Purposive Communication Reviewer (Midterms 1st Semester) PDF

Purposive Communication Reviewer 6. Receiver - This is the person or (Midterms 1st Semester) group of people who will get your message. 7. Feedback - This is the...

Purposive Communication Reviewer 6. Receiver - This is the person or (Midterms 1st Semester) group of people who will get your message. 7. Feedback - This is the receiver’s Chapter 1: Communication Processes, response to your message. Principles. And Ethics 8. Context - This refers to the situation in which the communication takes Communication is the process of creating place. It includes the environment, and sharing meaning by using verbal and the location, time of the day, nonverbal symbols in varied contexts. temperature, etc. The Process of Communication Elements of Communication 1. Sender (who the source is) 2. Message (what the idea being communicated says) 3. Channel (through what medium the message is relayed) 4. Receiver (to whom is directed) 5. Effect (what the desired result of the communication is) Key Principles of Communication 1. Source - The sender of the message 1. Interpersonal communication is 2. Message - This is the information inescapable. It is not possible for you want to convey humans like you and me not to 3. Encoding - This is the process of communicate. converting your idea or thoughts of 2. Interpersonal communication is the information into verbal and irreversible. Once you have uttered non-verbal symbols that the receiver something, you can never take it of the message can understand. back, and its effect remains. 4. Channel - This is the manner in 3. Interpersonal communication is which your message or information complicated. Whenever you is conveyed (face-to-face, communicate with anyone, you telephone call, video conference, simultaneously interpret both his or written communication). verbal and nonverbal language. 5. Decoding - This is the receiver’s 4. Interpersonal communication is mental processing of your message contextual. Communication is into the meaning suggested by the affected by several factors: verbal or nonverbal symbols you use a. Psychological context, as a sender. which is who you are, and what you as sender or receiver bring to the  interaction— your needs, 2. Individual dignity. Do not cause desires, values, beliefs, another person embarrassment or a personality, and so on. loss of dignity. b. Relational context, which 3. Accuracy. Ensure that others have concerns your reactions to accurate information. the other person based on 4. Access to information. Never relationship– as boss, bolster the impact of your colleague, friend, sibling, communication by preventing people parent, etc. from communicating with one c. Situational context, which another or by hindering access to deals with the psycho-social supporting information. “where” you are 5. Accountability. Be responsible and communicating. accountable for the consequences of d. Environmental context, your relationships and which has to do with the communication. physical “where” you are 6. Audience. As an audience or communicating– objects in receiver of the information, you also the room and their have ethical responsibilities. arrangement, location, noise 7. Relative truth. As either sender or level, temperature, season, receiver of information, remember time of day. that your own point of view may not e. Cultural context, which be shared by others and that your includes all the learned conclusions are relative to your behaviors and rules that perspective, so allow others to affect the interaction. For respectfully disagree or see it instance, bodily movement, differently. facial expression, gesture, 8. Ends vs. means. Be sure that the distance, and eye contact end goal of your communication and vary in different cultures. the means of getting to that end are both ethical although no rule can be Difference Between Morals and Ethics applied without reservation to any situation. Morals are personal codes while ethics are 9. Use of power. In situations where societal. Morals are our own set of rules, you have more power than others, so others are nether expected nor required you also have more responsibility for to follow them. Ethics, on the other hand, the outcome. are rules accepted and approved by the 10. Rights vs. responsibilities. society. Balance your rights against your responsibilities even if you live in a Ethics in Communication wonderful society where your rights are protected by law; not everything 1. Mutuality. Pay attention to the you have a right to do is ethical. needs of others, as well as yours. Chapter 2: Communication and emerge, and economic conditions Globalization vary. 5. Culture identities are overlapping. Globalization We belong to multiple, overlapping - the process of bringing people together cultures as we interact with one and making them interact and exchange another. Some of these cultures ideas across traditional borders. (Nowaczyk, work together while others clash. 2017). - is the increasing economic, political, and Adaptation to New Cultures cultural integration and interdependence of diverse cultures (Gamble and Gamble, 1. Cultural integration is a form of 2013). cultural exchange in which one group assumes the beliefs, Culture - is the learned and shared practices, and rituals of another behavior of a community of interacting group without sacrificing the human beings. characteristics of its own culture. Groups and subgroups can be 2. Cultural assimilation occurs when characterized by nationality, language, members of one cultural group adopt gender, age or generation, ethnicity, the language, practices, and beliefs religion, social class, region, profession, etc. of another group, often losing aspects of their traditional culture in Characteristics of Culture the process. 3. Multiculturalism is the counterpart 1. Culture are learned, not innate. to cultural assimilation. It is the belief We think and act as Filipinos that cultures, races, and ethnicities, because our parents brought us up particularly those of minority groups, this way. We acquired complete should be accorded special knowledge and understanding of our acknowledgement of their cultural norms from our parents, differences within a dominant teachers, relatives, and friends. political culture. 2. Culture are shared. We act as 4. Cultural accomodation refers to members of our own cultural group, the process by which individuals not as individuals, because may take on values and beliefs of belonging to a culture means the host culture and accommodate following the norms of the group. them in the public sphere while 3. Cultures are multifaceted. We are maintaining the parent culture in the surrounded by cultural norms that private sphere. affect language, religion, basic world 5. Separation - members of the group view, education, technology, social prefer to interact with the members organization, politics, and law, all of their own culture, so they are interacting with one another. known as outsiders. 4. Cultures are dynamic. Cultures constantly change as cultural Barriers to Effective International contact increases, new technologies Communication 1. Ethnocentrism - refers to the belief Chapter 3: Local and Global that a person’s culture (his “in-group” Communication in Multicultural Settings culture) is much better than any other group’s culture (an “out-group” LOCAL COMMUNICATION - Refers to culture), and the tendency is for that communicating within one's local area using person to judge any “out-group” a shared local language or common culture by using the norms of his language. “in-group” culture. 2. Stereotypes and prejudices - GLOBAL COMMUNICATION - Involves Stereotyping and being prejudiced connecting people across the globe. against cultural groups are the main barriers to intercultural Varieties of World Englishes communication. 3. Stereotypes are often generalized 1. American English. Influenced by negative traits assigned to a group native American languages and its of people (race, nationality, religion, own cultural development. social class, sexual orientation, age, 2. British English. The standard gender) even if these traits may only variety, often considered the reflect a selected few of the group. "original" English. 4. Prejudice is an unfair thought, 3. Australian English. Features a belief, or feeling of dislike for a distinct accent and vocabulary person or group because of race, influenced by Aboriginal languages. nationality, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, etc. It is a negative preconceived opinion held Linguistic Features of World Englishes by one group toward members of another group that biases perception 1. Pronunciation. Variations in vowel and provides a reason for sounds, stress patterns, and discrimination. intonation are common. 5. Assumed similarities. An 2. Vocabulary. Regional words, slang assumption of similarity is a terms, and borrowed words from baseless, unreasonable refusal to other languages enrich each variety. see cultural differences where they 3. Grammar. Regional words, slang exist. This happens when members terms, and borrowed words from of one group assume that all groups other languages enrich each variety. behave the same way as they do, that what is true to their culture is English as An International Language also true to all other cultures. (EIL) 6. Anxiety. It is the fear or English has become the dominant language apprehension associated with either of international communication, particularly real or anticipated communication in fields like: with people from another cultural group.  1. Business. Global corporations use student, superior and subordinate, English for internal communication doctor and patient, etc. and international transactions. 4. Informal, group, or casual 2. Science. Scientific research and register. This is the informal publications are often written in language between friends and English. peers, which uses slang, vulgarities, 3. Technology. Software interfaces, and colloquialisms. Examples are online platforms, and technical conversations, chats, blogs, tweets, documentation are primarily in etc. English. 5. Very informal, personal, or intimate register. This is the Language Registers for Effective private, intimate language reserved Communication for family members or intimate A register is characterized by differences in people. Examples are husband and the type of language selected as wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, appropriate to different types of situation. siblings, etc. The term register refers to the particular varieties or styles of speaking and writing, Chapter 4: Evaluating Messages and which vary in their degrees of formality Images depending on the topic (what), purpose (why), context (where), and audience (who). Incorrect Versus Correct Language Use What is correct language use? 1. Very formal, frozen, or static Prescriptivists equate correctness to strict register. This register “frozen” in observance of the rules of grammar. time and content because it rarely or Prescriptivists, as well as educated never changes. Examples are speakers of the majority of English dialects prayers, laws, marriage vows, or varieties, believe that Standard English is insurance policies, etc. synonymous with correct English. 2. Formal or regulated register. This is the formal and impersonal The Text or Message language, which is one-way in nature and used in formal situations. Message - the information conveyed in the Examples are books, news reports, communication process. It comprises verbal magazine, or journal articles, and nonverbal content. speeches, sermons, etc. 3. Neutral, professional or Text - refers to any recorded message consultative register. This is the (writing, audio-recording, video-recording) normal style of speaking between that is physically independent of its sender communicators who are mutually of receiver. It is an assemblage of signs accepted language that conforms to (such as words, images, sounds, or formal societal standards. Examples gestures) constructed with reference to the are the types of communication conventions associated with a genre and in between strangers, teacher and a particular medium of communication (verbal and nonverbal).  Semiotics refer to a social interaction Structure- refers to how the information is among individuals who try to make sense organized. out of the different interpretation possibilities of the sign. Types of Text Genres Mass Media and Multimodal Texts 1. Texts using Logical Order (exposition- example, cause and Mass media refers to the type of effect, comparison, analogy, communication that uses technology to definition, classification, simultaneously reach a wide audience. The problem-solution, persuasion). five types of mass media are print,1 radio, 2. Texts using Chronological Order regular broadcast television, cable (narration, process). television, and telecommunications. 3. Texts using spatial or space order (description). A text is “multimodal” when it combines two or more of the five semiotic systems: Language is the means by which the information is expressed verbally and/or 1. Linguistic or textual system, nonverbally. compromising aspects, such as vocabulary, generic structure, and Presentation covers the layout. format, the grammar of oral and written length, oral delivery (voice, body language, language. timing) and any other conventions, such as 2. Visual system, consisting of spelling and referencing. aspects, such as color, vectors, and viewpoint in still and moving images. Semiotics and Text Analysis 3. Audio system, with aspects, like volume, pitch, and rhythm of music Semiotics is concerned with “everything and sound effects. that can be taken as sign”. Semiotics 4. Gestural system, including aspects, involves “the study not only of what we refer such as movement, speed, and to as ‘signs’ in everyday speech, but of stillness in facial expression and anything which ‘stands for’ something else. body language used. 5. Spatial system, covering aspects, Signs consist of signifiers (sounds and like proximity, direction, position of images) and signifieds (concepts); “the layout, and organization of objects in sign is the whole that results from the space. association of the signifier with the signified” References: Semiosis is the process by which a culture Padilla, M. et (2018). Communicate & produces signs and assigns meaning to Connect! Purposive Communication. Mutya signs. Publishing House, Inc., Manila, Philippines 1 Reviewer by: Kent Cyrus Nobleza