PURCOM-CHAPTER-1-1.pdf

Pu rposive Commu nication Lea rni ng Outcomes: This cha pter is expected to facil itate the student’s a bil ity to: a. describe the natu re, elements, a nd fu nctions of verba l a nd non-verba l commu n ication i n va rious a nd mu lticu ltu ra l context; a nd b. eva l uate a piece of...

Pu rposive Commu nication Lea rni ng Outcomes: This cha pter is expected to facil itate the student’s a bil ity to: a. describe the natu re, elements, a nd fu nctions of verba l a nd non-verba l commu n ication i n va rious a nd mu lticu ltu ra l context; a nd b. eva l uate a piece of i nformation accordi ng to process a nd fu nction.  HOUSE RU LES 1. Mute you r microphone at a l l ti mes. 2. Unmute only for q ueries, sha ri ng or pa rtici pation pu 3. rposes. Open you r ca mera d u ri ng discussion ti mes. 4. Pa rtici pation g ua ra ntees additiona l poi nts every session. Outli ne: CHA PTER Reviewi ng the basic 1Concepts of com mu nication TRU E OR FALSE 1. Com mu nication is a systematic process i n which i ndividua ls i nteract on ly th roug h sym bols a nd body actions. 2. The receivers receive on ly the i ntended mea ni ng of a message. 3. I n a li nea r com mu nication model, feed back is not outrig htly given. 4. Noise refers to the mea ns th roug h which a message is tra nsmitted. 5. Tra nsmission is the process by which sou nd waves a nd lig ht waves reach the receiver. NATU RE COM M U N ICATION Com mu nication is a n essentia l hu ma n activity that is innate in natu re. Com mu nication has its own identity beca use i t i s i n i ts e l f a n e s s e n c e of m a n a n d i t ca n not exist without ma n nor ca n ma n exist without it. Natu re: I n like ma nners, when we excha nge mea ning using sym bolic messages (Stoner & Wa nkel, n.d.) we a pply ou r styles a nd techniques in order to express a nd receive messages. I n whatever case, it is ma n’s basic activity- a n activity to u ndersta nd a nd be u nderstood. Natu re: Com mu nication is a process. Com mu nication occu rs between two or more people. Com mu nication ca n be expressed throug h words, actions, or both at the sa me time. (Sipacio & Ba lgos, 2016) ELEM ENTS ELEM ENTS 1. Spea ker or Sou rce 2. Message 3. Cha nnel 4. Receiver 5. Feed back 6. Environment 7. Context 8. I nterference PROCE SS  CATEGORI ES 3 Models of Com mu nication 1. Linea r 2. I nteractive 3. Tra nsactiona l  LI N EAR MODEL the oldest ki nd of com mu nication that dates back to the ti me of Aristotle com mu nication ha ppens i n one di rection which is why the term l i nea r is used sender is the only one who sends message a nd receiver doesn’t g ive feed back or response  Aristotelia n Model proposed before 30 BC by Aristotle The spea ker sends message, a nd the a udience receives it.  Lasswel l’s Com mu nication Model Added Cha nnel as element Lasswel l’s model was popu la rized a nd prima rily developed to a na lyze mass commu nication d u ring the time when only the rich had televisions in order to show the mass med ia cu ltu re.  The Sha n non-Weaver Model Cla ude Elwood Sha nnon a nd Wa rren Weaver, who worked for Bel l Telephone La b i n the U nited States, desig ned a model to m i rror the fu nction of rad io a nd telephone technology. Basic elements a re Sender, message, cha nnel, a nd receiver later recog nized the static backg rou nd, termed “noise”  Berlo’s SMCR Model Expa nsion of Sha nnon Weaver’s model Each of the elements of commu nication c o n t a i n s severa l factors affecting the flow of commu nication.  I NTERACTIVE MODEL Also known as the Convergence Model It u pg rades the linea r model by ma king the message exc ha nge i n two ways: From to sender to receiver, a nd from receiver to the sender. It now a l lows for a feed back elements Schra mm’s Model Wi l be r Sch ra m m p roposed the m od e l of com mu nication i n 1954. a m e ssa g e ca n h a ve m e a n i n g s wh e n p e rm itte d by i nd ivid u a l’s exp e rie nce to u ndersta nd the message. This mea ns that for a message to be u nde rstood si m i la rly by b ot h t h e se n d e r a n d s p e a ke r t h e re sho u ld b e a co m m o n fie ld whe re by they sha re the sa me expe rie nce. Th is is wha t he ca l le d the fie ld of exp e rie nce o r the fra me of reference. H e e m p h a size d t h a t co m m u n i ca ti o n i s i n co m p l ete u n l e ss a n d u nti l th e se n d e r  Da nce Model conceptua lized by Fra n k Da nce i n 1967. The na me hel ica l co mes fro m “Hel ix” wh ich mea ns a n object havi ng a th ree-di mensiona l sh a pe l i ke th at of a wi re wo u n d u n ifo rm ly a ro u n d a cyl i n d e r o r co n e to s h ow th a t com mu n ication is a dyna mic a nd non-li nea r process. Da n ce ex p l a i n ed th a t th e co m m u n ica tio n process sta rts very slowly i n a defi n ed a n d s m a l l c i rc l e. Co m m u n i c a to rs s h a re i n fo r m a ti o n o n l y wi t h s m a l l p o r ti o n o f t h e m s e l ve s o n t h e i r re l a ti o n s h i p s. I t g rad ua l ly develo ps i nto next level but wh ich wi l l ta ke some ti me to reach a nd expa nd its  TRANSACTIONAL MODEL More sophisticated tha n i nteractive model. D e p i c t s fa c e - t o - fa c e i n t e r a c t i o n , o r “tra nsaction” as a dyna mic a nd cha ngea ble p ro ce s s t h a t i s n ot l i m i te d to s i m p l e defi nition. Receiver a nd sender ca n play the sa me roles si mu lta neously. It acknowledges both ti me a nd the a bi l ity for the pa rtici pa nts to accom pl ish two fu nctions at the sa me ti me hereby ma ki ng it more tha n just i nteractive but a conti nuous a nd a lways Ecolog ica l Model Desig ned by David Fou lger Present com mu nication style, system, a nd practices i n modern society 3 basic elements, na mely; the creator, the message, a nd the consu mer  LASSWELL SCH RAM M An individ ua l’s A new knowledge, element DANCE experience a nd ca l led the cu ltu ra l backg rou nd Commu nication cha n nel a nd have a n im porta nt is more defined role in dyna mic a nd com m u n ication non- l inea r basic 1954 elements process 1948 1967 1949 2004 1960 300 BC SHAN NON FOU LGER ARISTOTLE BERLO WEAVER U pdate the spea ker has Each of the The element of com m u n ication process the control of elements of noise was added with new models that a re message that com m u n ication to better representation of wil l be received contains severa l add ress the static the structu re a nd key by the factors affecting the or backg rou nd flow of constituents of the audience sou nds that com m u n ication process 1. Commu nication is a systematic process in which individ ua ls interact only throug h symbols a nd body actions. 2. The receivers receive only the intended mea ning of a message. 3. I n a linea r commu nication model, feed back is not outrig htly g iven. 4. Noise refers to the mea ns throug h which a message is tra nsmitted. 5. Tra nsmission is the process by which sou nd waves a nd FU NCTIO N Verba l Commu nication Verba l com mu nication is the use of words a nd sou nds i n expressi ng thoug hts a nd emotions; they a re ag reed-u pon a nd ru le governed system of sym bols used to sha re mea ni ng i ncl ud i ng both ora l a nd written com mu nication. Si nce verba l com mu nication i nvo l ve s a ru le-governed system of sym bol s, a deta i l ed exa m i n a ti o n of th e co m p o n e nts of ve r b a l co m m u n i ca ti o n i s necessa ry. Such exa mination is a nchored on two premises: verba l com mu nication as a system of sym bols; a nd verba l com mu nication as ru le-governed  1. A System of Symbols Symbols a re a rbitra ry representations of thoug hts, ideas, emotions, objects, or actions used to encode a nd decode mea ning. Symbols have three d istinct q ua lities: a. Arbitra ry. Words have no d irect relationship to the objects or ideas they represent. (Ex: Ca ke) b. Ambig uous. Words have severa l possible mea nings. Ex: Ring the bel l if you need a nything. (sou nd off) I wil l g ive you a ring when I have decided. (ca l l) c. Abstract. Words a re not materia l or physica l. Simply put. You ca nnot touch the words; they exist in the mind.  2. VC is Ru le-Governed We must fol low ag reed u pon ru le to ma ke sense of the symbols we sha re. There a re fou r genera l ru les for verba l commu nication incl ude: a. Phonology –sou nds b. Sema ntics – mea ning a nd interpretation c. Syntax – g ra mmatica l structu re d. Prag matics – how the sa me word ca n have different mea nings in different settings. Fu nctions of VC a. Defi ni ng Rea lity b. Orga nizi ng Com plex Ideas to Categories. c. Ma ki ng Us Thi nk d. Sha pi ng ou r attitude to the world Non-Verba l Commu nication It is the process of conveyi ng mea ni ngs without the use of the words eithe r writte n or spoke n i ncl udi ng facia l expressions, ha nd movements, body la ng uage, postu res, a nd gestu res. Classification 1. Kinesics or Body Motion 4. Chronemics (Time) a. Gestu res a nd body sta nce b. Face a nd eyes 5. Pa ra la ng uage a. Voice q ua lities 2. Proxemics (dista nce a nd b. Voca lizations territory) 4. Artifacts (ea rrings) a. Dista nce or space b. Territory (pu blic, i nteractiona l, 5. Environmenta l factors home) 6. Olfactics (smel l/ 3. Ha ptics (Touch ing behavior perfu mes, spices) incl uding ha ndsha ke, pat on the shou lder) Fu nctions of Non-Verba l 1. Accenting – ca l ling attention to a key pa rt of the message Ex: sta mping, increasing volu me, moving forwa rd, slowing down 2. Moderating – red ucing attention, removing emphasis Ex: red ucing volu me, speed ing u p, being incoherent 2. Complementing – ensu ring a l l speech is pa ra l leled by non-verba l commu nication that a lig ns with what is being sa id. Ex: ta l king sad things, lowering the head, a nd sad tone. 4. Su bstituting – replacing words with non-verba l la ng uage. Ex: Sha l l we?(Wagg ling eyebrows a nd g rinning) Fu nctions of Non-Verba l 5. Contrad icting – send ing non-verba l message that d isag rees with what is being sa id Ex: Saying no wh ile gently nodding 5. Reg u lating – ind icating that you wa nt them to stop so you ca n spea k (or perha ps that you wa nt them to respond Ex: Giving fina l a nd firm nod 7. Repeating – liking to complementing a nd accenting, but with delay between verba l a nd non-verba l Ex: Saying no, then sha king head afterwa rds 8. Deceiving – using as a pa rt of lying or deceit I nfluence of Non-Verba l Com. 1. CU LTU RE - Cox (2017) identified infl uences on verba l & non- verba l commu nication incl uding the fol lowing: a. Facia l Expressions. I n US, smiling ca n ind icates people a re friend ly a nd a pproacha ble. I n Ja pa n, seen as ina ppropriate. b. Context. Su perior cu ltu re vs. I nferior cu ltu re c. Eye contact. It conveys honesty, while avoid ing is seen as shifty or d ishonesty. To others, eye contact is insu lting a nd a sig n of agg ression. d. Forma lity. I nforma l cu ltu res vs. Forma l cu ltu re e. Touch. Contact cu ltu re vs. noncontact cu ltu re I nfluence of Non-Verba l Com. 2. GEN DER Gender plays a role in the way people commu nicate (Austero, et a l., 2013) Ha rva rd psycholog ist Robert Rosentha l docu mented that paying attention is not just not men’s forte. men a re inferior to women at both reading (decoding) a nd sending (encoding) nonverba l cues. men a re less affectionate a nd sensitive tha n women. They a re noted to be toug h, a nd tend to project ma nly a nd a uthoritative demea nor. H Ea LThy COm mU N ICaTIO N  199 5 1. Approach others with a n attitude of gentleness a nd openness. Hostility close down com mu nication. 2. Avoid assu ming a position of rig hteousness 3. Do not be afraid to spea k the truth 4. Sepa rate how you feel a bout what you a re saying from the message you a re giving  199 5 5. Be awa re of the different ways mea n a nd women process i nformation. 6. Accept other’s opi nion 7. At t e m p t t o c o m m u n i c a t e a n a t t i t u d e o f accepta nce a nd love 8. Ma ke su re tha t yo u r m otiva tio n to e ng a g e i n a conversation is one of en ha nci ng a nd i m provi ng the relationshi p as oppose to hu rti ng other people.  199 5 9. Al low others to ma ke own decisions 10. Seek to i nspi re trust 11. Seek forg iveness when you ma ke mista kes 12.Be cou nta ble for what you say, you wi l l do. 1. The orga nization of words in a sentence is a n importa nt consideration in verba l commu nication. 2. Schra mm’s model of commu nication is a n exa mple of a n interactive model of commu nication. 3. Chronemics perta ins to the use of body la ng uage in conveying the messages. 4. Non-verba l commu nication is used to repeat words spoken when message a ppea rs to be not immediately u nderstood by the receiver. 5. Eye contact ca n be insu lting in some cou ntries. ACTIVITY TI ME