. 575. Deism held that belief in God was consistent with human reason, but not with the beliefs of specific c religions that claim truth on the basis of divine revelation. Thus most Deists rejected Christianity’s claim that the BIBLE contained the revealed word of God. In literature, Deistic elements appear in the poetry of Alexander Pope. Pope himself remained a practicing Christian all his life, but his Essay on Man (“Know then thyself, presume not God to scan/The proper study of Mankind is Man.”) is considered a deistic poem, as is James Thompson’s The Seasons (1730). 576. Edgar Allan Poe’s Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) is a detective story. 577. Diachronic/Synchronic are the two terms designed to reflect two approaches to the study of language. To look at language diachronically is to study its historical development, while the synchronic approach analyzes a language system at a given moment in its history. The terms are associated with the French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who advocated the synchronic approach to the study of language, a position that had a significant impact on the development of Structuralism. 578. The Dial was a quarterly American journal advocating the principles of Transcendentalism published from 1840 to 1844. Its first editor was the early feminist Margaret Fuller. She was succeeded as editor by Ralph Waldo Emerson. A second Dial, published from 1890–1929, first as a monthly, later bi-weekly, and after 1918 as a monthly, became a distinguished literary and artistic journal. Among its contributors were the poets E. E. Cummings and T. S. Eliot, the novelists D. H. Lawrence and Thomas Mann, and the critic Kenneth Burke. 579. Dialectic is an art of arriving at the truth through debate or discussion. The term was used by the German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel. 580. Dialogism is a term associated with the work of the Russian theorist Mikhail Bakhtin, who maintained that any specific c utterance is a contribution to a continuing human dialogue—that is, it is both a response to past uses of the language and an occasion for future uses. 581. David Hume wrote “Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion” (1779). 582. Anne Frank’s Diary of a Young Girl, published in 1952, written while she was hiding from the Nazis during World War II. 583. Dimeter is a line of verse consisting of two feet. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 23 Quick Points 584. Dirge is a funeral song lamenting someone’s death. Two famous examples from Shakespeare are: “Full fathom five” in The Tempest and “Fear no more the heat of the sun” in Cymbeline, which contains the memorable couplet: a) Golden lads and girls all must, b) As chimney-sweepers, come to dust. 585. Dissociation of sensibility is a phrase coined by T. S. Eliot to describe the separation of feeling and thought. 586. Eliot’s essay “The Metaphysical Poets” appears in his Selected Essays(1932). 587. Aristotle’s claim, in his Poetics, that the dithyramb was one of the roots out of which Tragedy emerged. 588. Doggerel is Crude, shallow verse, sometimes consciously employed for comic effect, as in the poems of the English poet John Skelton. 589. Domestic tragedy is a form of tragedy in which the protagonists are middle or working class people whose downfall takes place within a family relationship. EX: Thomas Heywood’s A Woman Killed with Kindness (1603), George Lillo’s The London Merchant (1731), G. E. Lessing’s Miss Sara Sampson (1755), Tennessee Williams’s A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman (1948), and Eugene O’Neill’s most important play, A Long Day’s Journey into Night (1940, produced, 1956). 590. Doppelgänger (the double) is a German word used to describe a character whose divided mind or personality is represented as two characters. Ex: Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Sharer (1912), Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s novel The Double (1840). 591. Dramatic monologue is a type of lyric poem in which a person speaks to a silent audience and, in the course of doing so, reveals a critical aspect of his own character. Ex : Browning’s “My Last Duchess” (1845), Browning’s The Ring and the Book (1869), T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1915) 592. Browning’s The Ring and the Book (1869), a verse novel cast as 12 lengthy monologues. 593. Drâme bourgeois (bourgeois drama): A term coined by the 18th-century French philosopher and playwright Denis Diderot to describe a type of drama that focused on the domestic problems of middle class families. 594. Sigmund Freud wrote The Interpretation of Dreams (1900). 595. Dream vision is a type of medieval literature in which the narrator, in a dream, observes allegorical or actual figures whose behavior illustrates some truth of life Ex : Guillaume de Lorris’s Roman de la Rose, William Langland’s Piers Plowman (1366–86) 596. Chaucer employed the Dream Vision form in a number of works: The Book of the Duchess (1369) is a combined elegy and dream vision, commemorating the death of Blanche, the Duchess of Lancaster and wife of John of Gaunt, Chaucer’s patron. The dream in The Parliament of Fowls (c. 1375) concludes with a parliament of birds discussing a variety of views of the nature of love. The prologue to his The Legend of Good Women (c. 1380) contains a dream vision that operates as the framing device of the individual stories that follow it. 597. The 14th-century dream vision poem is The Pearl, in which a lost pearl comes to stand for a daughter who has died in infancy. 598. Dream work is Sigmund Freud’s term for the transformation of the hidden or latent meaning of a dream into the form that is remembered and reported by the dreamer. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 24 Quick Points 599. Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the play-within-the-play. 600. Eclogue is a PASTORAL poem, traditionally featuring shepherds engaged in dialogue, as in Edmund Spenser’s The Shepherd’s Calendar (1579). 601. Ecocriticism is an approach to literature from the perspective of environmentalism. Ecocriticism focuses on nature writing. Ex : Henry David Thoreau’s Walden (1854), Annie Dillard’s Pilgrim at Tinker Creek (1974), John McPhee’s Coming into the Country (1977), Joseph Meeker’s The Comedy of Survival (1974), Jonathan Bate’s The Song of the Earth (2000). 602. Martin Heidegger, who sees the connection of nature with literature as “the poetry of dwelling” with the earth. 603. H G Wells is best known for his SCIENCE FICTION, also wrote social novels like Tono-Bungay (1908). 604. Forster’s Howards End (1910) depicts the interaction of the English leisure class with the commercial middle class. ‘Howard’ is the name of the house. 605. Elegy is a lyric poem meditating on the death of an individual or on the fact of mortality in general. Ex : Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (1750), Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s In Memoriam (1880), W. H. Auden’s “On the Death of W. B. Yeats” (1939), Paul Monette’s tribute to a lover who died of AIDS, Love Alone: Eighteen Elegies for Rog (1988), John Milton’s Lycidas (1637), Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Adonais (1821). 606. Sidney’s An Apologie for Poetrie (1595) is a defense of literature from Puritan attack and an early example of literary criticism in English. 607. End-stopped line is a line of verse that concludes with a pause coinciding with the completion of a phrase or clause. Ex: Emily Dickinson’s Because I could not stop for Death. 608. Enjambment : In verse, the continuation without pause from one line or couplet to the next. The opposite of enjambment is the End-Stopped Line. 609. John Locke: “Reason must be our last judge and guide.” 610. Epic is a long narrative poem which focuses on a heroic figure or group, and on events that form the cultural history of a nation or tribe. Ex : Milton’s Paradise Lost, Beowulf , Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, Herman Melville’s Moby Dick (1851), Marcel 611. Proust’s Remembrance of Things Past (1913–27), Lord Byron’s Don Juan (1816), Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (1855), Ezra Pound’s Cantos (1920–72) and William Carlos Williams’s Paterson (1946–58), James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922) 612. D. W. Griffith’s wrote Birth of a Nation (1915). 613. Epic theatre: A type of drama developed by the playwright Bertolt Brecht. Brecht argued for a form of theatre in which actors and audience would be always aware that they were enacting or watching a play. This Alienation Effect, as Brecht termed it, attempts to produce a more thoughtful and less emotional response in the audience. 614. Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her Children (1941) exhibits both “dramatic” and “epic” qualities. 615. Oscar Wilde: “I can resist everything but temptation.” 616. Epigraph is a quotation used at the beginning of a text designed to illustrate its title or designate its theme. 617. Epilogue: In drama, a final speech addressed to the audience soliciting its approval for the play. Famous examples from Shakespeare’s plays are Puck’s appeal for applause at the conclusion of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Prospero’s epilogue to The Tempest. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 25 Quick Points 618. Epiphany: James Joyce used the term to describe the artistic revelation of the inner radiance of an object or event. The best known of his epiphanies occurs in his autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). 619. David Lodge’s The Art of Fiction (1992) offers a lively account of the use of the epiphany in modern literature. 620. Luigi Pirandello wrote Right You Are If You Think You Are (1917). 621. Alexander Pope’s Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735), a brilliant satire of life and letters in 18th-century England. 622. Epistolary novel: Fiction written in the form of a series of letters. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (1740), Clarissa (1747–48), John Barth’s Letters (1979), Alice Walker’s The Color Purple (1982), A. S. Byatt’s Possession (1990). A memorable film based upon the epistolary idea is Max Ophuls’s Letter From An Unknown Woman (1948). 623. Epithalamion is a poem written on the occasion of a wedding, usually celebrating the virtue and beauty of the bride. The best known example is Edmund Spenser’s “Epithalamion” (1595), written for his own wedding. A modern example is John Ciardi’s “I Marry You” (1958). 624. Esemplastic is a term coined by the Romantic poet and critic Samuel Taylor Coleridge to describe the shaping power of the poetic imagination. 625. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) is a well known essayist. The 19th century’s outstanding essayists are including Thomas De Quincey, Charles Lamb, Ralph Waldo Emerson, John Ruskin, and Walter Pater. Modern essayists are Henry James (The Art of Fiction-1894), D. H. Lawrence (Studies in Classic American Literature - 1923), Virginia Woolf (The Common Reader-1925), and the collected essays of T. S. Eliot. 626. The most significant examples of the essay adapted to verse are Alexander Pope’s Essay on Criticism (1711) and his Essay on Man (1733). 627. Matthew Arnold’s phrase, “the best that has been thought and said”. 628. The novelist Alice Walker coined the term womanism to describe a feminist “of color.” 629. Ethos: In Rhetoric, the ethical character that a speaker projects in his efforts to persuade an audience. 630. Euphony is a pleasing, agreeable sound, traditionally associated with lyric poetry. The opposing term to euphony is Cacophony. ( *Euphony x Cacophony) 631. Tavern Scene occurs in Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Part One. 632. Euphuism: A late 16th-century, highly mannered style developed by John Lyly in his Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (1578) and Euphues and His England (1580). Features of the style included samplings of alliteration, antitheses, balanced constructions, and analogies drawn from natural history. 633. French theorist Georges Bataille wrote Literature and Evil (1973). 634. Exemplum: A tale designed to illustrate a moral lesson. The form was popular in the MIDDLE AGES. “The Pardoner’s Tale” in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales is a representative example: It is a story cast in the form of a sermon on the theme of money as the root of all evil. 635. In Being and Time (1927), Heidegger provides a phenomenological description of human existence which he calls DASEIN (being there). 636. Works on Existentialism : Dostoyevsky’s Notes from Underground (1864), Melville’s Bartleby the Scrivener(1853), Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilych(1884), Franz Kafka (“Metamorphosis,” 1915; The Trial, 1925), Robert Musil (The Man Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 26 Quick Points Without Qualities, 1930–43) , Albert Camus in his novels (The Stranger, 1942; The Fall, 1956) and plays (Caligula, 1944), Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex (1949), Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952), Saul Bellow’s Herzog (1964), and Norman Mailer’s American Dream (1965), Flannery O’Connor’s novel The Violent Bear It Away (1960), and Walker Percy’s The Moviegoer (1961). 637. Sartre’s What Is Literature? (1949) provides an interesting application of existentialism to literary criticism. 638. Exordium: In RHETORIC, the introductory part of a formal speech. The aim of the exordium is to catch the attention of the audience. 639. Expressionism: A movement in literature and art in the early 20th century that sought to go beyond Realism on the one hand and Impressionism on the other. For the expressionists, realists and impressionists were too concerned with the surface of reality and reproducing the appearance of things. Ex: Eugene O’Neill. The Emperor Jones (1920) and The Hairy Ape (1921), Sean O’Casey’s The Silver Tassie(1929) and Elmer Rice’s The Adding Machine (1925) 640. Strindberg’s To Damascus (1898–1901) is regarded by some as the first expressionist play. 641. Georg Kaiser, who produced 24 plays between 1917 and 1923, all in the expressionist mode. His notable plays are From Morn to Midnight, 1912, and Gas, 1917). 642. Fable is a short Narrative in prose or verse in which the action of the characters, usually animals, conveys a moral lesson. Aesop was the chief source of the fables of Jean de La Fontaine, whose 17th-century collection in verse continues to represent the standard for the form. Notable examples of the satiric fable are Chaucer’s “Nun’s Priest’s Tale” from The Canterbury Tales and George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945). 643. Fabliau is Humorous, frequently bawdy, tales in verse popular in Europe during the MIDDLE AGES. It was originated in France. The fabliau was adapted for use by Boccaccio in his Decameron (1350) and by Chaucer, who used the form for the “Miller’s Tale,” the “Reeve’s Tale,” and the “Summoner’s Tale” in his Canterbury Tales (1387–1400). 644. Arthur Miller wrote After the Fall (1964). 645. Fantasy is a form of literature characterized by highly imaginative or supernatural events. Ex: Gabriel García Márquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) and Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987). 646. Farce is a type of dramatic comedy characterized by broad, visual effects, fast moving action. 647. The term “tragic farce” was also employed by T. S. Eliot to describe Christopher Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta (1590). 648. The decree was issued as a response to Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses (1988), a novel regarded as insulting to Islam in general and to the prophet Mohammed in particular. Living under the threat of assassination since that time, Rushdie, an English citizen, has publicly apologized and declared himself to be a faithful Muslim. 649. Thomas Mann wrote Doktor Faustus (1947), in which the story is recast as a commentary on the German people’s “pact” with Nazism. (Note: Christopher Marlowe wrote Tragical History of Dr. Faustus (1588–92), in which Faustus makes a pact for 24 years and he is dragged screaming into Hell.) 650. Feminist Works: Feminist criticism emerged in the late ’60s. Ex: Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex (1949), Mary Ellmann’s Thinking about Women (1968), Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 27 Quick Points Kate Millett’s Sexual Politics (1970), Norman Mailer’s The Prisoner of Sex (1971), Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own (1929) 651. First Folio: The first collected edition of Shakespeare’s plays, published in 1623, seven years after the playwright’s death. The book was published as a result of the efforts of John Heminges and Henry Condell, two of the principal actors of The King’s Men, Shakespeare’s theatrical company. The Folio included a total of 36 plays, half of which had never been published before. 652. Ben Jonson said Shakespeare as “not of an age, but for all time.” 653. Foot is a unit of METER consisting of two or more syllables, each of which is treated as accented (stressed) or unaccented (unstressed). The most common feet in English are: IAMB, TROCHEE, ANAPEST, DACTYL, SPONDEE, Iamb, trochee, and spondee are two-syllable feet; dactyl and anapest are three-syllable feet. 654. Amphibrach and amphomacer are also three-syllable feet. Choriamb contains four-syllables. 655. Foregrounding is the English translation of the Czech word aktualisace, a term coined by Jan Mukarovsky of the Prague School, early advocates of linguistic Structuralism. 656. Formalism An approach to literature that analyzes its internal features (its Structure, Texture, And Imagery, for example) and minimizes or ignores its relations to historical, social, political, or biographical factors. Ex: Henry James’s Washington Square (1880) focuses recurrent images, structural oppositions, and features such as FORESHADOWING, while ignoring such topics as 19th-century class consciousness, the role of women, and the relevance of the novel to the author’s biography. 657. Fourteener is a line of iambic verse consisting of 14 syllables (seven feet), also known as heptameter. The form was popular in the early Tudor period (1500–60). 658. Lord Byron wrote Cain (1831). 659. Frankfurt school: The name given to a group of German intellectuals associated with the Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt in the 1920s and ’30s, and later in London and New York. After World War II, the Institute was reconstituted in Frankfurt. The prominent figures associated with the School are the philosophers and social theorists Max Horkheimer, Theodore Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse, the psychologist Erich Fromm, and, on the fringe of the group, the theorist Walter Benjamin. 660. Free verse Lines of poetry written without a regular METER and usually without RHYME. Although scattered examples of free verse appear in earlier poetry, the great pioneer of the form was Walt Whitman, whose Leaves of Grass (1855) constituted a free verse manifesto. 661. German playwright Gustav Freytag has developed a description of the structure of a five-act play in his Technique of Drama (1862). Freytag’s design features five movements: exposition, complication, climax, reversal, and denouement. 662. Fugitive/Agrarians: The name for a group of Southern writers, many of them faculty members of Vanderbilt University, who in the 1920s argued for a return to an agricultural society in the South. They viewed industrialization as a destructive force, destined to undermine and distort traditional Southern values. The group published their views, along with poetry and criticism, in The Fugitive (1922–25) and later in The Southern Review (1935–42). Among the early group were Allen Tate, John Crowe Ransom, and Robert Penn Warren, three of the leading exponents of what was to become the New Criticism. Gopura’s Education Solutions Page 28 Quick Points 663. Futurism: A literary/artistic movement in early 20th-century Italy, calling for a rejection of the past and a celebration of modern technology. The movement was founded in 1909 by Tommaso Marinetti. The Futurists proclaimed “the beauty of speed” and a poetics wedded to the glorification of the machine. They called for a reform of literature, art, and society, demanding new forms and themes. 664. Christopher Marlowe’s Edward II (1592–93), a play depicting the monarch’s love for a courtier, Piers Gaveston, and its tragic consequence. 665. Walt Whitman, particularly in the “Calamus” section of Leaves of Grass (1855–92), and Herman Melville, in Typee (1846) and other novels, have portrayed homosexual relations. 666. E.M.Forster’s Maurice, a novel written in 1914 but, because of its explicit homosexuality, not published until 1971, years after the author’s death. 667. Geneva School: A group of critics associated with the University of Geneva in the 1940s and ’50s. The leading figure of the Geneva School were Georges Poulet, Jean Starobinski, J. Hillis Miller. 668. Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw (1899) is a classic ghost story in which the reader never learns whether the “ghosts” in the story are real or the product of the narrator’s imagination. 669. Philip Roth’s novel The Ghost Writer (1979) uses the term to reflect on the Holocaust in depicting Anne Frank (literally, a “ghost writer”) as an embittered survivor of a concentration camp, now living in America. 670. Globe Theatre: An Elizabethan playhouse, the home of Shakespeare’s company, the Lord Chamberlain’s Men (later The King’s Men). The playhouse was constructed in 1599 on the Bank side of the Thames River, just outside the London city limits. It burned down in 1614 during a production of Shakespeare’s Henry VIII; an event that Shakespeare might have prophesied when in The Tempest (1612) Prospero spoke of the disappearance of “the great globe itself.” 671. In Shakespeare’s King Lear, the term the gods is used 26 times. 672. In the ominous first act, Lear invokes the gods Apollo, Jupiter, and Hecate against Cordelia in Shakespeare’s King Lear. 673. Friedrich Nietzsche argued in his Birth of Tragedy (1871) that tragedy arose out of the conflicting positions symbolized by the gods Apollo and Dionysus, where Apollo represents reason, restraint, and morality, and Dionysus, represents passion, frenzy, and amorality. 674. Gothic Novel: A type of fiction that employs mystery, terror or horror, suspense, and the supernatural for the simple purpose of scaring the wits out of its readers. Notable works are: Hugh Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto (1764), Anne Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), Matthew Lewis’s The Monk (1796), Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey (1818), Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818). 675. Graveyard school is a term for a group of 18th-century poets who focused on the theme of DEATH, the pain of bereavement, and the longing for immortality. The best known of the group were Robert Blair (“The Grave,” 1743), Edward Young (Night Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality, 1742–45), and Thomas Gray, whose “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (1751) is an acknowledged masterpiece of the form. 676. Group Theatre:

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