Human Skeletal System PDF

Quarter 2 The Human Body Systems -Skeletal System Skeleton Dance The human body is made up of different kinds of bones. These bones are called skeleton. The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones that are connected to one another b...

Quarter 2 The Human Body Systems -Skeletal System Skeleton Dance The human body is made up of different kinds of bones. These bones are called skeleton. The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones that are connected to one another by ligaments. At birth, infants have around 300 bones fused together when they become adults. These bones work together as a system called a skeletal system. The skeletal system serves as the framework of the body. Its major functions are body support, facilitation of movement, protection of internal organs, storage of minerals and fats, and blood cell formation 20XX presentation title 3 The skeletal system is mainly composed of bones which are classified into two divisions, the axial and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. These bones form the axes or framework of the trunk and head. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the shoulder, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Below is an illustration showing the axial and appendicular skeleton: 20XX presentation title 4 One of the axial skeletons is the skull which consists of cranium and facial bones. The cranium is made up of eight bones joined together to form a rigid case that protects the brain. The face is made up of 14 facial bones. The eye socket protects the eyeball while mandible or jawbone is movable bone that holds the teeth. The spinal column or vertebrae (neck and backbone) are irregular bones that protect the spinal cord while the ribcage protects the lungs and the heart. Vertebrae are arranged on top of the other and move over each other slightly. There are 33 vertebrae in the spinal column of a child and 26 in an adult. This is so because as the child grows, the last seven bones 7 join together to form just two bones. Ribs are the bones at Ribs are the bones at the side of the chest. There are 12 pairs of ribs. The upper 7 pairs are the true ribs because they are connected to the breastbone and the last two pairs are not connected. These ribs are called floating ribs. The shoulder has the collarbone found in front of it. Scapula is the shoulder bone found at the back of your shoulder. The appendages found in the lower extremities are composed of pelvic bones. Pelvic bones support the lower parts of the body and aid the movement of the legs. The upper arms have one long bone called the humerus and two bones in the lower arm are known as the radius and ulna. 8 Radius or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm. The other bone is the ulna. The ulna is usually slightly longer than the radius while the latter is usually thicker. The wrist connects the hand to the forearm. Each wrist or carpal consists of 8 bones. The palm or metacarpal has 5 bones. Inside the bones are bone marrows that are very important for the body to manufacture blood cells. Bone marrows are of two types, the red bone marrow and the yellow bone marrow. The red bone marrow is found in the humerus, femur, pelvis and vertebrae while the yellow bone marrow is found 9 The human skeletal system has several important functions. 1. Support -The skeletal system provides the framework which supports and maintains shape of the body. It gives the body much needed support. 2. Protection -The skeletal system protects the internal organ of the body. 3. Movement- The skeletal system provides an attachment for the muscle 10 Matching type: Match the parts of the skeletal system in column A with the functions in column B. Column A Column B a. The inner layer of the bone that 1. Skull protect the spinal cord. 2. Spinal column contains yellowish b. protects the spinal cord substance 3. bones which manufacture blood c. a rigid case that protects the brain cells 4. Hinge joint in the body. d. allows movement in all directions 5. Ball and socket e. allows movement in one direction only 11 Classify the different types of bones. 12 13 20XX presentation title 14 15 Functions of the skeletal system Explain briefly how the skeletal system works STORE MINERALS ENABLE MOVEMENT PROTECT THE INTERNAL ORGANS SUPPLY RED AND WHITE CELL  DAY 2 TUESDAY Write the word in the box below.  Activity 1: Observing Tendons of Muscles Problem: How are the muscles connected to the bones? system Skeleton — this is the framework of the body. The adult human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. There are 5 main shapes of bones: 1. long (such as the upper arm), 2. short (such as the hand), 3. flat (such as the ribs), 4. irregular (such as the vertebrae) 5. sesamoid (such as the kneecap). Joints — an area where 2 or more bones come together. Cartilage — provides cushioning inside joints (such as in the knee joint) or connects one bone to another (as in cartilaginous joints). Ligaments — tough bands of tissue that join bones to other bones to strengthen joints. For example, the knee joint has 4 ligaments that help to stabilize it: the 2 collateral ligaments on the inner and outer sides of the knee and the 2 cruciate ligaments inside the knee joint Muscles — there are around 600 muscles in the human body. They help the body move. Tendons — these are made of strong fibrous connective tissues, and they connect muscles to bone. They appear as the long thin ends of the muscles. The Achilles tendon is the largest tendon in the body — it joins the calf muscle to the heel bone. What do bones do? Bones give people shape. They hold the body upright, also protect organs like the heart and the liver. They store the minerals calcium and phosphorus, and contain bone marrow, where new blood cells are made. Much of the skeleton is made up of non-living material (including the minerals calcium and phosphorus), but nevertheless bones contain living tissue which is constantly remodelling, replacing old tissue with new tissue. The centre of bones contains the bone marrow. This produces new blood cells. The spine or vertebral column is the central support of your body, helping it walk, move and twist. It has 33 bones called vertebrae, separated by discs. The spinal cord runs down the centre of the spine, carrying all the nerve signals from the brain to the rest of the body and carrying sensory input from the body back to the brain. There are different types of muscles, each with different functions, but they all work to produce movement of the body or to stabilize the body. Skeletal muscles are also responsible for generating heat in the body to maintain body temperature and help regulate blood sugar levels. Skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle or striated muscle) is muscle that you can consciously control. Skeletal muscles run from one bone to another, usually passing at least one joint. Each muscle is comprised of muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves and tendons. Skeletal muscles are usually attached to the bone by tendons. When your brain tells a muscle to contract, it shortens, pulling one bone towards another across a joint. Muscles work in pairs — when one shortens, a corresponding muscle lengthens. For example, when you contract your bicep on the front of your upper arm, your tricep on the back of your upper arm lengthens. Physical activity maintains or increases the strength of skeletal muscles..  TYPES OF MUSCLE 1. Skeletal muscle plays an important part in regulating blood sugar (glucose) levels, by taking up glucose from the blood to use as fuel or to store for later. 2. Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is found inside blood vessels and organs like the intestines. You can’t consciously control smooth muscle. It contracts to move substances through the organ, and so helps regulate your blood pressure, airways and digestion. 3. Cardiac muscle The heart is made of special muscle called cardiac muscle. You can’t control it consciously. It contracts to make your heartbeat under the control of the heart’s inbuilt pacemaker — the sinoatrial node. Guide Questions: 1. What can you see/observe in the pictures given? 2. How do these muscles move or work? 3. Compare and contrast the three kinds of muscles: EVALUATION. Supply the missing words. Choose your answers in the box below. 1. The ______system consists of all muscles in the body. 2. Muscles have three kinds: ______,______ and skeletal. 3. Muscles always work in _____. 4. If one muscle contracts the opposite relaxes. _______help the body move and do work. Good food, exercise, rest, and good posture are Muscles, Smooth, Muscular, necessary to make muscles strong and healthy. Cardiac, Pairs