Skeletal System PDF

The Skeletal System An introduction to your bones... NEED TO KNOW...The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system ○ Bones (skeleton) ○ Joints ○ Cartilages ○ Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle) Divided into two divisions ○ Axial skeleton ○ Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle Copyr...

The Skeletal System An introduction to your bones... NEED TO KNOW...The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system ○ Bones (skeleton) ○ Joints ○ Cartilages ○ Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle) Divided into two divisions ○ Axial skeleton ○ Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.1 Role of the Skeletal System 1. Movement: Your skeleton provides a structure for your muscles to attach. When your muscles move, your bones move. When your bones move, you move. Role of the Skeletal System 1. Movement: 2. Support: Your spinal column is the support structure for the upper body, including your head. Role of the Skeletal System 1. Movement: 2. Support: 3. Protection: Your bones protect soft, vital organs of the body like your Heart, Lungs, and Brain. Role of the Skeletal System 1. Movement: 2. Support: 3. Protection: 4. Blood Cell Production: Both red and white blood cells are created in the marrow of bones, located in the center of many large bones. Role of the Skeletal System 1. Movement: 2. Support: 3. Protection: 4. Blood Production: 5. Mineral Storage: Bones store minerals, such as CALCIUM, for later use. Bones of the Human Body The skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue ○ Compact bone Homogeneous ○ Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Many open spaces Figure 5.2b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Short bones ○ Generally small and cube-shape ○ Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals,wrists, hands and ankle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones 1. Long Bones As the name implies, these bones are longer than wide, having a cylindrical shape. They have a long central shaft, called diaphysis, and two bulky ends called epiphyses. These are mostly the bones in the appendicular skeleton. Functions: Supporting body weight Working as levers to facilitate movement Examples: The upper limb bones, humerus, radius, ulna; lower limb bones, tibia, fibula, femur; the metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges of both fingers and toes, and the clavicles Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Flat bones ○ Thin and flattened ○ Usually curved ○ They protect internal organs Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Irregular bones ○ Irregular size and shape ○ Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae/vertebral column and hip Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5. Sesamoid Bones Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. These small, round bones are commonly found in the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet. Sesamoid bones function to protect tendons from stress and wear. The patella, commonly referred to as the kneecap, is an example of a sesamoid bone. The Two Skeletal Systems: The Axial System Appendicular System Look closely at the two systems below...Axial means relating to the central part of the body, while Appendicular means relating to the limbs. Notice that the limbs are connected to the central skeleton by bones that could fit under either system. The Axial System Appendicular System The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body Divided into parts ○ Skull/ Cranium ○ Vertebral column ○ Bony thorax ○ Ribs ○ Sternum ○ Coccyx ○ Sacrum Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skull Two sets of bones ○ Cranium (protects the brain) ○ Facial bones (make up the structure of our face) Bones are joined by sutures (fibrous joints connecting the bones of the skull) Bony structures of the head Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Vertebral Column/ Backbone Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs The spine has a normal curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Support the skull and protects the spinal cord. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.14 Cervical 7 Vertebral Column Cervical (7) Vertebrae Thoracic (12) Vertebrae Lumbar (5) Vertebrae Sacrum (1) Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacrum The Bony Thorax Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ribs: 12 pairs total True ribs (7 pairs) attached to cartilage and then to sternum. The Bony Thorax Made-up of three parts ○ Sternum ○ Ribs ○ Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.31b The Appendicular Skeleton Limbs (appendages) Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones ○ Clavicle – collarbone ○ Scapula – shoulder blade These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clavicle and Scapula Clavicle Scapula Bones of the Upper Limb The arm is formed by a single bone ○ Humerus Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.21a, b Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones ○ Ulna ○ Radius Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.21c Bones of the Upper Limb The hand ○ Carpals – wrist ○ Metacarpals – palm ○ Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Hip bones Composed of three pair of fused bones ○ Ilium ○ Ischium ○ Pubic bone The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protects several organs ○ Reproductive organs ○ Urinary bladder ○ Part of the large intestine Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis Figure 5.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.23c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone ○ Femur – thigh bone Figure 5.35a, b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs The leg has two bones ○ Tibia ○ Fibula Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot ○ Tarsus – ankle ○ Metatarsals – sole ○ Phalanges – toes Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.25 Joints Articulations of bones Functions of joints ○ Hold bones together ○ Allow for mobility Ways joints are classified ○ Functionally ○ Structurally Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional Classification of Joints Synarthroses – immovable joints Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints Diarthroses – freely moveable joints Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas ○ Bridge of the nose ○ Parts of ribs ○ Joints Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorder/Diseases associated with Skeletal System and Prevention/Cure Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures ○ Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin ○ Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization ○ Realignment of the bone Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Fractures Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints ○ Over 100 different types ○ The most widespread crippling disease in the United States Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Forms of Arthritis Osteoarthritis ○ Most common chronic arthritis ○ Probably related to normal aging processes Rheumatoid arthritis ○ An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints ○ Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints ○ Often leads to deformities Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Forms of Arthritis Gouty Arthritis ○ Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood ○ Can usually be controlled with diet Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Forms of Arthritis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Osteoporosis Develops when the bones become thin, brittle, and weak. Diet, hormone levels, age, and medical conditions may contribute to the development of Osteoporosis. It can cause lower back pain, frequent broken bones, and loss of body height. There is no cure for Osteoporosis but treatment can help protect and strengthens the bones (treatment usually includes medications and lifestyle changes) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prevention of osteoporosis 1. have a healthy and varied diet with plenty of fresh fruit, vegetables and whole grains. 2. eat calcium-rich foods. 3. absorb enough vitamin D. 4. avoid smoking. 5. limit alcohol consumption. 6. limit caffeine. 7. do regular weight-bearing and strength-training activities. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Osteopenia is a condition that begins as you lose bone mass and your bones get weaker. This happens when the inside of your bones become brittle from a loss of calcium. It's very common as you age. Total bone mass peaks around age 35. People who have osteopenia are at a higher risk of having osteoporosis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PREVENTION 1. Exercising regularly, as regular exercise is vital for healthy bones 2. Calcium Calcium is important for maintaining strong bones. 3. Vitamin D 4. Quit smoking and drink in moderation Scoliosis -- is a sideways curvature of the spine that most often is diagnosed in adolescents. While scoliosis can occur in people with conditions such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy, the cause of most childhood scoliosis is unknown. -- Most cases of scoliosis are mild, but some curves worsen as children grow. TREATMENT Symptoms Uneven shoulders One shoulder blade that appears more prominent than the other Uneven waist One hip higher than the other One side of the rib cage jutting forward A prominence on one side of the back when bending forward --Adult scoliosis cannot be prevented. In patients with scoliosis, the cause of the condition is unknown. Degenerative scoliosis happens over time as the body ages. It is important to keep up with a regular low impact aerobic and core strengthening exercise program. --There are three proven ways to manage scoliosis — observation, bracing, and surgery. The doctor will recommend one of these methods based on the severity of the scoliosis and the child's physical maturity.