General Biology 1 PDF - Second Quarter

Summary

These notes cover the first pages of a general biology course, exploring biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The document details their functions, interactions, and provide an overview of the subject.

Full Transcript

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SECOND QUARTER | 1ST SEMESTER Cabio, Zoe Micah Nicole G. | 12 STEM 2A | Ms. Ayessa Sellado ★ Lipids (fats and oils) store energy and form cell Biological Molecules...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SECOND QUARTER | 1ST SEMESTER Cabio, Zoe Micah Nicole G. | 12 STEM 2A | Ms. Ayessa Sellado ★ Lipids (fats and oils) store energy and form cell Biological Molecules membranes. ★ They provide insulation and ★ In Biology, certain molecules help protect organs, as well as are essential for life. play a role in cell signaling. ★ These molecules - ★ For example, cell membranes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, are made up of phospholipids and nucleic acids - are the that create a barrier. building blocks of the cells and are involved in nearly every Nucleic Acids function that supports life. ★ Nucleic acids, such as DNA and ★ Simplified versions are shown RNA, store and transmit opposite. genetic information. DNA holds the instructions for building Carbohydrates proteins and passing on ★ Carbohydrates are the main hereditary traits. source of energy for most ★ For example, DNA determines organisms. your genetic traits, like eye ★ Simple sugars, like glucose, are colour. broken down to provide energy, while complex How do these Molecules work carbohydrates like starch together? provide longer-lasting energy storage. ★ Each of these biological ★ For example, glucose is used in molecules plays a specific role, cellular respiration for energy. but they also interact. Proteins ★ For example, carbohydrates ★ Proteins are essential for provide the energy for protein growth, repair, and carrying synthesis, and nucleic acids out cell functions. carry the instructions for ★ They are made up of amino building those proteins. acids, and they help form enzymes, muscle fibres, and Glossary antibodies. ★ Amino acids: Building blocks of ★ For example, enzymes, like proteins. amylase, break down food in ★ Carbohydrates: Molecules digestion. made of sugars that provide Lipids energy. ★ DNA: Nucleic acid stores genetic information. 1 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SECOND QUARTER | 1ST SEMESTER Cabio, Zoe Micah Nicole G. | 12 STEM 2A | Ms. Ayessa Sellado ★ Enzyme: A protein that speeds ★ Unsaturated- fatty acid can up chemical reactions. have one or more bonds ★ Lipid: Fats and oils used for ★ Saturated- fatty acid has only energy storage and single bonds membranes. ★ Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, molecules carrying genetic code. ★ Protein: A molecule essential for body structure and function. ★ Nucleotide- is an organic molecule with a basic composition of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and phosphate. ★ Polypeptides- large number of amino-acids that are bonded together in a chain ★ Monomer- is defined as a simple molecule with two or more binding sites through which it forms covalent The Importance of Chlorophyll and linkages with other monomer other Pigments molecules to form the macromolecule. ★ Triglyceride - Formed from Pigments- Substance that absorbs glycerol and three fatty acid visible light. groups ★ Monosaccharides - Its simple Role of Pigments sugars and it's the most basic ★ Pigments are light absorbing units of carbohydrates colored molecules. ★ Polysaccharides- ★ They absorb energy from carbohydrate whose violet-blue light and reflect molecules consist of a number green light giving plants their of sugar molecules bonded green color. together ★ Phospholipids - is a lipid that Light and Pigments contains a phosphate group in ★ Plants have pigments: light its molecule absorbing molecules that capture the sun’s energy. 2 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SECOND QUARTER | 1ST SEMESTER Cabio, Zoe Micah Nicole G. | 12 STEM 2A | Ms. Ayessa Sellado ★ If the light is not absorbed, it is Thylakoids: saclike membranes reflected…this is the color that found in chloroplasts. we see. Arranged in stacks known as Grana Contain pigments that capture sunlight. Stroma: gel-like matrix surrounding the thylakoids. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of photoautotrophs. ★ Pigments include: chlorophyll a chlorophyll b absorbs well in red and blue but poorly green. ★ plants also have red,yellow and orange pigments that absorb other colors. Accessory of pigments ★ Energy is transferred to ★ Accessory pigments help electrons in pigments when plants absorb additional light. they absorb sunlight. ★ Plants need to make these accessory pigments to maximize the amount of photosynthesis they can do. ★ Accessory pigments are the reason leaves change color in autumn. ★ In green leaves, there is so much chlorophyll that it masks the other pigments. Inside a chloroplast Xanthophylls - produce color yellow ★ Photosynthesis takes place in Carotenoids - produce yellow - the chloroplasts of orange color. photoautotrophs. Interspersed within thylakoid ★ Chloroplasts have two membrane components Anthocyanins - produce red, violet, clue color. Located in plant cell vacuoles. 3 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SECOND QUARTER | 1ST SEMESTER Cabio, Zoe Micah Nicole G. | 12 STEM 2A | Ms. Ayessa Sellado stomata; they also lose water Photosynthetically active radiation through stomata. (PAR) Wavelengths between 400 nm - 700 Sunlight is absorbed into the leaf by a nm support photosynthesis green pigment called chlorophyll, which absorbs red and blue light, but reflects green light, causing the Photosynthesis leaves to appear green. What is Photosynthesis? Chlorophyll is not a very stable ★ Photosynthesis is the way a compound and plants continuously plant makes food for itself. have to make or synthesize more. ★ It is in the leaves that most photosynthesis takes place. Where is Chlorophyll Located? ★ Photosynthesis is the process ★ Chlorophyll is located in the by which the plant is able to chloroplasts. use light energy (“photo”) to ★ Chloroplast is the organelle make (“synthesis”) food in the where photosynthesis takes form of carbohydrates place. (glucose) ★ Chloroplast is made up of ★ Cyanobacteria (blue green several layers of short algae) also carry out the membranes called grana. process of photosynthesis. ★ It is in the grana where photosynthesis takes place. Where does this occur? ★ Chlorophyll in the “green” part The light energy from the sun is then of the leaves captures energy converted into chemical energy in from the sun and this powers the form of sugar (glucose) the building of food from very simple ingredients - carbon The Formula dioxide and water. ★ Oxygen is released as a Carbon Cycle - Photosynthesis by-product of photosynthesis. CO2 + H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + O2 What Plants do.. ★ Plants “Breathe in” carbon Carbon dioxide + water + energy → dioxide and “Breathe out” glucose (represent any organic oxygen. matter in plants) + Oxygen ★ They breathe through tiny holes in their leaves called 4 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SECOND QUARTER | 1ST SEMESTER Cabio, Zoe Micah Nicole G. | 12 STEM 2A | Ms. Ayessa Sellado Major factors affecting rate of SUN + 6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis Sun + Water + Carbon Dioxide → Light Intensity glucose + oxygen ★ More light the greater the rate of photosynthesis Photosynthesis Equation Temperature ★ This equation translates as six ★ Lower temperature slows down molecules of water (6H₂O) plus rate. six molecules of carbon ★ Above a certain point, high dioxide (6CO) produces one temperature HURT the molecule of sugar (CHO) plus enzymes responsible for six molecules of oxygen (60). photosynthesis. ★ Oxygen is a waste product/by ★ Optimal temperature range is product for the plant. around 30C or 86F Carbon Dioxide Concentration Why is water important? ★ Greater leve;s result in a faster Water (H₂O) that contains valuable rate. This is usually the nutrients and minerals is sucked out rate-limiting steps in a natural of the soil by the plant's roots and setting. passed up through the leaves where Availability of water they mix with carbon dioxide (CO₂) ★ Although water is needed as a from the air and are converted into raw material for sugars that are absorbed by the photosynthesis, if water is plant to make it grow. short, it will cause the plant to wilt (and thereby lose its ability Plants are helpful to life.. to capture sunlight) thereby During this process the plant releases limiting photosynthesis. oxygen (O) into the air, and this is Availability of nutrients why we need to plant as many trees ★ Other factors like the amount as we can to enable us to have of chlorophyll, availability of enough oxygen to breathe. nutrients (Mg is needed for chlorophyll synthesis) will also Plants and Carbon Dioxide affect the rate. The Fact that plants take in carbon pH Balance dioxide is thought to be important in ★ pH levels have a direct effect the fight against global warming on carbon transport during since the overproduction of carbon photosynthesis. dioxide from the burning of fossil ★ Optimum pH for fuels by human beings could be a photosynthesis 7.6-7.7. At major factor. extremely low pH (

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