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This document appears to be a collection of quizzes and answers, likely from a secondary school course. The content covers topics related to human development, including the scientific method and various developmental stages. PDF
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CHAPTER 1 1. The _____ domain includes all of the growth and change that occur in a person's body and the genetic, nutritional, and health factors that affect that growth and change. a. Biosocial b. Cognitive c. Psychosocial d. Biopsychosocial 2...
CHAPTER 1 1. The _____ domain includes all of the growth and change that occur in a person's body and the genetic, nutritional, and health factors that affect that growth and change. a. Biosocial b. Cognitive c. Psychosocial d. Biopsychosocial 2. Experiments allow researchers to _____. a. study the natural environment b. study the complexity of an individual c. use the scientific method in a cost-effective way d. determine a cause-and-effect relationship 3. While shopping you meet a woman named Ethel. Based on her name alone, you can expect for Ethel to be _____. a. a young woman b. a teenager c. a child d. an older woman 4. The fourth step in the scientific method involves _____. a. posing a question b. conducting research c. developing a hypothesis d. supporting or refuting a hypothesis 5. Which statement about scientific observation is true? a. It requires a large number of participants. b. It requires specialized equipment such as video recorders. c. It involves recording behavior systematically and objectively. d. It must take place in a lab setting. 6. Jack observed his coworker Jane crying when she was called into the boss's office. Jack thinks that crying at work is a sign of weakness that makes women unfit for employment in his industry. Jack is displaying _____. a. critical thinking b. a social construction c. work culture orientation d. the difference-equals-deficit error 7. Dr. Furth is curious about whether a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a large dose of vitamin E. Dr. Furth's question demonstrates the _____ step in the scientific method. a. first b. second c. third d. Fourth 8. According to the text, race is _____. a. part of the microsystem b. a social construction c. defined by heritage d. Multidirectional 9. In the science of human development, "nature" refers to _____. a. the genes that people inherit b. environmental influences c. patterns of development d. developmental differences 10.When change occurs rapidly and dramatically, it is said to be _____. a. discontinuous b. continuous c. nature d. Nurture 11.What term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person's development? a. macrosystem b. exosystem c. microsystem d. Chronosystem 12.During her pregnancy, a woman in Honduras worked in a field that had been treated with pesticides. When her son was born, she was horrified to find that he had no limbs. Her pesticide exposure must have occurred during a(n) _____ period of prenatal development. a. critical b. early c. late d. Sensitive 13.The impact of any good or bad experience depends on _____. a. nature b. nurture c. nature and nurture d. neither nature nor nurture 14.Dr. Kilbey is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which of these would she be most interested in examining? a. cultural values and economic processes b. family and peer groups c. medical centers and religious institutions d. the development of the skeletal structure in children 15.If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children's asthma, he can be certain that _____. a. secondhand smoke causes children's asthma b. secondhand smoke does not cause children's asthma c. children exposed to smoke in utero often get asthma d. asthma and secondhand smoke have some connection 16.In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the _____ group. a. independent b. dependent c. experimental d. Comparison 17.The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation between Hank's food intake and his hunger is _____. a. positive b. negative c. zero d. Causal 18.A negative correlation is when _____. a. both variables decrease b. both variables increase c. one variable increases while the other variable decreases d. change in one variable is unrelated to change in the other variable 19.IRB stands for _____. a. Institutional Review Board b. International Research Board c. Internal Review Board d. Intelligence Research Board 20.Quantitative research relies on data that can be _____. a. collected exclusively with surveys b. categorized, ranked, or numbered c. reported in professional journals d. analyzed in narrative form CHAPTER 2 1. Critics of psychoanalytic theory argue that the theory _____. a. is too subjective b. is too mechanistic c. neglects individuals d. undervalues emotions 2. Freud believed that _____ is/are linked to major developmental stages, needs, and challenges. a. relationship conflicts b. sensual satisfaction c. learning d. thinking processes 3. According to evolutionary theory, why are so many people afraid of snakes? a. because of daily life-threatening experiences b. because of unconscious memories of childhood experiences with snakes c. because they have learned by watching others react with fear to snakes d. because a fear of snakes helped our ancestors survive millions of years ago 4. The so-called "new" theories, unlike the grand theories, are multidisciplinary. Evolutionary theory, for example, draws on the work of _____. a. archeologists b. educators c. engineers d. computer scientists 5. Chinh is a 1-year-old little girl. She has been walking with support for several weeks and is just about to take her first unsupported step. She staggers a little and then falls. She gets back to her feet and is ready to try again. It sounds like walking unsupported is _____. a. within Chinh's zone of proximal development b. too hard for Chinh right now c. boring and unmotivating d. overwhelming and unmotivating 6. In the United States in the 1950s, most children experienced their first taste of freedom when they learned to ride a bike and were allowed to ride it unsupervised in their neighborhood. Today, children are much older when they first experience this kind of freedom. The _____ has changed between the 1950s and now. a. culture b. temperament c. evolutionary style d. Genes 7. For centuries, men have needed women to be sexually faithful to ensure that a woman's children are also the male partner's offspring. Which theory is consistent with this explanation for faithfulness among romantic partners? a. humanism b. evolutionary theory c. behaviorism d. sociocultural theory 8. In class, Sam learned that some theorists link happiness to productivity. From this, he developed the thought that happy employees in a factory will produce more products per hour. In this example, Sam's theory led him to _____. a. produce a hypothesis b. solve a developmental problem c. generate a discovery d. gain practical guidance 9. Unlike Freud, Erikson _____. a. described development only in childhood b. believed that adult problems reflect childhood conflicts c. proposed a theory of the entire life span d. was a psychoanalytic psychologist 10.Which psychoanalytic theorist identified unique stages of development from birth through late adulthood? a. Freud b. Piaget c. Skinner d. Erikson 11.Why have human genes evolved more rapidly than those of other species? a. Other species' genes are not capable of mutation. b. Humans have reproduced more often than other species. c. Other species have fewer offspring than humans do. d. Humans have had to adapt to many climates over time. 12.Which of these is the correct sequential order of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development? a. formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensorimotor b. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational d. sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational 13.According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, when a person experiences an imbalance that creates confusion they are experiencing _____. a. respondent behavior b. reinforcement c. operant behavior d. cognitive disequilibrium 14.Skinner believed that psychology should focus on the study of behavior. The type of conditioning that Skinner identified was _____. a. classical conditioning b. observational conditioning c. operant conditioning d. cognitive conditioning 15.When Scott gets home from work, his infant son, Mino, smiles and kicks his legs. Pavlov would say that Scott's arrival has been paired with playtime, so now Mino is displaying a(n) _____ to Scott's arrival. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response 16._____ has/have shown the effect that immediate response, associations, and examples have on learning, moment by moment and over time. a. Psychoanalytic theories b. Cognitive theories c. Sociocultural theories d. Behaviorism 17.Jung, Adler, and Horney referred to their theoretical perspectives as _____, to emphasize that they did not adhere strictly to Freud's ideas. a. psychoanalytic b. Cognitive c. psychodynamic d. Sociocultural 18.Thirteen-year-old Mishal has never taken any singing lessons before, but she has decided to join her school choir. While there she met a new friend, who introduced her to a new sport. Mishal is trying out new activities and new friends because she's in Erikson's _____ stage of development. a. identity vs. role confusion b. autonomy vs. shame c. initiative vs. guilt d. industry vs. inferiority 19.The theories that have made us aware of the impact of early-childhood experiences, remembered or not, on development are _____ theories. a. psychoanalytic b. cognitive c. sociocultural d. Universal 20.Psychoanalytic theory originated with _____. a. Piaget b. Freud c. Watson d. Erikson CHAPTER 3 1. One in every _____ infants is born with only one sex chromosome or with three or more, which creates a chromosomal abnormality. a. 30 b. 300 c. 3,000 d. 30,000 2. Which statement is true about alcohol use disorder? a. Alcohol use disorder is polygenic, and culture is a pivotal factor. b. Alcohol use disorder is polygenic, and genes are a pivotal factor. c. Alcohol use disorder is X-linked, and culture is a pivotal factor. d. Alcohol use disorder is X-linked, and genes are a pivotal factor. 3. With X-linked traits, who is more likely to be a carrier, and who is more likely to express them? a. Females are more likely to be carriers, whereas males are more likely to express them. b. Females are just as likely to be carriers as to express them. c. Males are more likely to be carriers, whereas females are more likely to express them. d. Males are unlikely to be carriers or to express them. 4. The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent differs from the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____. a. homozygous b. heterozygous c. monozygotic d. Dizygotic 5. An ovum is surgically removed from an ovary, fertilized in a glass lab dish, and then inserted into the uterus. This process is referred to as _____. a. in vitro fertilization (IVF) b. assisted reproductive technology (ART) c. intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) d. Multifactorial 6. Every person begins life as a single cell, which is called a _____. a. chromosome b. zygote c. genotype d. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 7. Which is an example of a single-gene disorder that is dominant? a. Down syndrome b. nearsightedness c. fragile X syndrome d. Huntington's disease 8. Differences among people begin with alleles, which can be caused by transpositions, deletions, or repetitions of base pairs, making some genes _____. a. polymorphic b. multimorphic c. allelemorphic d. Transmorphic 9. The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum, is called a _____. a. chromosome b. phenotype c. genotype d. Zygote 10.A small section of a chromosome that is the basic unit for the transmission of heredity is a _____. a. gamete b. gene c. genotype d. Zygote 11.This disorder has a chromosomal pattern of XXX and has a rate of 1 in 1,000 females. Which disorder is this? a. Klinefelter Syndrome b. Triple X Syndrome c. Jacob's Syndrome d. Turner Syndrome 12.Down syndrome is also called _____. a. trisomy-12 b. trisomy-13 c. trisomy-21 d. Trisomy-31 13.In the United States, a 2017 survey found that the prevalence of mental illness was _____. a. 7% b. 19% c. 26% d. 32% 14.Members of the same species share _____. a. just physical similarities b. just behavioral similarities c. 99 percent of their genes d. 75 percent of their attitudes 15.Mr. Bohil is a high school science teacher. In class today he asks his students what cells could be used to produce any other cell in the body. The students who respond "_____ cells" are correct. a. polymorphic b. foundation c. stem d. Allele 16.Who is most likely to benefit from preconception, prenatal, or even prenuptial (before marriage) genetic counseling? a. women over age 35 and men over age 40 b. couples who already have children c. couples who have never had a spontaneous abortion or stillbirth d. women who are younger than 25 and men who are younger than 30 17.Michelle and Greg are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. What is responsible for determining the sex of the baby? a. Michelle's egg b. Greg's sperm c. food Michelle ate d. Michelle's sleeping position 18.Which of the following is NOT a problem with genome-wide analysis? a. While data can reveal risks, almost every condition has contributing nongenetic factors. b. Recessive diseases are often not identified in testing. c. Most research has been on people with western European heritage. d. People may be vulnerable to a problem but not know how to prevent or treat it. 19.RNA affects genes and alleles by _____. a. turning some on and some off b. removing inactive ones c. inserting additional DNA d. encouraging activation of desirable traits 20.In China, a "one-child" policy implemented in about 1979 cut the birth rate in half. Although the intended goal of reducing poverty was achieved, several unintended consequences were identified, including _____. a. far more unmarried men in China than women b. millions of newborn boys being placed for adoption c. males living longer than females d. decreased abortions of female fetuses CHAPTER 4 1. The frequency of low birthweight in the United States decreased throughout most of the twentieth century, and then it _____ in the 1990s and early 2000s. a. increased b. further decreased c. remained stable d. was nearly eradicated 2. The parents of newborn Renata are amazed at their daughter's responsiveness and reflexes when a professional administers the _____. a. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale b. Apgar scale c. Child Behavioral Checklist d. Strange Situation 3. A baby born two or more weeks early is called _____. a. premature b. preterm c. low birthweight d. small for gestational age 4. Low folic acid levels during pregnancy can result in _____. a. heart defects b. lung defects c. limb deformities d. neural-tube defects 5. Rumasia places her baby on her chest so that they are skin to skin. This is called _____. a. couvade b. a doula c. kangaroo care d. parent–infant bond 6. Brain pathways are forged during _____. a. the germinal stage b. the embryonic stage c. implantation d. the fetal period 7. An alternative to giving birth in a hospital is to arrange to give birth at home. In the United States, less than _____ of births occur at home. a. 1 percent b. 5 percent c. 10 percent d. 15 percent 8. With respect to test results, a false positive is the result of a laboratory test that reports something as _____. a. a problem when there really is nothing wrong b. nothing wrong when there really is a problem c. a problem when there really is a problem d. nothing wrong when there really is nothing wrong 9. Babies born weighing less than 1,000 grams (2 pounds, 3 ounces) are considered _____. a. low birthweight b. very low birthweight c. extremely low birthweight d. ultra low birthweight 10.Sherri is in labor and has been given an injection in her spine to stop her feeling pain during labor. She was given a(n) _____. a. apoptosis b. epidural c. anencephaly d. Pitocin 11.Harry was a preterm newborn who was born after 26 weeks of prenatal development. He is now a healthy, happy 2-year-old. Harry's ability to survive after being born so early was due in part to his reaching the _____. a. term of postnatal development b. germinal period c. neurogenesis point d. age of viability 12.The head begins to take shape in the _____ week after conception. a. fourth b. fifth c. sixth d. Seventh 13.Cerebral palsy was once thought to be the result of something that happened during the birth procedure, but we now know that it can result from many factors, including _____. a. a specific gene for cerebral palsy b. maternal nutritional deficits c. maternal infection d. Huntington's disease 14.In the United States, more than _____ of births occur via c-section. a. ⅓ b. ½ c. ⅔ d. ¾ 15.The Apgar scale is used at one minute and five minutes after birth to _____. a. evaluate the newborn's sensory abilities b. evaluate the health of the new mother c. help the mother recover from childbirth d. evaluate the health of the newborn 16.Compared to vaginal births, c-section births _____. a. are less expensive b. increase the risk of complications after birth c. usually take longer d. are less safe for the baby 17.When a newborn is held upright with their feet touching a flat surface and they move their legs as if to walk, which reflex has occurred? a. Babinski b. stepping c. swimming d. palmar grasp 18.When a newborn's feet are stroked and the toes fan upward, which reflex has occurred? a. Babinski b. stepping c. swimming d. palmar grasp 19.Children born by cesarean section _____. a. spend more time being held by their mothers in the hours following delivery b. are more likely to breast-feed from the beginning c. have double the rate of childhood obesity d. score lower on the Apgar test 20.Margaret has been given an injection to speed up her labor contractions. She was given _____. a. apoptosis b. epidural c. anencephaly d. Pitocin CHAPTER 5 1. What three factors contribute to the ability to walk? a. muscle strength, parental teaching, practice b. brain maturation, parental teaching, muscle strength c. parental teaching, practice, brain maturation d. muscle strength, brain maturation, practice 2. Brain growth occurs most rapidly during _____ a. the first few months of life b. the second year of life c. the first year of life d. the fifth year of life 3. Frequent exposure to the stress hormone cortisol early in life can make a person _____ lifelong. a. hypervigilant or emotionally flat b. exceptionally outgoing c. less intelligent d. more intelligent 4. Clara's weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that _____ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does. a. 19 b. 29 c. 69 d. 79 5. Studies comparing breast-feeding to bottle-feeding show that _____. a. breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomach upsets b. breast-feeding is recommended for about half of all mothers c. recent improvements in formula make bottle-feeding more nutritious than breast milk d. breast-feeding should end as soon as a baby gets a tooth 6. A child who is too short for his or her age due to severe malnutrition is suffering from a condition called _____. a. stunting b. marasmus c. wasting d. protein-calorie malnutrition 7. Brain weight triples during the first two years of life primarily because of the growth of _____. a. axons b. dendrites c. neurons d. Synapses 8. Fine motor skills are those that _____. a. develop as a result of brain damage b. require practice c. require small body movements d. use three or more muscles 9. Most infants can control their upper body before they can control their arms because _____. a. gross motor skills follow a cephalocaudal direction b. gross motor skills follow a proximodistal direction c. infants are more motivated by behaviors involving the upper body d. control of the upper body is a gross motor skill, and control of the arms is a fine motor skill 10.Margo was just told by her child's pediatrician that her newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that her child is _____. a. above average in height b. below average in height c. average in height d. 90 percent of the desired height for his weight 11.Which statement describes the brain's cortex? a. It is found in the center of the brain and is responsible for primitive emotions and reflexes. b. It makes up a small percentage of the outer brain and is responsible for movement. c. It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing. d. It is the gray matter of the brain where the intersections of dendrites and axons form. 12.Clean water, immunizations, and nourishing food have all had a dramatic impact on _____. a. infant and child mortality b. maternal education levels c. population constriction d. rates of violence 13.The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Due to its rapidity and temporary nature, this rapid brain growth is called _____. a. dendrite proliferation b. pruning c. cortex multiplication d. transient exuberance 14.By _____ months of age, around 50 percent of babies can usually sit up unsupported. a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 15.Jian is a 15-month-old from rural China who is not yet walking unsupported. Adad is a 10-month-old from sub-Saharan Africa who has been walking unsupported for a month. What can we say about these two infants? a. Jian is behind and needs to be assessed by a doctor. b. Adad is ahead and probably will develop great athletic abilities as he ages. c. Both infants are on target relative to their local norms. d. Jian will probably always lag behind in gross motor skills. 16.Small movements made by fingers and toes are known as _____ motor skills. a. athletic b. primitive c. fine d. Gross 17.The human body is equipped to protect the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth. This protective feature is known as _____. a. the blood–brain barrier b. brain-override c. head-sparing d. caudal protection 18.Between _____ months of age, most infants can lift their midsections and crawl on "all fours." a. 8 and 10 b. 10 and 12 c. 12 and 14 d. 14 and 16 19.Maggie is a newborn and is dozing in and out and is half-awake. She is experiencing _____. a. REM sleep b. paradoxical sleep c. transitional sleep d. postnatal sleep 20.On average, children begin to walk well at approximately _____ of age. a. 6 months b. 1 year c. 18 months d. 2 years CHAPTER 6 1. Sarah is an infant. She understands that moving objects stop when they bump into a wall. This is an example of _____. a. gaze-following b. natural pedagogy c. habituation d. core knowledge 2. _____ memory is not verbal and begins by 3 months of age. a. Explicit b. Implicit c. Declarative d. Semantic 3. Three-month-old Everett sucks vigorously on a breast when he is eating a meal, pressing the nipple against the roof of his mouth to maximize the milk in his mouth. He sucks firmly and rhythmically when sucking on a pacifier to fall asleep, with less pressure from his tongue. These sucking adaptations imply that Everett is in Piaget's stage _____. a. one b. two c. three d. Four 4. After a child's vocabulary has reached about 50 expressed words, spoken vocabulary will build _____ over the next several months. a. slowly b. rapidly c. sequentially d. Deliberately 5. According to Chomsky's theory of language acquisition, _____. a. children learn language through a complex process of imitation and reinforcement b. children have an inborn ability to learn language c. the inability to learn language is due to specific brain dysfunctions d. language learning utilizes one particular structure in the brain 6. Piaget referred to toddlers in sensorimotor stage five as _____. a. little heathens b. tertiary infants c. little scientists d. blank slates 7. Research indicates that infants reach the milestones of stage six of Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence _____ Piaget originally predicted. a. earlier than b. later than c. at the same time as d. in a different sequence than 8. Infants are born with a basic understanding of how the world works. This is called _____. a. gaze-following b. natural pedagogy c. habituation d. core knowledge 9. During Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence, toddlers begin to enjoy playing with inanimate objects as if they were real. This is the beginning of _____ play. a. pretend b. parallel c. rough-and-tumble d. Cognitive 10.Between 13 and 18 months, infants add approximately _____ new words. a. 25 b. 50 c. 100 d. 200 11.At approximately what age will a child begin to utter his or her first two-word sentences? a. 10–11 months b. 12–14 months c. 16–18 months d. 18–24 months 12.Annette, a 6-month-old human infant, and Dash, a 4-year-old Border collie, are both interested in a squeaky toy. When the toy is hidden from view, what will Annette and Dash do? a. Annette will forget about it; Dash will search for it. b. Annette will search for it; Dash will forget about it. c. Both Annette and Dash will forget about it. d. Both Annette and Dash will search for it. 13.Jazmine is a 12-month-old who communicates with one-word holophrases. When she wants a cookie, she gets her mother's attention, looks directly at her face, and says, "Cuh-cuh!" Jazmine seems to be very interested in ensuring that her mother understands what she is trying to communicate. Which theory would best account for Jazmine's motivation to be understood? a. Sociocultural 14.A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary that begins at about 18 months of age is referred to as _____. a. the naming explosion b. universalism c. habituation d. Prosopagnosia 15.Bryson is an infant who tends to look at snakes more than flowers. This should be expected according to _____ theory. a. evolutionary b. information-processing c. sociocultural d. the behaviorist 16.Brodie just started saying single words such as "mama" and "doggie." About how old is Brodie likely to be? a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 12 months d. 24 months 17.The term holophrase is used to denote _____. a. a word that is empty of meaning b. the infant's use of one word to express a whole thought c. the relationship of object permanence to language development d. the use of two words to take the place of one 18.The fact that, at 6 weeks of age, infants smile at almost anyone whose face is about 2 feet away demonstrates that faces _____. a. are a part of core knowledge b. cannot be habituated c. illustrate natural pedagogy d. demonstrate gaze-following 19.In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage one is described as _____. a. the stage of reflexes b. making interesting sights last c. first acquired adaptations d. new adaptation and anticipation 20.On average, children begin saying recognizable words at around _____ months of age. a. 3 b. 6 c. 12 d. 24 CHAPTER 7 1. In the Strange Situation, a sign of insecure attachment might be _____. a. smiling at Mother when she returns to the room b. crying and unable to be comforted when Mother returns c. seeking contact with Mother when reunited d. playing happily as long as Mother is present 2. Dr. Berkowitz is doing research using the Strange Situation in order to measure a child's _____. a. fear b. love c. attachment d. depth perception 3. Which is an essential characteristic of high-quality day care? a. frequent turnover of staff b. experienced, professional caregivers c. a homelike setting d. a ratio of one adult for each infant 4. Which theorist stated, "Failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child—assuming bodily health—falls squarely upon the parents' shoulders"? a. Erikson b. Skinner c. Freud d. Watson 5. You are babysitting a toddler when they have a temper tantrum over dinner. How should you respond? a. with anger b. with teasing c. with logic d. with comfort 6. A child who is fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who _____. a. eats too much b. is excessively neat c. is a homosexual d. has intense fears 7. Sam is a 6-month-old infant. He will prefer to look what type of face? a. male b. female c. sad d. Happy 8. Child care that is provided by a nonrelative is called _____. a. center day care b. allocare c. decentralized day care d. extrafamilial day care 9. Baby Carrie's father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face. Since this is typical behavior for her, she may have which type of attachment? a. insecure-avoidant b. disorganized c. secure-detached d. insecure-resistant/ambivalent 10.Which psychologist developed the Strange Situation test? a. Erikson b. Freud c. Skinner d. Ainsworth 11.Freud claimed that during the anal stage _____. a. infants often find urinating and defecating to be painful b. toilet training leads to positive mother–child interactions c. infants find pleasure in elimination of waste and controlling the bowels d. infants strive to develop a sense of trust in the parents 12.Huan is 20 months old, and his mother is in a hurry. She wants to put his shoes on for him, but Huan rejects that by squirming and declaring, "No! Me!" It takes him five minutes, and his shoes end up on the wrong feet, but he proudly skips out to the car when he's done. Huan is in Erikson's _____ stage. a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. anal stage d. oral stage 13.When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting _____. a. general anxiety b. separation anxiety c. solitary fear d. fear of isolation 14.A child showing a secure attachment is one who _____. a. ignores the caregiver while sitting in a corner b. expresses fear at the sight of the caregiver c. makes contact with the caregiver after the caregiver reenters the room d. refuses to let go of the caregiver when the caregiver attempts to place the child on the floor 15.The emotions of attachment protect children by _____. a. keeping them near their vigilant caregivers b. repelling potentially threatening adults c. bonding siblings d. boosting herd immunity 16.When playing with their children, mothers are more likely than fathers to _____. a. engage in physical play b. help children to become less fearful c. engage in noisy play d. comfort their children 17.The autonomy versus shame and doubt crisis involves the child _____. a. exhibiting a sense of trust b. asserting control over his or her own actions c. developing a sense of worthiness d. getting along with other children 18.By the time _____, face-to-face synchrony is less common and attachment becomes evident. a. the social smile appears b. the infant can walk c. that infants can recognize themselves in the mirror d. temperament can be identified 19.Four-month-old Tammi and 13-month-old Dawn are left with a babysitter. How will they react? a. Tammi will be more upset than Dawn. b. Dawn will show more distress than Tammi. c. Both Tammi and Dawn will be experiencing separation anxiety. d. Neither girl is likely to show distress. 20.According to Erikson, failure to develop autonomy over one's own actions is most closely identified with _____. a. mistrust b. synchrony c. the oral stage d. shame and doubt CHAPTER 8 1. A safe and effective way to decrease allergic reaction to peanuts in preschool children is to _____. a. totally avoid all foods containing peanuts b. ban peanut products from schools c. carefully give allergic children a tiny bit of peanut powder d. ban the sale of peanut products 2. The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is called _____. a. lateralization b. myelination c. dexterity d. Perseveration 3. The ability to play "Simon Says" successfully appears to be directly related to the development of the _____ cortex. a. auditory b. prefrontal c. visual d. Thalamus 4. Of the following, children are most likely to be harmed by _____. a. cancer b. violence c. fatal illness d. cardiovascular disease 5. Each year of early childhood, a well-nourished child will gain about 4.5 pounds and grow about _____ inches. a. 3 b. 4.5 c. 6 d. 10 6. Writing your name is a _____. a. sensorimotor skill b. physical skill c. coordination skill d. fine motor skill 7. The left side of the brain notices details, while the right side grasps _____. a. logical reasoning b. the big picture c. the basics of language d. detailed analysis 8. School buses have flashing lights on them as a form of _____ prevention. a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. Quaternary 9. The brains of Romanian orphaned children were ____ lateralized than those of Romanian children who were never institutionalized. a. more b. less c. equivalently d. Specifically 10.Simone is in early childhood and should be able to brush her teeth by what age? a. 2 years b. 4 years c. 5 years d. 6 years 11.During a long car trip, Anna and Robert asked "Are we there yet?" so many times that their mother began covering her ears. Her children were exhibiting _____. a. impulsiveness b. emotional regulation c. perseveration d. Habituation 12.Which of these acts would be considered child maltreatment? a. a caregiver leaving a young child alone while going to the store b. a parent yelling at a child c. a stranger following a child d. a teacher withholding a snack after the child threw a toy 13.Five-year-old Aspen can ride a bicycle without training wheels, hop on one foot, and kick a ball. However, he can't write his name legibly. Aspen clearly excels in _____. a. fine motor skills b. gross motor skills c. lateralization d. limbic system development 14.Austin's parents neglected him, and the court determined that he needed to be removed from their care while his parents dealt with the issues that led to his neglect. He was placed with his aunt, who provided _____. a. foster care b. kinship care c. day care d. adoptive care 15.The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to _____. a. eating healthy foods b. myelination c. frontal cortex maturation d. development of new axons 16.Five-year-old Kimberly has a food allergy. She is most likely allergic to _____. a. soy b. rice c. oats d. Bananas 17.The development of motor skills depends on all of the following except _____. a. culture b. practice c. maturity d. Control 18.Regis, a 6-year-old, can correctly name objects, catch a ball and throw it, and write his ABCs in proper sequence. His younger brother, Mark, is much less speedy and skillful in all of these areas. What is the explanation for Regis's superior performance? a. Regis most likely eats healthier foods than Mark. b. Regis's brain has experienced greater myelination than Mark's. c. Regis's frontal cortex is less mature than Mark's. d. Regis has fewer dendrites than Mark. 19.Because the prefrontal cortex is immature, it is unable to moderate the _____. As a result, young children are impulsive and display perseveration. a. limbic system b. temporal cortex c. fusiform face area d. corpus callosum 20.About 10 percent of adults in Great Britain and the United States are _____. a. left-handed b. right-handed c. left hemisphere dominant d. right hemisphere dominant CHAPTER 9 1. Piaget believed that, until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think _____. a. subjectively b. egocentrically c. logically d. about animism 2. Executive function skills are _____. a. inborn b. taught c. egocentric d. Genetic 3. Joachim lives in the United States. His mother speaks to him in Spanish. His father speaks to him in German. His parents hope that Joachim will _____. a. speak English with an accent b. become a fluent trilingual c. experience a language shift d. not learn English 4. Logical extension involves _____. a. using a newly learned word to describe other objects in the same category b. mentally charting new words c. applying a new concept to a preexisting category d. Equilibration 5. Compared to children who did not attend an intensive early-intervention program, longitudinal studies showed that the children who did participate _____. a. were less likely to need special education and more likely to attend college b. had higher IQ scores in high school and were more likely to attend college c. had higher IQ scores in high school but were less likely to attend college d. had higher math and reading achievement at age 10 and higher IQ scores in high school 6. Avia is 5 years old and is pretending to be a teacher. When she is talking to her students in a way that is different than how she normally talks, she is demonstrating _____. a. pragmatics b. grammar c. overregularization d. code-focused teaching 7. Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, "Naughty table!" This is an example of _____. a. egocentrism b. operational thinking c. centration d. Animism 8. "You are your mom's daughter, right?" Grandpa asked Beatriz. "Yes!" Beatriz eagerly answered. "Well, your mom is my daughter," Grandpa replied. "No! She's my Mommy!" Beatriz exclaimed. Why did Beatriz make this error? a. conservation b. object permanence c. overregularization d. Centration 9. According to Vygotsky, within the context of thought, language is a tool _____. a. to make oneself understood b. to regulate behavior c. to advance cognition d. of self-expression 10.According to Vygotsky, a child's first guided participation is provided by a guide who is likely a(n) _____. a. classmate b. teacher c. parent d. older sibling 11.A child is shown two identical tall containers, both half-filled with water. The water from one container is then poured into a short, wide container. If the child states that both containers still have the same amount of water, then the child understands the concept of _____. a. classification b. conservation c. centration d. Transformation 12.When a person imitates an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned, _____ has occurred. a. egocentrism b. centration c. animism d. Overimitation 13.Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 "preoperational intelligence" because children do not yet _____. a. have intelligence b. use logical operations c. understand language d. produce language 14.Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child's tendency to _____. a. focus on something other than appearances b. use deductive reasoning to solve a problem c. believe that what has been done cannot be undone d. engage in centration when another solution is needed 15.Rhonin always raises his hand in class when he wants to answer the teacher's question. He is demonstrating _____. a. flexibility b. inhibition c. shifting d. symbolic thought 16.When is the best time to learn a language? a. early childhood b. late childhood c. adolescence d. Adulthood 17.When Renee was 11 months old, she was injured in a car crash. She was in a coma for almost a year and then spent many months of recovery from a brain injury. Now at her third birthday, although she is making good progress, she has not yet spoken, and her parents are fearful that she will never speak. The doctors, however, feel confident that Renee will learn to speak. This is because language learning in the first four years is a _____. a. sensitive period b. critical period c. developmental task d. dynamic system 18.Neuroscience has proven which statement about bilingual adults who mastered both languages before age 6? a. Both languages reside in the same area of the brain with no detriment to the cortex structure. b. Different languages reside in different areas of the brain, thus allowing a bilingual individual to activate only one area at a time. c. Bilingual individuals of any age have difficulty keeping the two languages totally separate when speaking. d. Since both languages reside in the same area of the brain, bilingual individuals consciously inhibit one language while speaking the other. 19.According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child _____. a. interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task b. be told instructions for a task only once c. discovers the solution to a task on his or her own d. be taught new skills by other children 20.Studies of children solving the day–night test reveal that _____ correlates with maturation of the prefrontal cortex. a. correct solution of the test b. telling plausible lies c. frustration level d. ability to understand instructions CHAPTER 10 1. Young children usually play best with _____. a. their peers b. their parents c. older children d. their younger siblings 2. The four dimensions of a parenting style are warmth, discipline, communication, and _____. a. physical contact b. expectations for maturity c. trust d. Supportiveness 3. During rough-and-tumble play, human children _____. a. look angry b. use a play face c. play hide and seek d. determine a social hierarchy 4. The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to _____. a. make friends b. know right from wrong c. regulate emotions d. make choices 5. Which theory states that gender-role differences are rooted in a basic urge to reproduce? a. cognitive theory b. behavioral theory c. evolutionary theory d. sociocultural theory 6. To understand a child's development of gender attitudes and roles, behaviorists stress _____. a. biological mechanisms b. reinforcement and punishment c. reasoning ability d. unconscious motivations 7. Children who lack self-control are likely to have parents who have the _____ parenting style. a. abusive b. overcontrolling c. authoritarian d. Permissive 8. Which theory focuses on how children learn acceptable behaviors for their gender? a. cognitive theory b. behavioral theory c. epigenetic theory d. evolutionary theory 9. Compared to parents in the United States, _____ Canadian parents use slapping, pinching, or smacking as a form of punishment. a. fewer b. more c. about the same number of d. Older 10.Diana Baumrind is known for her work on _____. a. gender roles b. types of play c. parenting styles d. cognitive stages 11.Jack sees his friends Evan and Liam playing a quiet game of blocks. Jack wants to engage in some rough-and-tumble play, so he grabs one of the blocks and runs a few feet away, looking over his shoulder and displaying a play face. How are Evan and Liam likely to respond? a. They will tell an adult that Jack disrupted their game. b. They will chase Jack and play wrestle. c. They will cry and demand their block back. d. They will ignore Jack and continue playing with their blocks. 12.What is a criticism of Baumrind's classification of parenting styles? a. She overlooked the fact that most authoritative parents are lax in discipline. b. She did not realize that many permissive parents love their children. c. She considered children's temperamental differences. d. She focused more on parental attitudes than on parental actions. 13.Which statement is true? a. Parents around the world play with their children regularly. b. You Answered c. The ways in which children play are identical around the world. d. Children's play reflects their culture's practices and values. e. Children in North America who engage in parallel play are developmentally delayed. 14.Which of the following is NOT something parents of children aged 1–3 years can do to encourage play? a. Organize supervised playdates with peers. b. Encourage make-believe play. c. Offer simple, inexpensive objects for play. d. Offer tablets and other devices for play. 15.When parents expect unquestioning obedience from their children, their parenting style is labeled _____. a. tyrannical b. authoritative c. dictatorial d. Authoritarian 16.The individual who probably grew up with authoritative parents is _____. a. Kelly, who is obedient but not very happy b. Raquel, who is happy and successful c. Mary, who is unhappy and lacks self-control d. Lacey, who is homeless and a drug user 17.Adeline can describe some of her characteristics, including what emotions she feels. This achievements reveal that she has developed _____. a. social referencing skills b. high self-esteem c. an identity d. her self-concept 18.Children 2 to 10 years of age are likely to spend their free time engaged in _____. a. screen-based play b. indoor play c. outside play d. solitary play 19.A recent longitudinal study in Canada of almost 2,500 children found that the average 3-year-old spent more than two hours a day on a screen. Which of the following was NOT a result of screen time use? a. disrupted interactions with caregivers b. reduced emotional development c. hindered cognitive development d. improved physical functioning 20.Because parents so often remind their children of their positive accomplishments, it is common for children to develop _____. a. protective optimism b. trust c. integrity d. emotional regulation