PV Fundamentals Lecture (1) 2024 PDF

Fundamentals of Photovoltaic aull5 raull5 By Prof. Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ahmed Ebrahim Mohamed Consultant of New and Renewable Energy Systems...

Fundamentals of Photovoltaic aull5 raull5 By Prof. Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ahmed Ebrahim Mohamed Consultant of New and Renewable Energy Systems E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Web site: http://bu.edu.eg/staff/mohamedmohamed033 Faculty of Engineering  Lecture (1) By Prof. Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ahmed Ebrahim Mohamed Course Title: Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Course Code: ERE212 Prerequisites: Electronic Devices Study Hours: 3 Cr. hrs. = [2 Lect. + 1 Tut + 2 Lab] Assessment: Final Exam: 40%. Midterm: 20%. Year Work & Quizzes: 30%. Experimental/Oral: 10%. Textbook:  Klaus Jäger Olindo Isabella Arno H.M. Smets René A.C.M.M. van Swaaij Miro Zeman, Solar Energy Fundamentals, Technology, and Systems. Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014.  Andrej Čotar, dipl.ing. Darko Jardas, dipl. ing. REA Kvarner Ltd REA Kvarner Ltd, PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS, Rijeka, January 2012.  Basic Photovoltaic Principles and Me1hods, SERI/SP-290-1448 Solar Information Module 6213 Published February 1982.  Course Description Sunlight Energy, Energy Conversion, Solar Radiation Measurement, Principles of Solar Cell Operation, Structure, Electrical and Optical Characteristics, Equivalent Circuit, Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells, Thin Film Technologies for PV, Building Integrated PV (BIPV), Energy Production by A PV Array, Energy Balance in Stand-alone PV Systems, The Estimated Cost and Payback Times for The Various Technologies, The Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Type, Feed-in Tariffs and Other Incentives, Standards, Calibration and Testing of PV Modules and Solar Cells, PV System Monitoring. Safety Considerations in PV System. Site Assessment. System Design and Sizing. Maximizing Cell Efficiency. Social and Environment Aspects of PV Systems. Basics of Testing and Maintaining Major Components of A PV System. Fundamentals of Photovoltaic ERE212 Prof. Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ahmed Ebrahim 5 INTRODUCTION  Energy Definition Energy is the amount of force or power when applied can move one object from one position to another. Energy defines the capacity of a system to do work. Energy are broadly classified into two main types: - Renewable Energy - Non-Renewable Energy  Energy Applications Electronics Transportations Communications Computers Heat  Common Forms of Energy The six most common forms of energy: Chemical Kinetic Rotational Solar Thermal Nuclear Electricity Changes Life style  Five key questions 1. What is the electrical energy? 2. How do we produce electric energy? 3. Why do we think the electrical energy is important? 4. What are the resources of electrical energy? 5. What about renewable energy resources?  1. What is the Electric Energy? It is one of the most important energy forms. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. In all devices and machines, including electric circuits, energy is transferred from one type to another. Electricity is flowing Electrons ≈ 1. Voltage o Measured in Volts. o Electrical potential. o “Height” of water on one side of a dam compared to the other side. 2. Current o Measured in Amps. o Rate of electron flow. o “Speed” at which water flows through the dam. 3. Resistance o The opposition of a material to the flow of an electrical current. o Depends on * Material * Cross sectional area * Length * Temperature 4. Watt o Measure of Power. o Rate of electrical energy. o Not to be confused with Current. o Watt-hour (Wh) is a measure of energy: * Unit quantity of electrical energy (consumption and production). * Watts x hours = Watt-hours. * 1 Kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 1000 Wh  The flow of electric charge - measured in AMPERES (A) Current Tank (Battery) Tap (Switch) Pipe (Wiring) When the tap (switch) is off, is there any flow (current)? NO When the tap (switch) is on, is there any flow (current)? YES  Current in a Circuit off on When the switch is off, there is no current. When the switch is on, there is current.  2. How do We Produce Electric Energy? Magnetic field + movable conductor = electricity Nearly 40 years went by before a really practical DC (Direct Current) generator was built by Thomas Edison. In 1878 Joseph Swan, a British scientist, invented the incandescent filament lamp and within twelve months Edison made a similar discovery in America.  Swan and Edison later set up a joint company to produce the first practical filament lamp. Prior to this, electric lighting had been crude arc lamps. Edison used his DC generator to provide electricity to light his laboratory and later to illuminate the first New York street to be lit by electric lamps, in September 1882. Edison's successes were not without controversy, however - although he was convinced of the merits of DC for generating electricity, other scientists in Europe and America recognized that DC brought major disadvantages.  3. Why do we think the Electrical Energy is important? Electricity is a part of modern life and one cannot think of a world without it. Electricity has many uses in our day to day life. We can say that the electric energy is the source of life. Imagine life without electricity!!!!!!!!!!  4. What are the resources of electrical energy ? Electric energy resources can be classified as According to its nature Non-renewable Renewable Most of our electricity comes from the burning of the fossil fuels coal and gas. 1. Non-renewable energy & its types Sources are not environmental friendly and can have serious affect on our health. They are called non-renewable because they can not be re- generated within a short span of time. Non-renewable sources exist in the form of fossil fuels, natural gas oil and coal.  2. Renewable energy & its types Recourses found in nature i.e. Sun, wind, rain, and tides. That are self regenerated, that can be replaced or renewed without harming the environment or contributing to the greenhouse effect. These sources are normally used to produce clean energy. This production doesn’t lead to climate change.  What’s wrong with this picture? Pollution from burning fossil fuels leads to an increase in greenhouse gases, acid rain, and the degradation of public health. Egypt carbon dioxide emissions is at a current level of 212.15M, up from 209.77M one year ago. This is a change of 1.13% from one year ago.  The fact The need X2 2 Energy VS. Co2 demand emissions Result Frequent Climate Conflicts for Rising energy power change resource access prices outages & control  The fact New and The need Renewable Energy with Control Energy Production Result Result Productive Reliable Safe Efficient & Green  Classifications of main drivers behind the focus on renewable energy Environmental drivers Commercial drivers National/regulatory drivers ❖Limiting green house gas ❖General uncertainty in ❖Diversification of energy (GHG) emissions electricity markets favours small sources to enhance energy ❖Avoidance of the generation schemes security construction of new ❖DG is a cost-effective route to ❖Support for competition transmission circuits and improved power quality and policy large generating plants reliability  Why Sustainable Energy Matters? The world’s current energy system is built around fossil fuels Problems: 1. Fossil fuel reserves are ultimately finite. 2. Two-thirds of the world' s proven oil reserves are locating in the Middle-East and North Africa (which can lead to political and economic instability). 3. Detrimental environmental impacts (mining operations &Combustion). Solar Geothermal Wind Hydroelectric Solar Energy  What is the solar energy? Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.  There are two basic technologies of solar energy Photovoltaic Solar Thermal (PV) (ST) 1. Photovoltaic (PV) These are the most common form and have always been, and now increasingly common on top of our homes, Each cell converts the light of the sun into electrical energy, which can then be used to power electrical devices. Solar Cell often made from semiconductors material such as silicon materials. 2. Solar Thermal This type of technology is known as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). May look similar to PV, but they work differently in that they draw in a concentrated beam of sunlight, reflecting it through a system of mirrors. The resulting heat generated by the process activates a turbine that produces electricity through a conventional generator. Where PV produces energy from light, this produces energy from heat.  First Solar Photovoltaic's  1. PV General overview PV was recognized as an important source of space power in the 1950s. Terrestrial PV development began in response to the 1970s oil crises. Concern for the environment, as well as global efforts to seek indigenous sources of energy, drives the investment in PV research and deployment. Today, PV is a several-billion-dollar industry worldwide, with more than 520 MW of PV modules shipped in 2002.  These include large, multi- megawatt installations feeding into the utility grid, kilowatt rooftop systems supplying power to a home or business, and single 50- or 100-W PV modules on homes in developing countries.  2. Solar cells are semiconductor devices That produce electricity from sunlight via the photovoltaic effect. Sunlight strikes the cell, photons with energy above the semiconductor band gap impart enough energy to create electron-hole pairs. A junction between dissimilarly doped semiconductor layers sets up a potential barrier in the cell, which separates the light-generated charge carriers. This separation induces a fixed electric current and voltage in the device. The electricity is collected and transported by metallic contacts on the top and bottom surfaces of the cell.  How PV Cells Work ? A typical silicon PV cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of an ultra-thin layer of phosphorus-doped (N-type) silicon on top of a thicker layer of boron- doped (P-type) silicon. An electrical field is created near the top surface of the cell where these two materials are in contact, called the P-N junction. When sunlight strikes the surface of a PV cell, this electrical field provides momentum and direction to light-stimulated electrons, resulting in a flow of current when the solar cell is connected to an electrical load. How PV Cells Work ? 3. Photovoltaic Hierarchy (Components) Cell < Module < Array  Photovoltaic cells are connected electrically in series and/or parallel circuits to produce higher voltages, currents and power levels. Photovoltaic modules consist of PV cell circuits sealed in an environmentally protective laminate and are the fundamental building block of PV systems. Photovoltaic panels include one or more PV modules assembled as a pre-wired, field-installable unit. A photovoltaic array is the complete power- generating unit, consisting of any number of PV modules and panels.  Activity What is the advantages and disadvantages of solar photovoltaic?  4. How PV cells are Made? a) The process of fabricating conventional single- and polycrystalline silicon PV cells begins with very pure semiconductor-grade. b) The polysilicon is then heated to melting temperature, and trace amounts of boron are added to the melt to create a P-type semiconductor material. c) Then, an ingot, or block of silicon is formed. d) Individual wafers are then sliced from the ingots using wire saws and then subjected to a surface etching process. e) After the wafers are cleaned, they are placed in a phosphorus diffusion furnace, creating a thin N-type semiconductor layer around the entire outer surface of the cell. e) Then, an anti-reflective coating is applied to the top surface of the cell, and electrical contacts are imprinted on the top (negative) surface of the cell. f) An aluminized conductive material is deposited on the back (positive) surface of each cell, restoring the P-type properties of the back surface by displacing the diffused phosphorus layer. g) Each cell is then electrically tested, sorted based on current output, and electrically connected to other cells to form cell circuits for assembly in PV modules. PV Module Anatomy  With Our Best Wishes Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Course Staff