Oral Communication Reviewer PDF

**Oral Communication Reviewer** **LESSON 1: DEFINITION OF ORAL COMMUNICATION** **Communication** - Involves creating and sharing of meaning. - Composed of individuals trying to make sense of their experience. **Oral Communication** - This is the process consisting of sound representation...

**Oral Communication Reviewer** **LESSON 1: DEFINITION OF ORAL COMMUNICATION** **Communication** - Involves creating and sharing of meaning. - Composed of individuals trying to make sense of their experience. **Oral Communication** - This is the process consisting of sound representation which involves speaking and listening. **LESSON 2: THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION** **When does communication process happen?** - It happen mutually between and among people through as identified stimulus. **STIMULUS** - Anything that triggers a response in a nervous system or the innate emotions of a person. **Stage 1** - Presence of Stimulus **Stage 2** - The Brain Receives the Idea. **Stage 3** - The Ideas are encoded into language symbols **Stage 4** - The Speaker is Now Ready to Externalize his/her Thoughts **Stage 5** - The Message is Transmitted through Sound Waves. **Stage 6** - The Message is being bought to the Receiver. **LESSON 3: 6 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION** **Sender/Speaker** - The first person to start the conversation. **Receiver/Listener** - The one who decodes the messages **Message** - This is the most vital in communication. - These may be verbal or non-verbal - Using abstract Ideas may cause some complications. **Non-Verbal Symbols are Ways of Conveying Messages.** 1. Body Movements 2. Postures 3. Facial Expression 4. Gestures 5. Vocal Tunes **Channel** - It is the route travel by the message between the sender and the receiver. **Feedback** - It is the reaction observed in both the sender and the receiver. **Noise** - It is the presence of disturbing factors that may lead to misunderstanding of the message. **Psychological Noise** 1. Trauma 2. Depression **Setting** - It is the venue of communication. **LESSON 4: MODEL OF COMMUNICATION** **Communication Models** - These are illustrations of how communication really occurs that will aid us to have a better idea of the process of communication. **Aristotle's Model** - It is the simplest model which states there are only three elements - There is no two-way process - Speaker Centered **SENDER -- message- RECEIVER** **Wendel Johnson's Model** - According to Romeo and Eugenio (1997) **EVENTS OR SOURCE STIMULATION- SENSORY STIMULATION- PRE-VERBAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL STATE- TRANSFORMATION OF PRE-VERBAL IN SYMBOLIC FORM- VERBAL FORMULATION** **Berlo's Model** - David Berlo uses the S-M-C-R as the key to the components of communication **S-** Source of Communication **M-** Message **C-** Channel **R-** Receiver **S** **M** **C** **R** --------------------- ----------- ---------- --------------- Communication Skill Elements Seeing Communication Treatment Touching Attitudes Knowledge Structure Hearing Knowledge Social System Content Smelling Social System Hearing Culture **Helical Model of Communication** - Frank Dance, Emphasized the role of communication problems, A Helix is compared to the evolution of communication as a human process, From before birth to a moment in the present. The Cylindrical or conial shape shows that communication is evolutionary because it can be viewed from a broad perspective. **Schramm's Model** **Message** **Encoder Decoder** **Interpreter Interpreter** **Decoder Encoder** **Message** **LESSON 5: VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION** **Non-Verbal Communication** - This is form of sharing idea, insights, information, experiences, etc. Without the use of words - Body Movements - Facial Expressions - Physical Appearance - Gestures - Tone of Voice **The Type of Non-Verbal Communication** 1. **Body Movements** - These are also known as body kinesthetics. a. **Emblems** - These are body movements which have direct translation into words. b. **Illustration** - These are used to accent, emphasize, or reinforce words. c. **Regulations** - An Instructor may point the student giving him the signal to recite. d. **Display of Feeling** - A person's face and body movement may convey now intense emotions is; as in tight hug may signify an intimate relationship. e. **Adaptors** - Usually, these implied meaning that the speaker would like to mean. - Indirect 2. **Paralanguage** - This refers to the ways of saying something. **Rate** - Speed of speaking **Pitch** - Highness **Volume** - Loudness **Quality** - Pleasing or unpleasing sound. **These factors are the meaning of communication situations.** 3. **Body Types** - These can also communicate a message. Wells and Suigel, in their researchers, found out the following a. **Ectomorphs (Thin people)** - Ambitious, younger, more suspicious of others, more tensed and nervous, more inclined to be more difficult, mor pessimistic and quiter. b. **Endomorphs (Fat people)** - More fashionable, lazier, weaker, more talkative, older, more-warm-hearted, and sympathetic, more good-natured, agreeable, more dependent on others and more trusting. c. **Mesomorphs (Athletic people)** - Stronger, more adventurous, more matured, mor reliant, younger, and taller. 4. **Attractiveness** - This can get more positive response than those who are perceived not to be attractive. 5. **Body Adornment** - This involves clothing, make up, jewelry and hairstyle. 6. **Space and Distance** - It is studied as proxemics a. **Intimate Distance** - In this situation, people are in direct contact with each other or are in no more than 18 inches apart as in a mother and child. b. **Personal Distance** - People may stay anywhere from 18 inches to 4 feet from each other as in casual and personal conversation. c. **Social Distance** - When talking to people unknown to the speaker, he must keep distance of 4 to 12 feet. This is mostly done in persona business d. **Public Distance** - 12 feet and above used in public speaking 7. **Touch** - This kind of touch used in communication reflects meaning about the relationship between the sender and receiver. 8. **Time** - Two kinds of people based in time: punctual and late **LESSON 6: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS** - It is a system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors that are acquired, shared, and used by members. **Intercultural Communication** - It is a form of communication that aims to impart information, ideas, insights an opinions across various culture and social communities. - **Intercultural Communication** studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact on social attributes, thought patterns, significant customs, and language. - **Cross-Cultural Communication** should not be used interchangeably with intercultural communication. - **Cross-Cultural Communication** refers to the process of understanding how people from different places, act, communicate and perceived the world around them. **Challenges in Intercultural Communication** 1. **Message Transmission** - When the receiver is a person from different culture, he uses information from his culture and the interpretation may be different from the speaker. 2. **Attribution** - It is the process where people look for an explanation of another person's behavior. When a person does not understand another, he usually blames the confusions on the other's stupidity, deceit or craziness." **Principles Applied in Intercultural Communication** 1. **Cultural Convergence** - In a relatively close social system in which communication among members is unrestricted, the system as a whole will tend to converge over time toward a state of greater cultural uniformity. - The system will tend to diverge toward diversity when communication is restricted. 2. **Communication Accommodation Theory** - This Theory focuses on linguistic strategies to decrease or increase communicative distances. 3. **Intercultural Adaptation** - This theory is designed to explain how communicators adapt to each other in "purpose-related encounters", at which cultural factors need to be incorporated. 4. **Co-cultural Theory** - It refers to interactions among underrepresented and dominant group members. **LESSON 7: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION** **FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION** - Communication as an activity serves a function. - Functions of communication refers to how we use language for different purpose. 1. **Regulation/Control** - Communication regulates or control. - Every situation follow certain rules and regulations in which the main objective is to take control of every situation. 2. **Social Interaction** - Major function of communication. - This helps to maintaining individual, societal or organizational stability and identity. 3. **Motivation** - Communication motivates. It may be internal and external. - Internal motivation is personal. - External Motivation emanates from the people surrounding a person. 4. **Information Function** - Communication informs. Everyday many things happen. We are informed in different ways. 5. **Emotional Expression.** - Communication expresses one's emotion, In communication we can express different emotions anger, happiness, guilt, etc.