Brain Parts and Functions PDF

Personal Development/Pansariling Kaunlaran BRAIN: Parts, Processes and Functions KURT KENNETH C. ASPACIO  Discuss that understanding the different parts Most of the brain, process, and functions may help in Essential improving thoughts, behaviors, and feelings. Lea...

Personal Development/Pansariling Kaunlaran BRAIN: Parts, Processes and Functions KURT KENNETH C. ASPACIO  Discuss that understanding the different parts Most of the brain, process, and functions may help in Essential improving thoughts, behaviors, and feelings. Learning (EsP-PD11/12PM-Ig-6.1) Competency Learning Objectives: 1.Understand the parts of the brain and its function. 2.Discuss the left brain and right brain functions.  The brain is a large, exceedingly complex organ. It contains about 1000 billion neurons and synapses. The brain consists of four major components: the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem. Brain Structures and their Functions Cerebrum Cerebellum Limbic System Brain Stem  The nervous system is your body's decision and communication center. The central nervous system (CNS) is made of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made of nerves. Together they control every part of your daily life, from breathing and blinking to helping you memorize facts for a test. Nerves reach from your brain to your face, ears, eyes, nose, and spinal cord... and from the spinal cord to the rest of your body.  Sensory nerves gather information from the environment, send that info to the spinal cord, which then speed the message to the brain. The brain then makes sense of that messages and fires off a response. Motor neurons deliver the instructions from the brain to the rest of your body. The spinal cord, made of a bundle of nerves running up and down the spine, is similar to a superhighway, speeding messages to and from the brain at every second. The brain is made of three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, and hindbrain. thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system). The midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain is made of the cerebellum, pons and medulla. Often the midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred to together as the brainstem.  The Cerebrum: The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. What do each of these lobes do? Frontal Lobe associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving Note that the cerebral cortex is highly wrinkled. Essentially this makes the brain more efficient, because it can increase the surface area of the brain and the number of neurons within it. What do each of these lobes do? Parietal Lobe associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli Note that the cerebral cortex is highly wrinkled. Essentially this makes the brain more efficient, because it can increase the surface area of the brain and the number of neurons within it. What do each of these lobes do? Occipital Lobe associated with visual processing Note that the cerebral cortex is highly wrinkled. Essentially this makes the brain more efficient, because it can increase the surface area of the brain and the number of neurons within it. What do each of these lobes do? Temporal Lobe associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech Note that the cerebral cortex is highly wrinkled. Essentially this makes the brain more efficient, because it can increase the surface area of the brain and the number of neurons within it.  A deep furrow divides the cerebrum into two halves, known as the left and right hemispheres. The two hemispheres look mostly symmetrical, yet it has been shown that each side functions slightly different than the other. Sometimes the right hemisphere is associated with creativity and the left hemispheres is associated with logic abilities. The corpus callosum is a bundle of axons which connects these two hemispheres. The Cerebellum: The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex. This structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance. Brain Stem: Underneath the limbic system is the brain stem. This structure is responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. Scientists say that this is the "simplest" part of human brains because animals' entire brains, such as reptiles (who appear early on the evolutionary scale) resemble our brain stem. Look at a good example of this. Limbic System: The limbic system, often referred to as the "emotional brain", is found buried within the cerebrum. Like the cerebellum, evolutionarily the structure is rather old. This system contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. THREE (3) MAJOR REGIONS OF THE BRAIN  HINDBRAIN The Hindbrain is located at the rear of the skull and is the lowest portion of the brain. Hindbrain parts include the medulla, the cerebellum and the pons.  HINDBRAIN The medulla is where the spinal cord enters the skull. It is responsible for controlling breathing, regulating reflexes, and maintaining an upright posture of the body. The cerebellum is two (2) rounded structures located besides the medulla. It is responsible for coordinating motor activity (movements of the The pons serves as the bridge towards the midbrain. It body), so that extensive damage of the is a cluster of neuronal fibers surrounding the cerebellum can cause failure to even stand up. reticular formation and is responsible for monitoring sleep and arousal by coordinating with the autonomic nervous system.  MIDBRAIN The Midbrain serves to relay information between the hindbrain and the forebrain, particularly information coming from the eyes and the ears. It is composed of two (2) systems - the reticular formation, and a cluster of neurons having dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine The reticular formation is involved with stereotypical receptors. patterns of behavior such as walking, sleeping, and other reflexes. Parkinson's disease, a degenerative disease of the brain that causes involuntary tremors on affected body parts, damages a section near the bottom of the midbrain.  FOREBRAIN The Forebrain is considered as the highest region of the brain because it essentially differentiates us humans from the rest in the animal kingdom. This region is also involved in processing complex information. (The midbrain and hindbrain are similar with other animals, hence the term Brain Stem.) The forebrain is composed of the limbic system, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the basal ganglia, and the cerebral cortex.  FOREBRAIN The limbic system is made up of the amygdala and the hippocampus. From a Latin word meaning "almond", owing to its shape, The amygdala is responsible for processing emotions - how humans become aware of them and how we express them. It is also critical for our survival because it helps us discriminate one object from another. For instance, damage of the The hippocampus, on the other hand, is presumably amygdala may cause us humans to eat our own involved in memory storage because damage to the part feces, fight the wrong "enemy", or try to mate actually results to inability to store new information. with a chair. Patients with damaged hippocampus therefore live the day without remembering yesterday.  FOREBRAIN The thalamus sits on top of the brain stem. It sorts and relays incoming information to the different parts of the forebrain. For example, information coming from the cerebellum is oftentimes relayed to the motor cortex in the cerebral. The The hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus, hence the name. It monitors pleasurable activities such as eating, thalamus also works with the drinking and sex. It influences the endocrine system, reticular formation on regulating particularly the pituitary gland, in secreting hormones in states of sleep and wakefulness. response to different emotions, stress and rewarding feelings.  FOREBRAIN The basal ganglia is a cluster of neurons sandwiched between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. It works with the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum for coordinating voluntary movements, particularly in forming habitual behaviors, such as bicycle riding and typing. Just like the bottom section of the midbrain, the basal ganglia gets damaged with Parkinson's Disease. This is the reason why Parkinson's patients oftentimes produce slow and unwanted movements. The cerebral cortex is the most recently developed (or evolved) part of the brain. Like a crumpled paper, it almost completely caps the rest of the brain parts. It is also the largest part of the human brain, making up to 80% of the brain's volume. High-level processing also takes place in this part of the brain. Because of the complexity and the influence of the cerebral cortex in various behaviors and mental processes, this part of the brain deserves to be treated more in-depth below.  27 Sanggunian: Personal Development, DepEd First Edition 2016, pg 36 Module in Personal Development 2nd Ed.2017, Doriden de Classica A. Fabre, pg 52 Personal Development, Ricardo Rubio Santos, pg 88  28 THANK YOU! IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS [email protected] [email protected]