General Biochemistry Lecture Notes PDF

Welcome to General Biochemistry  Bio Chemistry  Bio= life  Chemistry = how things interact  Biochemistry= the branch of science in which you study the chemical and physical processes that occur in an organism  It emerged as a distinct discipline around the begi...

Welcome to General Biochemistry  Bio Chemistry  Bio= life  Chemistry = how things interact  Biochemistry= the branch of science in which you study the chemical and physical processes that occur in an organism  It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems by:  Bio Chemistry A. Studying the structure and behavior of the complex molecules found in biological material and B. How these molecules interact to form cells, tissues and whole organism Aim: to describe and explain, in molecular terms, all chemical processes of living cells –Structure-function –Metabolism and Regulation  Course content Carbohydrates Lipid and fatty acid Amino acids and Proteins Enzymes Nucleic Acid Vitamin Minerals Structure to Molecular Hierarchy  I. Basics of Chemistry The Atom Smallest unit of any element – 1. ______________________________ positive nucleus surrounded – 2. Made of a __________________ by a cloud of negative particles called electrons – 3. All elements are listed on the Periodic Table  I. Basics of Chemistry The Atom – Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Elements in the body Molybdenum, Fluorine, – Oxygen (65%) Chlorine, Iodine, – Carbon (18%) Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%) – Hydrogen (10%) – Nitrogen (3%) – Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, – Calcium (1.5%) Vanadium, Arsenic, – Phosphorus (1.0%) Bromine (trace amounts) – Potassium (0.35%) – Sulfur (0.25%) – Sodium (0.15%) – Magnesium (0.05%)  II. Water Chemistry Water is the most abundant chemical in A. ________ the body. B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. 1-Size _____ water is a very small molecule, so it moves fast and can squeeze into tiny crevasses between other molecules.  II. Water Chemistry B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. Polarity – 2. _________--Hydrogen has a slightly positive charge while oxygen has a slightly negative charge. This makes it easy for water to pry apart other charged molecules, dissolving them. Called a Universal Solvent __________________.  II. Water Chemistry Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. 3-Buffer _______--Water can act as either an acid or a base, maintaining a stable pH in our bodies. 4-Heat capacity water absorbs and releases heat energy slowly, and can hold a great deal of heat energy. This helps organisms maintain their body temperature in the safe range.  III. Macromolecules A. What are they? Very large molecules that make – 1. __________________________________ most of the structure of the body _______________________________________ – 2. Made of smaller pieces called Monomers __________ that can be assembled like legos to form a variety of structures. A large chain of monomers is called a polymer _________.  III. Macromolecules A. Carbohydrates monosaccharide (sugar) – 1. Monomer: ____________________ polysaccharide (starch) – 2. Polymer: _____________________ rings of carbon with – 3. Structure:______________________ oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH2O ________________________________ energy, plant structure – 4. Uses: ___________________ – 5. Examples: sucrose, cellullose ________________ Examples of Carbohydrates  III. Macromolecules B. Lipids fatty acid – 1. Monomer: __________ lipid or fat – 2. Polymer: ___________ 3 long chains of carbon – 3. Structure:______________________ hydrogen on a glycerol molecule ________________________________ energy, structure, warmth – 4. Uses: ________________________ fat, oil, cholesterol – 5. Examples: ____________________ Examples of Lipids  III. Macromolecules C. Protein – 1. Monomer: _______________ amino acid(20) protein or polypeptide – 2. Polymer: _____________________ central carbon atom with – 3. Structure:______________________ hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R groups ________________________________ – 4. Uses: structure,, communication between your ________________________ cells, tissues and organs. skin, insulin, enzymes – 5. Examples: ____________________ Examples of Proteins  III. Macromolecules D. Nucleic Acids nucleotide (5) – 1. Monomer: _______________ nucleic acid – 2. Polymer: ___________ 5-carbon sugar attached – 3. Structure:______________________ to nitrogen base and phosphate group ________________________________ stores genetic code – 4. Uses: ___________________ DNA and RNA – 5. Examples: _______________ Examples of Nucleic Acids  IV. ATP adenosine triphosphate A. ATP stands for _____________________ rechargeable battery B. Cells use ATP as a __________________ C. Made of adenine with ___ 3 phosphates D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond between the second and third phosphates _____________________________ E. When this bond is broken, tremendous energy is released. F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing more energy for another use. Examples of ATP  E. Enzymes A. Special proteins that accelerate chemical reactions – 1. Chemical reactions require a certain activation energy to get _______________ started. – 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making reactions occur faster.  V. Enzymes B. Lock-and-Key Model – 1. Enzymes are not used up( consumed) by the reaction, but each can only work on one reaction enzyme specificity (________________). – 2. This is called the lock-and-key model of key which can enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ lock If you want to “unlock” open exactly one _____. another reaction, you need a different enzyme. V. Enzymes  V. Enzymes C. Factors which affect enzymes Temperature – 1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range. – 2. pH ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: stomach – 3. Concentration _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster.