Psychology Past Paper Questions PDF

## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology Quiz #4 **Indicate whether each of these statements is true or false:** 1. According to research, behavioral cues such as fidgeting and eye contact are reliable indicators of deception. **True** 2. Kelly's Covariation Theory suggests that in order for something to...

## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology Quiz #4 **Indicate whether each of these statements is true or false:** 1. According to research, behavioral cues such as fidgeting and eye contact are reliable indicators of deception. **True** 2. Kelly's Covariation Theory suggests that in order for something to be considered the cause of a behavior, it must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when it does not. **True** 3. Research suggests that people often overestimate the accuracy of their predictions about others, regardless of their familiarity with the person. **False** 4. The base-rate fallacy can lead to overestimation of risks associated with dramatic events and underestimation of risks associated with mundane events. **True** **Choose the best answer for each question below:** 1. What do Western individualistic cultures tend to emphasize in terms of attribution, according to cultural research on the fundamental attribution error? * **(c) Individual persons and their attributes** * The relationship between a person and their surroundings * The background or field that surrounds a person * The cultural variations in the words used to represent reality 2. According to research on Olympic athletes, which winners tend to appear least happy with their medals, likely due to counterfactual thinking? * Silver medalists * **(b) Bronze medalists** * Gold medalists * All medalists feel the same level of happiness 3. During the fall term of his junior year, Jonathan feels overwhelmed with personal problems that he keeps to himself. He stops attending any social events and starts receiving bad grades on assignments. Who is making the fundamental attribution error about Jonathan's behavior? * Patrick, who believes that Jonathan is probably just being careless. * Claire, who says that Jonathan's classes are pretty difficult this year. * Jackson, who believes that Jonathan must be exhausted from travelling home so often. * **(d) All of the above** 4. According to Lerner's theory on the belief in a just world, why do people tend to blame victims of a crime for their own negative outcomes? * Because they tend to focus on personal attributes * Because they are biased by their own political ideology * Because they are motivated by their need for self-esteem * **(d) Because they have a strong belief that the world is a fair place** 5. Alex's boss perceives him to be lazy, unmotivated, and not a great employee. As a result, his boss does not invest much time, energy, or resources in Alex's career, which results in Alex believing he is not competent at his job. What social psychology concept is illustrated here? * Base-rate fallacy * **(b) Rejection prophecy** * Self-fulfilling prophecy * False consensus effect 6. Alice has deeply entrenched political beliefs and dismisses information that conflicts with her beliefs instead of critically evaluating it. She continues to solely consume information that reinforces her existing biases and viewpoints while ignoring anything contradictory. This is an example of: * The primacy effect * **(b) Confirmation bias** * Central traits * The rejection prophecy ## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology Quiz #5 (on Chapter 6) **Indicate whether each of these statements is true or false:** 1. A high need-for-cognition audience is most likely to be persuaded by the peripheral cues rather than the content of a message. **True** 2. The inoculation hypothesis suggests that exposure to weak challenges to our attitudes increases our ability to resist future persuasive attempts. **False** 3. An implicit attitude is an attitude that a person is unaware of having. **True** 4. In the cross-cultural study comparing magazine advertisements in the US and Korea, they found that Korean ads focused more on competition and self-improvement. **True** 5. In the Festinger and Carlsmith study, on cognitive dissonance, students who were paid $1 to lie to a student about the boring task later reported enjoying the task more than those students who were paid $20 to lie. **True** **Choose the best answer for each question below:** 1. Dr. Kwan is working on a public health campaign to persuade adolescents to quit vaping by using graphic images of what happens to vapers' lungs over time. This is an example of: * A fear appeal * The sleeper effect * **(a) Subliminal messaging** * None of the above 2. In order for the central route of persuasion to work, what requirements are there for the listener? * Vulnerability, gullibility, positive attitudes * **(b) Motivation, paying attention, comprehension** * Comprehension, positive attitudes, gullibility * Positive attitudes, vulnerability, comprehension 3. What factors can increase the likability of a communicator? * Competence and physical attractiveness * **(b) Similarity and physical attractiveness** * Trustworthiness and physical appearance * Similarity and expertise 4. According to dissonance theory, after making difficult decisions, people tend to: * Evaluate the positive features of both alternatives equally * Exaggerate the negative features of the chosen alternative * **(c) Exaggerate the negative features of the unchosen alternative** * Evaluate the negative features of both alternatives equally 5. Dr. Christie is unsure if a particular car model is right for her, so the salesperson provides her with an informational pamphlet about the car's features and benefits. Dr. Christie considers other options, but the information she reads about the first car ultimately persuades her to buy. This is an example of the * Passive * Aggressive * **(c) Peripheral** * Central route to persuasion. ## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology Quiz #2 **Indicate whether each of these statements is true or false:** 1. A negative correlation coefficient means there is not a statistically significant relationship between the two variables. **True** 2. Inter-rater reliability refers to the degree to which different observers agree on their observations of the same behavior. **True** 3. New research practices and ethical guidelines, like pre-registration, help to protect the integrity and accuracy of current and future research in social psychology. **True** 4. Basic research focuses on understanding biological phenomena, while applied research is designed to test a specific hypothesis from a theory. **False** **Choose the best answer for each question below:** 1. _______ research can be used to identify associations between variables but cannot determine causal relationships. * Experimental * **(b) Correlational** * Observational * None of the above 2. In which situation would using deception in experimental research be unethical? * The researcher needs to create a situation in a laboratory that would be difficult to find in a natural setting. * The researcher needs to increase experimental realism. * The researcher needs to create a controlled situation in which to study the phenomenon. * **(d) The researcher has other means to study the phenomenon but using deception would be more interesting** 3. Which of the following best describes a research hypothesis? * A hypothesis is a list of research findings about the same theory. * A hypothesis is a summary of selected literature on a chosen topic. * A hypothesis is an organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena. * **(d) A hypothesis is an explicit, testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.** 4. Dustin was reading the news and came across an article of interest. One article stated that ice cream sales were skyrocketing, while another article highlighted the increased crime rate in his local neighborhood. Dustin concludes that eating ice cream must be causing members of his community to act violently. Which is the best way to explain to him that this conclusion is incorrect? * Point out that violent crime is likely causing the increase in ice cream sales, not the other way around. * **(b) Tell him that 'correlation does not mean causation,' and remind him that another variable could be causing the increase in both ice cream sales and crime.** * Explain that these are not peer-reviewed scientific articles, so the information is useless. * None of the above 5. Ahmed is performing a research study that contains independent, dependent, and control variables. The participants in this study are randomly assigned. What type of research is this? * Experimental * Correlational * Observational * **(d) None of the above** 6. What does it mean if research shows there is a positive correlation between height and weight? * Taller and shorter people tend to weigh about the same. * As height increases, weight tends to decrease. * **(c) As height increases, weight also tends to increase.** * There is no relationship between height and weight. ## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology EXAM 2 **True or False (2 points each)** Indicate whether the following statements are true or false: 1. A low need-for-cognition audience is most likely to be persuaded by the peripheral cues rather than the content of a message. **True** 2. The inoculation hypothesis suggests that exposure to weak challenges to our attitudes increases our ability to resist future persuasive attempts. **True** 3. An implicit attitude is an attitude that a person is unaware of having. **True** 4. In the study comparing magazine advertisements in the US and Korea, they found that American ads focused more on competition and self-improvement. **True** 5. Someone who makes an outrageously large request sure to be rejected in the hopes that a smaller request will be accepted by comparison is using the lowballing technique. **True** 6. The Asch study on conformity shows that participant’s conforming behaviors decrease when faced with a larger group of confederates who were unanimous in their opinion. **True** 7. In his classic autokinetic effect studies, Sherif studied norm formation by having groups of participants call out estimates of the distance that a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room. He found that participants’ estimates of distance conformed to the views of the experimenter over time, consistent with informational theories of social influence. **True** 8. When Milgram’s “teachers” were required to force the learner’s hand into contact with a shock plate, over half of them were able to complete the study and fully comply with the experimenter. **True** 9. Research shows that our attitudes determine our behavior but our behavior doesn’t determine our attitudes. **False** 10. Research on cognitive dissonance indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to disparage or insult the victim to justify the behavior. **True** 11. In Article C, Egan and colleagues (2007) found that decision rationalization failed to occur in children and capuchin monkeys, suggesting that the experience of cognitive dissonance requires mature mental capacity. **True** 12. In experiments, people have been found to conform more frequently when they must respond publicly (vs. when they must write down their responses privately). **True** 13. Devon had a great deal of difficulty in deciding whether to attend a private college or the state university. He finally decided to attend the state university. Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that his evaluation of the private college is likely to become more positive and his evaluation of the state university is likely to become more negative. **False** 14. Zajonc, Heingartner, & Herman’s (1969) study of social facilitation in cockroaches showed the presence of a co-actor or an audience lead to faster completion times in the easy maze and slower completion times in the difficult maze. **True** 15. Research on the Information Sampling model shows that most group discussions focus on unique personal information each member of the group can contribute, rather than wasting time talking about the information everyone already knows. **True** 16. The Johnson & Downing experiment using nurse uniforms and KKK robes to manipulate norms and personal identification showed that deindividuation always leads people to engage in hostile, anti-social behaviors. **False** ## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology EXAM 3 **True or False (2 points each)** Indicate whether the following statements are true or false: 1. Festinger’s apartment study examining the formation of friendships for graduate students attending MIT supported the theory of propinquity and proximity in attraction. **True** 2. A stranger rides the same bus you take to school every day. According to the mere exposure effect, as the days pass you will come to view the stranger more negatively. **False** 3. Children’s gender roles and stereotypes are primarily influenced by their parents and other role models. **True** 4. Women face a gender pay gap and are underrepresented in top positions of power in businesses and organizations. **True** 5. People are less accurate in distinguishing and recognizing the faces of members of racial outgroups compared to members of their own ingroup. **True** 6. Altruism refers to helping behaviors where people assist others in order to gain some reward. **False** 7. The reciprocity norm is an expectation that we should help people who have helped us. **True** 8. Courtney is happily married and frequently feels like the men she encounters in her everyday life do not measure up to her husband. Courtney likely has a high comparison level for alternatives. **True** 9. In experiments on bystander intervention, participants typically realize that the presence of others is influencing their reactions. **True** 10. People categorized as having an anxious attachment style tend to avoid closeness and be less invested in relationships. **False** 11. Malik, a younger Black man, attends a college class where every other student in the classroom is white. He worries that he will be compared to negative stereotypes about his race, which subsequently increased his anxiety and worsened his in-class performance. Malik’s predicament is an example of stereotype threat. **True** 12. The tendency for opposites to mate or marry is just as powerful as the similarity-attraction connection. **False** 13. Social Exchange theory is a perspective that views people as motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in their relationships with others. **True** 14. The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics is called the matching hypothesis. **True** 15. Helping others requires a costly effort, so it can ruin a positive mood. **False** 16. Implicit bias refers to the fear of being seen through the lens of diminishing stereotypes and low expectations. **True** 17. People who are socially connected rather than isolated are physically healthier and less likely to die a premature death. **True** 18. Through reciprocal altruism, helping someone else can be in your best interests because it decreases the likelihood that you will become a victim in return. **True** ## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology EXAM 3 Continued **EITHER/OR (2 points each)** Circle the correct word in each pair of answers provided below: 19. The majority of people in the US population report having a **SECURE** / AVOIDANT attachment style in relationships. 20. Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. This is best understood as an example of the MATCHING / **LONELINESS** phenomenon. 21. After their town was ravaged by a disastrous tornado, two rival community groups set aside their differences and worked together on repairing the damage. This best illustrates the power of **EQUITY** / COMMON GOALS. **Multiple Choice (2 points each)** Indicate the option that best completes each of these statements: 22. Gender stereotypes are distinct from other stereotypes because they are often: * **(d) Prescriptive and indicate how men & women should be** * Descriptive and reflective of how men & women actually are * Based on personal experiences rather than cultural beliefs * Absent in contemporary societies due to the rise of feminism 23. Deshawn read a news article about a current economic recession and growing competition for limited jobs. According to realistic conflict theory, how might his feelings change towards people in his outgroups? * Develop more genuine sympathy and concern * **(b) Increased hostility and prejudice** * More afraid and avoidant * Increased desire to collaborate 24. Ruth is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale), but Naomi is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale). Based on research examining the impact of physical attractiveness, we would expect that if Ruth makes $45,000 a year on her job, Naomi will probably * Make more money * Make less money * **(c) Make the same amount of money** * Make less money if her boss is a man 25. According to the contact hypothesis, under what conditions will direct contact between members of rival groups reduce intergroup prejudice? * When the contact involves cooperative activities * When the contact is promoted by relevant authorities within the groups * **(d) All of the above** * When the contact is based on equal status and personal interactions 26. One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship between two people will develop is * The degree to which their interests compliment each others. * Avoiding repetitious exposure. * The similarity between their individual attitudes * **(d) Gender.** 27. The proposition that sad people will help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness is called the: * Negative state relief model * Matching hypothesis * Contact hypothesis * **(d) Realistic conflict theory** ## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology EXAM 3 Continued **EITHER/OR (2 points each)** Circle the correct word in each pair of answers provided below: 28. The majority of people in the US population report having a **SECURE** / AVOIDANT attachment style in relationships. 29. Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. This is best understood as an example of the MATCHING / **LONELINESS** phenomenon. 30. After their town was ravaged by a disastrous tornado, two rival community groups set aside their differences and worked together on repairing the damage. This best illustrates the power of **EQUITY** / COMMON GOALS. **Multiple Choice (2 points each)** Indicate the option that best completes each of these statements: 31. Gender stereotypes are distinct from other stereotypes because they are often: * Descriptive and reflective of how men & women actually are * Based on personal experiences rather than cultural beliefs * Absent in contemporary societies due to the rise of feminism * **(d) Prescriptive and indicate how men & women should be** 32. Deshawn read a news article about a current economic recession and growing competition for limited jobs. According to realistic conflict theory, how might his feelings change towards people in his outgroups? * Develop more genuine sympathy and concern * **(b) Increased hostility and prejudice** * More afraid and avoidant * Increased desire to collaborate 33. Ruth is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale), but Naomi is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale). Based on research examining the impact of physical attractiveness, we would expect that if Ruth makes $45,000 a year on her job, Naomi will probably * Make more money * Make less money * **(c) Make the same amount of money** * Make less money if her boss is a man 34. According to the contact hypothesis, under what conditions will direct contact between members of rival groups reduce intergroup prejudice? * When the contact involves cooperative activities * When the contact is promoted by relevant authorities within the groups * **(d) All of the above** * When the contact is based on equal status and personal interactions 35. One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship between two people will develop is * The degree to which their interests compliment each others. * Avoiding repetitious exposure. * The similarity between their individual attitudes * **(d) Gender.** 36. The proposition that sad people will help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness is called the: * Negative state relief model * Matching hypothesis * Contact hypothesis * **(d) Realistic conflict theory** ## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology EXAM 3 Continued **EITHER/OR (2 points each)** Circle the correct word in each pair of answers provided below: 37. The majority of people in the US population report having a **SECURE** / AVOIDANT attachment style in relationships. 38. Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. This is best understood as an example of the MATCHING / **LONELINESS** phenomenon. 39. After their town was ravaged by a disastrous tornado, two rival community groups set aside their differences and worked together on repairing the damage. This best illustrates the power of **EQUITY** / COMMON GOALS. **Multiple Choice (2 points each)** Indicate the option that best completes each of these statements: 40. Gender stereotypes are distinct from other stereotypes because they are often: * Descriptive and reflective of how men & women actually are * Based on personal experiences rather than cultural beliefs * Absent in contemporary societies due to the rise of feminism * **(d) Prescriptive and indicate how men & women should be** 41. Deshawn read a news article about a current economic recession and growing competition for limited jobs. According to realistic conflict theory, how might his feelings change towards people in his outgroups? * Develop more genuine sympathy and concern * **(b) Increased hostility and prejudice** * More afraid and avoidant * Increased desire to collaborate 42. Ruth is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale), but Naomi is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale). Based on research examining the impact of physical attractiveness, we would expect that if Ruth makes $45,000 a year on her job, Naomi will probably * Make more money * Make less money * **(c) Make the same amount of money** * Make less money if her boss is a man 43. According to the contact hypothesis, under what conditions will direct contact between members of rival groups reduce intergroup prejudice? * When the contact involves cooperative activities * When the contact is promoted by relevant authorities within the groups * **(d) All of the above** * When the contact is based on equal status and personal interactions 44. One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship between two people will develop is * The degree to which their interests compliment each others. * Avoiding repetitious exposure. * The similarity between their individual attitudes * **(d) Gender.** 45. The proposition that sad people will help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness is called the: * Negative state relief model * Matching hypothesis * Contact hypothesis * **(d) Realistic conflict theory** ## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology EXAM 3 Continued **EITHER/OR (2 points each)** Circle the correct word in each pair of answers provided below: 46. The majority of people in the US population report having a **SECURE** / AVOIDANT attachment style in relationships. 47. Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. This is best understood as an example of the **MATCHING** / LONELINESS phenomenon. 48. After their town was ravaged by a disastrous tornado, two rival community groups set aside their differences and worked together on repairing the damage. This best illustrates the power of **EQUITY** / COMMON GOALS. **Multiple Choice (2 points each)** Indicate the option that best completes each of these statements: 49. Gender stereotypes are distinct from other stereotypes because they are often: * Descriptive and reflective of how men & women actually are * Based on personal experiences rather than cultural beliefs * Absent in contemporary societies due to the rise of feminism * **(d) Prescriptive and indicate how men & women should be** 50. Deshawn read a news article about a current economic recession and growing competition for limited jobs. According to realistic conflict theory, how might his feelings change towards people in his outgroups? * Develop more genuine sympathy and concern * **(b) Increased hostility and prejudice** * More afraid and avoidant * Increased desire to collaborate ## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology EXAM 3 Continued **EITHER/OR (2 points each)** Circle the correct word in each pair of answers provided below: 51. The majority of people in the US population report having a **SECURE** / AVOIDANT attachment style in relationships. 52. Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. This is best understood as an example of the **MATCHING** / LONELINESS phenomenon. 53. After their town was ravaged by a disastrous tornado, two rival community groups set aside their differences and worked together on repairing the damage. This best illustrates the power of **EQUITY** / COMMON GOALS. **Multiple Choice (2 points each)** Indicate the option that best completes each of these statements: 54. Gender stereotypes are distinct from other stereotypes because they are often: * Descriptive and reflective of how men & women actually are * Based on personal experiences rather than cultural beliefs * Absent in contemporary societies due to the rise of feminism * **(d) Prescriptive and indicate how men & women should be** 55. Deshawn read a news article about a current economic recession and growing competition for limited jobs. According to realistic conflict theory, how might his feelings change towards people in his outgroups? * Develop more genuine sympathy and concern * **(b) Increased hostility and prejudice** * More afraid and avoidant * Increased desire to collaborate ## PSYC 2660-Social Psychology EXAM 3 Continued **EITHER/OR (2 points each)** Circle the correct word in each pair of answers provided below: 56. The majority of people in the US population report having a **SECURE** / AVOIDANT attachment style in relationships. 57. Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. This is best understood as an example of the **MATCHING** / LONELINESS phenomenon. 58. After their town was ravaged by a disastrous tornado, two rival community groups set aside their differences and worked together on repairing the damage. This best illustrates the power of **EQUITY** / COMMON GOALS. **Multiple Choice (2 points each)** Indicate the option that best completes each of these statements: 59. Gender stereotypes are distinct from other stereotypes because they are often: * Descriptive and reflective of how men & women actually are * Based on personal experiences rather than cultural beliefs * Absent in contemporary societies due to the rise of feminism * **(d) Prescriptive and indicate how men & women should be** 60. Deshawn read a news article about a current economic recession and growing competition for limited jobs. According to realistic conflict theory, how might his feelings change towards people in his outgroups? * Develop more genuine sympathy and concern * **(b) Increased hostility and prejudice** * More afraid and avoidant * Increased desire to collaborate