Purposive Communication PDF Notes

PCOM Lol TOPIC 1: ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 2) Receiver  The person to whom a message is Communication directed is called the “receiver” or the  refers to the exchange of information...

PCOM Lol TOPIC 1: ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 2) Receiver  The person to whom a message is Communication directed is called the “receiver” or the  refers to the exchange of information “interpreter.” between two or more people.  In order to comprehend the  derived from the Latin word information from the sender, the ‘communis' which means to make receiver must first be able to receive common or to share. the sender’s information and then  For communication to succeed, both decode or interpret it. participants must be able to exchange information and understand each 3) Message other.  The “information” or “content” is the  If the flow of information is blocked message that the sender wants to for some reason or if the parties relay to the receiver. cannot make themselves understood,  The message must be concise, then communication fails. complete, and clear.  It is relayed between the parties. Put Types of Communication all three together (sender, receiver, message) and you have the 1) Verbal Communication - spoken/written communication process as its most 2) Non-Verbal Communication - signs, basic. symbols, gestures, body language, or any facial expressions. 4) Channel  Also called the “medium”, the channel is Examples of signs/symbols: Street symbols, the means, tools, or devices by which a Musical symbols, Chemical symbols, message is transmitted. Astrological symbols, Mathematical symbols 5) Feedback  The communication process reaches Elements/Components of Communication its final point when the message has been successfully transmitted, 1) Sender received and understood.  The communication process begins  The receiver, in turn, responds or with the sender, who is also called the answers to the sender, indicating “communicator” or “source.” comprehension.  The sender has some kind of  Feedback may be direct, such as a information that he wants to share written or verbal response, or it may with others. In order for that message take the form of an act or deed in to be received, the sender must first response. encode the message in a form that can be understood and then transmit it.  PCOM Lol 6) Noise him, you would still be communicating,  This can be any sort of interference “I do not want to talk to you.” that affects the message being sent,  Silence, posture, and other non-verbal received, or understood. behaviors are the ways we  These are the problems or hindrance communicate even when we wish to in sending information. deny doing so. 7) Context 3) The message received is not necessarily  This is the content, setting, and the message sent. situation in which communication  We usually relate to others as if there takes place. was only one reality about the way we  Like noise, context can have an impact perceive the world. on the successful exchange of  We all live as separate individuals with information. different experiences and different  It may have a physical, social, or views of reality. cultural aspect to it.  How we interpret the verbal and non- verbal messages may be quite TOPIC 2: PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION different from the meaning intended by the speaker or communicator. 1) Communication is an interaction  Even when several people are viewing situation wherein the participants are the same behaviour, each person affected by each one’s behaviour. interprets it differently.  Every message is simultaneously a  While talking or writing, we are stimulus to new behaviour and a describing only those experiences that response to prior behaviour of the occur inside us and they may not be receiver. the same for others because every  No message should be isolated from person is unique. Every person has a what has occurred before between the different background. communicants if we really want to understand the message. 4) Communication occurs simultaneously  It should be understood in the totality at more than one level. of the situation.  We communicate on the level of the literal content of the information 2) One does communicate. being conveyed as well as on the  We do communicate even when we are relationship level. ignoring the message of another or  In other words, we do not convey maintaining complete silence. information to the receiver as verbally  An easy way to understand this would only. be to think what you would do if  By the context, in which the someone you did not want to interact communication occurs, and by various with smiled at you. Even by ignoring verbal and non-verbal cues, we are also telling the other person how we  PCOM Lol see our relationship with him, how we other words, this means “People judge see ourselves, and how he should you by your behaviour, not your intent.” interpret our messages. 2) Interpersonal communication is Categories/Forms of Communication irreversible.  You can not take back something that 1) Intrapersonal you have said. The effect of what you  communication within oneself, takes said must inevitably remain. place only inside our heads.  A Russian proverb says “Once a word 2) Interpersonal goes out of your mouth, you can never  communication between people as swallow it again.” individuals, usually between 2 people. 3) Interpersonal communication is  Group - communication that involves 3 complicated. or more people who actively  No form of communication is simple. participate with each other. Because of the number of variables  Public - communication that occurs in involved, even simple requests are a large context usually with one person extremely complex. (or a small group) speaking to a larger  We do not actually swap ideas. We audience. swap symbols that stand for ideas.  Mass - communication, either This also complicates communication. electronic or print, that reaches many  Words do not have inherent meaning. people in many different places and We simply use them in certain ways. No often, at many different times. two people use the same word exactly alike. Four Basic Principles of Interpersonal  The more communication there is, the Communication more difficult it is for communication to succeed. 1) Interpersonal communication is inescapable. 4) Interpersonal communication is  It is impossible not to communicate. contextual. The very attempt not to communicate  In other words, communication does tells something. not happen in isolation.  Through the tone of voice, gesture, posture, facial expression, we There is: constantly communicate to people (a) psychological context, which is who you around us. Through these channels, we are and what you bring to the interaction. constantly receive communication Your needs, desires, values, and personality from others. are the things that form the psychological  Even when you sleep, you communicate. context.  The basic principle of communication (b) relational context, which concerns your is “People are not mind readers.” In reactions to the other person.  PCOM Lol (c) situational context, which deals with the Johnson (2015) developed the Ten Basics Of psycho-social where you are Ethical Communication using the principles communicating. An interaction that takes learned in “Straight Talk” and “Non-violent place in a classroom will be very different Communication” as well as best practices from one that takes place in a bar. for small group work: (d) environmental context, which deals with the physical where you are communicating. 1) Seek to elicit the best in communications (e) cultural context, which includes all the and interactions with other group learned behaviors and rules that affect members. the interaction. If you have a different 2) Listen when others speak. culture, then this cultural context would 3) Speak non-judgmentally. lead to misunderstanding. 4) Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your own thoughts, TOPIC 3: ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION needs and feelings. 5) Seek to understand others. Communication Ethics 6) Avoid speaking for others. Do not  The notion that people’s behaviour are characterize what others have said. Do not governed by their morals which in turn assume that others share your opinions, affects communication. beliefs, values and conclusions.  It deals with the good that is present 7) Manage your own personal boundaries. in any form of human communication. Share only what you are comfortable These includes interpersonal sharing. communication, mass mediated 8) Respect the personal boundaries of communication, digital communication. others. 9) Avoid interrupting a conversation. The National Communication Association 10) Make sure that everyone has time to provides this official statement to speak and that all members have equal air emphasize the importance of ethics in time if they want it. communication. TOPIC 4: IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON “Questions of right and wrong arise COMMUNICATION whenever people communicate. Ethical communication is fundamental to In an article entitled “The Impact of responsible thinking, decision making, and Globalization on Communication Skills the development of relationships and Development,” David Ingram said that communities within and across contexts, “communication skills development has cultures, channels, and media. Moreover, always been an important factor of ethical communication enhances human success in business, but the influence of worth and dignity by fostering globalization and cross-cultural interaction truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, in recent decades has impacted the types personal integrity, and respect for self of communication skills needed in and others.” dramatic ways. No longer can  PCOM Lol entrepreneurs afford to simply TOPIC 5: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION communicate well within their own 1) Aristotle Model homogenous cultures.”  This model was proposed by Aristotle before 300 B.C. Thus, today, people need to understand the:  It was accepted as the most common (1) dynamics of long distance collaboration; model of communication where the (2) the impact of culture on manners of sender sends the information or speaking and body language; and (3) how message to the receiver to influence to use technology to communicate with on make them respond and act people on the other side of the globe. accordingly.  This model is a speaker-centered Virtual Interactions. Globalization has model as the speaker has the most introduced virtual communication and important role and is the only one collaboration as a major part of academic active. and workplace dynamics. Cultural Awareness in Speech. The need for cultural awareness is a major impact of globalization on the required skills of effective communicators, resulting in the 2) The S-M-C-R Model evolution of communication skills  David Berlo's model of communication development programs. emphasizes the four components of communication process, namely: the Cultural Awareness In Body Language. sender (source), message, channel, Awareness of cultural differences in body and receiver. language can be just as important as the  The model also focuses on encoding nuances of speech. This is why in schools, and decoding which happen before students are taught to understand the sender sends the message and acceptable speaking distances, conflict before the receiver receives the styles, eye contact and posture in message. different cultures.  It does not emphasize feedback, so the effect is not considered. Noise or Time Differences. This new dynamic is the any kind of barriers in communication need to communicate and share process is ignored. Similar to Aristotle's information with people across several model, it is a linear model of time zones. When people collaborate with communication. others on the other side of the globe, their counterparts are usually at home asleep while they themselves are at work.  PCOM Lol back and forth in circular pattern. This allows both parties to contribute equally and share their feedback, which acts a confirmation that the message has been received and decoded. 3) Lasswell's Model of Communication  The Lasswell's model of communication, also known as action model is regarded as one of the most influential communication models.  This model was developed by Harold D. Lasswell in 1948. 5) Shannon-Weaver Mathematical Model  This model has five components  A mechanical and mathematical model namely: communicator, message, of communication was developed by medium, receiver, and effect. Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver in  This model is used for interpersonal 1948. communication or group  This communication model consists of communication to disseminate an information source, a transmitter, message to various groups in various a channel, a receiver: the receiver's situations. message, and destination.  Lasswell talks about the relation  Eventually, the standard between the presentation of facts and communication model features the how it generates different effects. source or encoder, who encodes a message by translating an idea into a code in terms of bits. 4) Schramm's Interactive Model  The most commonly taught and widely used theory of communication was proposed by Wilbur Schramm in the 6) White's Stages of Oral Communication late 1940's.  The last model is the Eugene White's  It views communication as a process Stages of Oral Communication. People that takes place between a sender are under the mistaken impression (transmitter) and a receiver. that when we communicate we start  It provides a straightforward with thinking but that is not necessary approach to communicating, with the the case. sender and the receiver trading roles  PCOM Lol  It is a circular model that means oral communication is a continuous process with no real beginning or end.  The concept of feedback which can only be processed by the speaker if he or she has been monitoring the audience or the listener.