General Biology 1 Quarter 2 Week 4-5 PDF

CALAMBA CITY SCIENCE INTEGRATED SCHOOL Grade 11- STEM QUARTER 2: WEEK 4-5 General Biology 1  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Identify and draw basic building blocks of the four major classes of biological molecules. 2. Categorize biological molecules based on their structures...

CALAMBA CITY SCIENCE INTEGRATED SCHOOL Grade 11- STEM QUARTER 2: WEEK 4-5 General Biology 1  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Identify and draw basic building blocks of the four major classes of biological molecules. 2. Categorize biological molecules based on their structures. 3. List functions of each type of biological molecules.  Grade 11- STEM BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES General Biology 1 BIG IDEA: Why do you think that it is important to know about the biological molecule? By understanding the chemistry and molecules that make up life, we have deeper insight into how life functions.  MACROMOLECULES What do these structures all have in common? carbohydrates Four groups of proteins molecules make up the building blocks of life. In general, they are called macromolecules (aka nucleic acids organic molecules aka lipids biomolecules). MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules are formed by polymerization, in which large polymers are built by joining small subunits called monomers together. monomers = subunits = building blocks of molecules polymers = monomers joined up by polymerization CARBOHYDRATES  CARBOHYDRATES STRUCTURE Made up of C, H, and O. Stoichiometric formula: (CH2 O)n , ratio of 1:2:1 or called as “hydrate of carbon”. FOUR CHEMICAL GROUPINGS OF CARBOHYDRATES 1. Monosaccharide 2. Disaccharide 3. Oligosaccharide 4. Polysaccharide  CARBOHYDRATE FUNCTION organisms’ main source of immediate energy structural purposes MONOSACCHARIDE mono “one”, sacchar “sweet” ends with the suffix “–ose”. contains: -an aldehyde group (aldose), the functional group with the structure of R-CHO -ketone group (ketose), the functional group with the structure RC(=O)R’  can be name through the number of carbons. Examples of Monosaccharide 1. Glucose – important source of energy of humans. Ex: table sugar, honey 2. Fructose – found in sucrose, in fruits. Ex: apples, pears 3. Galactose – part of lactose, or milk sugar. Ex: milk sugar, kiwi DISACCHARIDE “di”= two, composed of 2 Examples: molecules of simple sugar. Lactose (galactose and bonded by glycosidic bonds (a glucose) – milk, dairy products. type of covalent bond that Sucrose (glucose and fructose) joins monosaccharide) – table sugar Maltose (two glucose molecules) – corn syrup, candies, OLIGOSACCHARIDE made up of three to nine Examples: monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. Raffinose – legumes, mildly sweets and substitute broccoli for fats and sugars. Stachyose – soybeans, green beans. POLYSACCHARIDE Examples: poly means “many” Starch –stored form of sugars consists of hundred linked in plants and is made up of monomers of glucose. amylose and amylopectin Glycogen – the storage form of glucose in human. Cellulose – most abundant natural biopolymer.  DETECTING CARBOHYDRATES SIMPLE SUGARS STARCHES Simple sugars turn orange in Starches turn deep purple the presence of Benedict’s in the presence of iodine, solution. or Lugol’s solution no carbs carbs present LIPIDS LIPID STRUCTURE Fatty compounds made of C H O, don’t interact with water (hydrophobic). Lipids include the following: 1. Fats 2. Oils 3. Waxes 4. Phospholipids 5. Steroids LIPID FUNCTION Store energy. Makes up the cell waxy cuticle of leaf = membrane. lipids to repel water Provides insulation from the environment for plants and animals. TYPE OF Fats and Oils LIPIDS a fat molecule consists 1. Fats of glycerol and fatty acids. 2. Oils Fatty acids can be: 3. Waxes 1. Saturated 4. Phospholipids 2. Unsaturated 5. Steroids Waxes Phospholipids made up of long major constituents of the fatty acid chains plasma membrane. and long-chain alcohol. an amphipathic molecule, which means it has hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part. Steroids grouped with lipids, because it is hydrophobic and insoluble in water. cholesterol the common example of steroid. PROTEINS Enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions (to change one set of chemicals to another) by lowering their activation energy. They have three important characteristics: 1. they are specific to a substrate 2. they work at an optimal pH and temperature 3. they are reusable Enzymes The substrate is the molecule that the …and releases the new chemical products enzyme acts on.. ENZYME ENZYME- SUBSTRATE COMPLEX See how the enzyme and The active site is where The enzyme works its substrate fit together like a lock the substrate molecule fits magic on the substrate… and key! or binds. Amylase PROTEIN STRUCTURE made up of C, H, O, N. amino acid subunits form long polypeptide chains. over 20 different amino acids.  PROTEIN STRUCTURE Four levels of protein structure: 1. Primary Structure 2. Secondary Structure 3. Tertiary Structure 4. Quaternary Structure PROTEIN FUNCTION the most diverse macromolecules various roles: –speed up reactions (enzymes) –form muscles –transport substances –fight disease Amino Acids the monomers that make up proteins. 20 amino acids present in protein: 1. Essential amino acid 2. Non-essential amino acid Denaturation the process where the protein structure is subject to change. NUCLEIC ACID  NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE made up of C, H, O, N, and P subunits: nucleotides –nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base  NUCLEIC ACID FUNCTION store and transmit hereditary information. continuity of life.  TWO TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 1. Deoxyribonucleic acid 2. Ribonucleic acid made up of nucleotides each nucleotide is made up of three components: 1. nitrogenous base 2. pentose (five-carbon) sugar 3. phosphate group  Deoxyribonucleic acid has a double-helix structure the pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose. each nucleotide in DNA contains one of four nitrogenous bases: 1. Adenine 2. Guanine 3. Cytosine 4. Thymine the base complementary rule or Chargaff’s Rule, where the DNA strands are complementary to each other.  Ribonucleic Acid mainly involved in the process of protein synthesis. single-strand, and made up of ribonucleotide, which contains ribose. Nitrogenous bases: 1. Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine 2. Phosphate group INSTRUCTIONS: Identify what type of RNA the following picture. 2. 3. 1. Types of RNA  Types of RNA 1. messenger RNA – carries the message from DNA 2. ribosomal RNA – ensure the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes. 3. transfer RNA – carries the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis. 4. microRNA – involves in the regulation of gene expression. END OF LESSON 3