Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is electrical energy primarily characterized as?

  • One of the most important energy forms (correct)
  • A measure of power
  • A renewable form of energy
  • A source of heat energy

    • What does resistance in an electrical circuit depend on?

  • The type of energy used
  • Material, cross-sectional area, length, and temperature (correct)
  • The distance covered in the circuit
  • Voltage and current

    • What is measured in volts?

  • Current
  • Power
  • Resistance
  • Voltage (correct)

    • If the switch in a circuit is off, what happens to the current?

    <p>There is no current flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common form of energy is described as the energy of moving objects?

    <p>Kinetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a watt?

    <p>A measure of power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between watts and watt-hours?

    <p>Watts multiplied by time equal watt-hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an electrical circuit, which statement correctly represents electron flow?

    <p>Electrons flow when there is a difference in electric potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the course 'Fundamentals of Photovoltaic'?

    <p>Solar energy and photovoltaics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage weight of the final exam in the overall assessment for the course?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a part of photovoltaic system considerations outlined in the course description?

    <p>Traditional fossil fuel sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of 'maximum cell efficiency' in photovoltaic systems?

    <p>It impacts the financial returns of the investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an emphasized aspect in the course for advancing photovoltaic technology?

    <p>Building Integrated PV (BIPV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the course identify as an essential requirement for PV systems maintenance?

    <p>Regular calibration of PV modules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these topics is included in the course on Fundamentals of Photovoltaic?

    <p>Energy conversion from sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'payback times' refer to within the context of such technologies?

    <p>The period necessary for an investment to return its cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant advancement that Thomas Edison contributed to electricity generation?

    <p>The development of the first practical DC generator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major disadvantage of using Direct Current (DC) according to historical scientists?

    <p>It lacks the ability to travel long distances without loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary sources of non-renewable energy mentioned?

    <p>Coal, natural gas, and oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of resources are characterized by their ability to regenerate naturally?

    <p>Renewable resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental issue is primarily caused by burning fossil fuels?

    <p>Increase in greenhouse gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about electric energy is true?

    <p>Electric energy is considered a source of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage increase did carbon dioxide emissions in Egypt experience compared to the previous year?

    <p>1.13%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of Edison's DC generator in his laboratory?

    <p>To light his laboratory and the first New York street</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one environmental driver behind the focus on renewable energy?

    <p>Limiting greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary problem associated with the current energy system built around fossil fuels?

    <p>Political and economic instability linked to resource geography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes photovoltaic (PV) technology from solar thermal (ST)?

    <p>PV generates electricity directly from sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a commercial driver for renewable energy focus?

    <p>Cost-effective routes to improve power quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a problem related to fossil fuel energy sources?

    <p>Dependable energy generation methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is associated with increasing energy demand and rising power prices?

    <p>Frequent climate conflicts over resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does renewable energy production contribute to energy security?

    <p>By diversifying energy sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a technology utilized in solar energy?

    <p>Photovoltaic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when sunlight strikes the surface of a photovoltaic (PV) cell?

    <p>It triggers the movement of electrons due to the electrical field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a photovoltaic module?

    <p>PV cell circuits sealed in protective laminate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a photovoltaic array?

    <p>An assembled group of PV modules and panels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the fabrication of silicon PV cells, what is added to polysilicon to create a P-type semiconductor?

    <p>Boron in trace amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the anti-reflective coating applied to the top surface of PV cells?

    <p>To enhance light absorption by minimizing reflection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are individual wafers obtained during the manufacturing of PV cells?

    <p>By slicing from the ingot using wire saws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of photovoltaic cells is assessed after they are electrically tested?

    <p>Their current output levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hierarchical structure of photovoltaic components?

    <p>Cell, Module, Array.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course Title: Fundamentals of Photovoltaic
    • Course Code: ERE212
    • Prerequisites: Electronic Devices
    • Study Hours: 3 Cr.hrs.= [2 Lect.+ 1 Tut + 2 Lab]
    • Assessment: Final Exam (40%), Midterm (20%), Year Work & Quizzes (30%), Experimental/Oral (10%)
    • Textbooks:
      • Solar Energy Fundamentals, Technology, and Systems. Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014.
      • PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS, Rijeka, January 2012.
      • Basic Photovoltaic Principles and Me1hods, SERI/SP-290-1448 Solar Information Module 6213 Published February 1982.

    Course Description

    • This course focuses on the fundamentals of photovoltaic energy.
    • Topics include:
      • Sunlight Energy
      • Energy Conversion
      • Solar Radiation Measurement
      • Principles of Solar Cell Operation
      • Structure, Electrical and Optical Characteristics
      • Equivalent Circuit
      • Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
      • Thin Film Technologies for PV
      • Building Integrated PV (BIPV)
      • Energy Production by A PV Array
      • Energy Balance in Stand-alone PV Systems
      • The Estimated Cost and Payback Times for The Various Technologies
      • The Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Type
      • Feed-in Tariffs and Other Incentives
      • Standards, Calibration and Testing of PV Modules and Solar Cells
      • PV System Monitoring
      • Safety Considerations in PV System
      • Site Assessment
      • System Design and Sizing
      • Maximizing Cell Efficiency
      • Social and Environment Aspects of PV Systems
      • Basics of Testing and Maintaining Major Components of A PV System

    Introduction

    • Energy is the ability to do work and move an object.
    • Energy can be classified as renewable and non-renewable.

    Energy Applications

    • Electronics
    • Transportations
    • Communications
    • Computers
    • Heat

    Common Forms of Energy

    • Chemical
    • Kinetic
    • Rotational
    • Solar
    • Thermal
    • Nuclear

    Five Key Questions

    • What is electrical energy?
    • How do we produce electric energy?
    • Why is electrical energy important?
    • What are the resources of electrical energy?
    • What about renewable energy resources?

    What is Electric Energy?

    • Electric energy is a crucial form of energy.
    • It is transferred from one type to another in various devices.
    • Electricity is the flow of electrons.

    Electrical Concepts

    • Voltage: The electrical potential difference, measured in Volts. It's like the "height" of water on one side of a dam.
    • Current: The rate of electron flow, measured in Amps. It's like the "speed" at which water flows through the dam.
    • Resistance: Opposition to the flow of electrical current, influenced by material, cross-sectional area, length, and temperature.
    • Watt: Measure of power, the rate of electrical energy.
      • Watt-hour (Wh) is a measure of energy:
        • Indicates the amount of electrical energy consumed or produced
        • 1 Kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 1000 Wh

    The Flow of Electric Charge

    • Current, measured in Amperes (A), describes the flow of electric charge.
    • When a switch is off, there is no current flow.
    • When a switch is on, there is current flow.

    How do We Produce Electric Energy?

    • A magnetic field and a movable conductor create electricity.
    • In 1878, Joseph Swan invented the incandescent filament lamp.
    • Edison later made a similar discovery in America.
    • Edison used his DC generator to illuminate the first New York street with electric lamps in 1882.

    Why is Electrical Energy Important?

    • Electricity is crucial to modern life, with numerous uses from lighting to appliances and transportation.

    Resources of Electrical Energy

    • Electrical energy resources are classified as renewable and non-renewable.

    Non-Renewable Energy

    • Sources are not environmentally friendly and can have negative effects on our health.
    • Cannot be re-generated within a short time frame.
    • Include fossil fuels like natural gas, oil, and coal.

    Renewable Energy

    • Resources found in nature like the sun, wind, rain, and tides.
    • Can be replaced or renewed without harming the environment.
    • Often used to produce clean energy that does not contribute to climate change.

    The Impact of Fossil Fuels

    • Pollution from fossil fuels leads to increased greenhouse gases, acid rain, and harm to public health.
    • Egypt's carbon dioxide emissions are increasing, leading to concerns about climate change and resource access.
    • Increased energy demand is placing strain on energy production and resources.

    The Need for Renewable Energy

    • Renewable energy production provides a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.
    • It leads to cleaner and more reliable energy production.
    • It helps reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote energy security.

    Drivers Behind the Focus on Renewable Energy

    • Environmental drivers:
      • Limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
      • Avoiding the need for new transmission circuits.
    • Commercial drivers:
      • Uncertainty in electricity markets favors smaller energy production.
      • Cost-effective way to achieve better power quality and reliability.
    • National/regulatory drivers:
      • Diversifying energy sources to enhance energy security.
      • Promoting competition in the energy sector.

    Why Sustainable Energy Matters?

    • The world currently relies heavily on fossil fuels, which is unsustainable.
    • Problems with fossil fuels:
      • Finite reserves.
      • Concentration of reserves in volatile regions.
      • Detrimental environmental impact from mining and combustion.

    Solar Energy

    • Most renewable energy, directly or indirectly, originates from the sun.
    • Sunlight, or solar energy, is used for heating and lighting, generating electricity, and various commercial and industrial applications.
    • Two basic solar energy technologies:
      • Photovoltaic (PV)
      • Solar Thermal (ST)

    How PV Cells Work?

      1. An electrical field is created near the surface of the cell where two materials meet (P-N junction).
      1. Sunlight strikes the cell's surface, this field gives momentum and direction to light-stimulated electrons.
      1. When connected to an electrical load, this flow creates a current.

    Photovoltaic Hierarchy

    • Cell: The fundamental unit.
    • Module: Multiple cells connected in series and/or parallel.
    • Array: Multiple modules combined to form the complete power-generating unit.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaic

    • Understand the advantages and disadvantages of solar photovoltaic energy.

    How PV Cells are Made?

      1. The process starts with pure semiconductor-grade silicon.
      1. The silicon is melted with boron added to create a P-type semiconductor material.
      1. An ingot (block) is formed.
      1. Wafers are sliced from the ingot.
      1. A thin N-type semiconductor layer is created around the cell.
      1. An anti-reflective coating is applied.
      1. Electrical contacts are imprinted.
      1. Aluminized conductive material is deposited on the back side.
      1. Each cell is tested, sorted, and connected to create cell circuits for PV modules.

    PV Module Anatomy

    • Understand the construction and key components of a PV module.

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    PV Fundamentals Lecture (1) 2024 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the principles of photovoltaic energy in this quiz based on the Fundamentals of Photovoltaic course. Topics include energy conversion, solar cell operation, and various technologies like crystalline silicon and thin film. Prepare to demonstrate your understanding of solar radiation measurement and BIPV.

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