Psychology Chapter on Attribution and Deception

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Questions and Answers

Which statement about behavioral cues related to deception is accurate?

They are solely dependent on body language.

They are unreliable and vary greatly by context.

They can be ignored in favor of verbal communication.

They are reliable indicators according to research. (correct)

What does Kelly's Covariation Theory state about the causation of behavior?

A cause must be present when behavior happens and absent when it does not. (correct)

Behavior must occur independently of its causes.

Causation is irrelevant when assessing behavior.

Multiple causes can simultaneously influence behavior.

In Olympic sports, who are reported to feel less happy with their medals due to counterfactual thinking?

Gold medalists

Bronze medalists (correct)

All medalists have similar feelings.

Silver medalists

What concept is exemplified when a person's negative attributes lead others to perceive them unflatteringly, thereby reinforcing those attributes?

Self-fulfilling prophecy Signup and view all the answers

Why do people often blame victims according to Lerner's theory on the belief in a just world?

They have a strong belief that the world is a fair place. Signup and view all the answers

What do Western individualistic cultures emphasize regarding attribution?

Individual persons and their attributes. Signup and view all the answers

What does confirmation bias refer to in context to information consumption?

Ignoring contradictory beliefs and reinforcing existing biases. Signup and view all the answers

How does the base-rate fallacy affect people's perception of risks?

It causes overestimation of dramatic event risks and underestimation of mundane event risks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way for a minority group to influence others according to research?

By unswervingly sticking to their position. Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is Rahul most likely to exhibit in his new workplace regarding recycling?

He will throw his paper away while at work. Signup and view all the answers

What compliance technique is demonstrated when a salesperson removes a price advantage after agreement?

Lowball technique. Signup and view all the answers

Which route to persuasion is illustrated by Talia being charmed into signing paperwork?

Peripheral route. Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe a set of individuals who interact and share common goals?

Group. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the social impact theory, what factor does the influence of observers depend on?

The importance, immediacy, and number of observers. Signup and view all the answers

What type of conformity does Tom's behavior of giving into peer pressure illustrate?

Normative conformity. Signup and view all the answers

Which culture is Akoni likely from if she attributes her Olympic success to her coach and family?

Collectivistic culture. Signup and view all the answers

What does the inoculation hypothesis suggest about exposure to weak challenges?

It enhances the ability to resist future persuasive attempts. Signup and view all the answers

In cognitive dissonance theory, what happens to individuals who make difficult decisions?

They exaggerate the negative features of the unchosen alternative. Signup and view all the answers

What type of advertising strategy is employed when one uses graphic images to illustrate the consequences of a behavior?

A fear appeal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can increase the likability of a communicator?

Irrelevant background information Signup and view all the answers

What is an implicit attitude?

An attitude that a person is unaware of having. Signup and view all the answers

When comparing Korean and American advertisements, what aspect do Korean ads emphasize more?

Competition and self-improvement Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for an audience to effectively utilize the central route of persuasion?

High motivation, attention, and comprehension Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of a negative correlation coefficient in research?

It shows an inverse relationship between two variables. Signup and view all the answers

What type of research identifies associations between variables but not causal relationships?

Correlational Signup and view all the answers

When would it be unethical to use deception in experimental research?

When other means to study exist but deception is deemed more interesting. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines a research hypothesis?

A hypothesis is an explicit, testable prediction about conditions of an event. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct phrase to explain why Dustin's conclusion about ice cream and crime is flawed?

Correlation does not necessarily mean causation. Signup and view all the answers

What type of research method involves independent, dependent, and control variables with random assignment?

Experimental Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive correlation between height and weight indicate?

As height increases, weight tends to increase. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the need-for-cognition audience is correct?

They prefer content over peripheral cues when persuaded. Signup and view all the answers

The inoculation hypothesis suggests what regarding our attitudes?

Weak challenges enhance our resistance to future persuasion. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants in Milgram's first experiments progressed all the way to 450 volts?

Over 60 percent Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about conformity, compliance, and obedience is true?

They can be positive or negative, depending on the context. Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Festinger and Carlsmith, who reported enjoying the boring task the most?

Students who were paid $1 to lie Signup and view all the answers

What power influenced the compliance of participants in Regan's raffle ticket study?

Reciprocity Signup and view all the answers

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, which techniques are effective for immediate persuasion?

Peripheral route; central route Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the location of Milgram's experiments have on subjects' behavior?

They were less responsive in a rundown building. Signup and view all the answers

In a group characterized by groupthink, which comment is least likely to be made?

"Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed." Signup and view all the answers

According to the sleeper effect, what happens if people remember the message better than its source?

The impact of a noncredible source may increase over time. Signup and view all the answers

What stereotype led Liz to initially misjudge Hannah's character?

The what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about communal and exchange relationships is correct?

Exchange relationships allow time for repayment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding mood and helping behavior?

Good moods increase helping behavior. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Equity theory of relationships, satisfaction is achieved when:

The ratio of reward to cost is equal for both partners. Signup and view all the answers

What does dehumanization of outgroups primarily refer to?

Viewing outgroup members as inferior beings Signup and view all the answers

What motivates a person acting altruistically according to the context provided?

Empathy for others Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the decision-making process a bystander goes through before intervening in an emergency?

Reporting the incident to others Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences whether someone will help a stranger in distress according to the research mentioned?

Presence of other bystanders Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Quiz 4

Deception detection: Behavioral cues like fidgeting and eye contact are unreliable indicators of deception.
Kelly's Covariation Theory: For something to be considered a cause of behavior, it must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when it does not.
Prediction accuracy: People overestimate how accurate their predictions about others are, regardless of familiarity.
Base-rate fallacy: Overestimation of dramatic events' risks and underestimation of mundane risks.

Quiz 4 - Attribution Error

Fundamental Attribution Error (Western Cultures): Western individualistic cultures emphasize individual attributes when explaining behaviors.
Olympic Medal Winners' Happiness: Silver medalists appear less happy than bronze or gold medalists, likely due to counterfactual thinking.
Attribution Error Example: Jonathan's behavior is attributed to his personal issues and academic difficulties rather than outside factors (e.g., travel).

Quiz 4 - Just World Phenomenon

Just-World Hypothesis: People tend to blame victims of a crime for their negative outcomes, assuming the world is fair. This is due to a need for self-esteem and a belief in a just world.
Bias & Political Ideology: The tendency towards placing blame stems from focusing personal attributes or specific political ideologies, not simply from bias.
Perception of Incompetence: Alex's boss' perception of Alex as unproductive can create a self-fulfilling prophecy where Alex develops a belief in their own incompetence.

Base Rate Fallacy: A miscalculation of risk by focusing on specific events while ignoring overall statistics.

Quiz 4 - Confirmation Bias

Confirmation Bias: Alice holding firm beliefs and rejecting contradicting information despite evidence of error.

Social Isolation: Negative effects on mental and physical health.
Social Cognition: Emotional processes in social behaviors.
**Collectivistic Cultures:**Emphasize interdependence and group goals.
Fast Thinking: Automatic, intuitive cognitive processes.
Slow Thinking: Deliberate, effortful cognitive processes.
Social Psychology Focus: Individuals in social situations.
Open Science Movement: More transparent and accessible research materials and data.
Social Brain Hypothesis: Suggesting larger brains are linked to complex social interactions.

Quiz 5

High Need-for-Cognition: Persuaded by message's content, not peripheral cues.
Inoculation Hypothesis: Exposure to weak challenges strengthens attitude resistance to future persuasion.
Implicit Attitudes: Attitudes a person is unaware of holding.
Cross-Cultural Ad Comparison: Korean ads emphasized competition and self-improvement, contrasted to American ads.
Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger & Carlsmith): Participants who lied for a small reward experienced more cognitive dissonance—enjoyed boring task more.

Quiz 5 - Persuasion

Fear Appeal: Persuasion technique using graphic images of negative consequences to motivate change.
Central Route: Effective persuasion by logic and reasoning.
Peripheral Route: Persuasion by factors outside the message (e.g., attractiveness).
Likeability Factors: Competence and physical attractiveness increase likeability.
Dissonance Theory: After difficult decisions, people tend to exaggerate the chosen option's good points and the discarded option's negative points.
Confirmation Bias: Rejecting information that conflicts with beliefs.

Correlation vs. Causation: Correlation does not imply causation.
Inter-rater Reliability: The degree of agreement among observers.
New Research Practices: Pre-registration protects research integrity.
Research Hypothesis: An explicit, testable prediction about when an event will occur.

Social Isolation: Negative effects (mental/physical health).
Social Cognition: Emotional processes in social situations.
**Collectivistic Cultures:**Emphasize interdependence.
Fast Thinking: Automatic, intuitive.

General Additional Notes (various questions and topics)

Confirmation Bias: Accepting confirming info, ignoring contradictory info.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: A belief about someone leads them to act in ways that confirm the belief.
Stereotype Threat: Apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes.
Bystander Effect: Less likely to help with more bystanders.
Cognitive Dissonance: Trying to reduce inconsistencies between beliefs and behavior.
Social Loafing: Reduced effort on a collective task.
Just-World Hypothesis: Believing the world is fair; victims are blamed for misfortunes.
Impression Formation: Forming initial opinions about people.
Fundamental Attribution Error: Overemphasizing personal characteristics versus situational factors in explaining behaviors.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Individuals seek consistency and reduce discomfort when faced with contradictory information.
Confirmation Bias: Selective attention to information that confirms existing beliefs.
Central/Peripheral Route to Persuasion: Central route relies on logic and evidence, peripheral on cues.
Bystander Intervention: Deciding whether to help someone in an emergency is affected by factors like the number of others present.
Diffusion of Responsibility: Assuming others will take action.
Mere Exposure Effect: Repeated exposure to something increases liking for it.
Mere Presence Effect: Presence of others can affect performance, but the nature of the effect depends on whether the task is easy or difficult.
Social Proof: Conforming to perceived norms, behavior of others.
Reciprocity: Helping others who have helped you.
Inoculation Hypothesis: Resistance to persuasion grows stronger with exposure to weak counterarguments.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts from psychology regarding attribution, deception, and social perception. It examines theories like Kelly's Covariation Theory and the belief in a just world. Challenge your understanding of how psychological principles apply to real-world behaviors and attitudes.