PTY1016 Foundation of Physiotherapy: Movement 2024 PDF

PTY1016 Foundation of Physiotherapy: Movement Movements This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Alan Wong, PhD [email protected] References Dutton, M. (2020). Dutton’s introduction to physical therapy and pat...

PTY1016 Foundation of Physiotherapy: Movement Movements This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Alan Wong, PhD [email protected] References Dutton, M. (2020). Dutton’s introduction to physical therapy and patient skills (Second edition.). McGraw Hill. Chapter 4: https://accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2976&sectionid=250229 067 Houglum, P. A., & Bertoti, D. B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company, chapters 1 & 2. Oatis, C. A. (2016). Kinesiology: The Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Human Movement. (3rd ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer, Part I (Biomechanical Principles). Norkin, Cynthia C. Levangie, Pamela K (2011) Joint Structure and Function A Comprehensive Analysis. New York, F. A. Davis Company, chapters 1 & 2. Donald A. Neumann (2017). Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System. Foundation for Rehabilitation. (3rd ed). NY: Mosby, Elsevier, chapters 1, 2, 4 Topics to be covered Movement Continuum Theory Anatomy and Biomechanics Underlying Movements Describing Movements – Planes of Movements Types of Movements Active vs Passive Movements Concepts Related to Muscle Strength Summary Topics to be covered Movement Continuum Theory Anatomy and Biomechanics Underlying Movements Describing Movements – Planes of Movements Types of Movements Active vs Passive Movements Concepts Related to Muscle Strength Summary Movement Continuum Theory (Cott et al, 1995) General Principles I Movement is essential to human life. II Movement occurs on a continuum from the microscopic level to the level of the individual in society. III Movement levels on the continuum are influenced by physical, psychological, social and environmental factors. Physical Therapy Principles IV Movement levels on the continuum are interdependent. V At each level on the continuum there is a maximum achievable movement potential (MAMP) which is influenced by the MAMP at other levels on the continuum and physical, social, psychological and environmental factors. VI Within the limits set by the MAMP, each human being has a preferred movement capability (PMC) and a current movement capability (CMC) which in usual circumstances are the same. VII Pathological and developmental factors have the potential to change the MAMP and/or to create a differential between the PMC and the CMC. VIII The focus of Physical Therapy is to minimize the potential and/or existing PMC/CMC differential. IX The practice of Physical Therapy involves therapeutic movement, modalities, therapeutic use of self, education, and technology and environmental modifications. Cott, C., Finch, E., Gasner, D., Yoshida, K., Thomas, S., & Verrier, M. (1995). The movement continuum theory of physical therapy. Physiotherapy Canada, 47(2), 87-96. 6 Movement Dimensions Allen, D. D. (2007). Proposing 6 dimensions within the construct of movement in the Movement Continuum Theory. Physical therapy, 87(7), 888-898. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC 6 Dimensions aligned to pathophysiology Allen, D. D. (2007). Proposing 6 dimensions within the construct of movement in the Movement Continuum Theory. Physical therapy, 87(7), 888-898. Topics to be covered Movement Continuum Theory Anatomy and Biomechanics Underlying Movements Describing Movements – Planes of Movements Types of Movements Active vs Passive Movements Concepts Related to Muscle Strength Summary Normal human movements Require an integration of all body systems. Physical activities and movements require a control of intake and expenditures of energy; this means a system for food ingestion, another to transform it into nutrients for normal cell metabolism, another to distribute it, another to transform it into energy, another to control the processes involved, etc. Impairment of one system may impact on human movement, however, extent of impact may differ, e.g. muscular system vs urinary system. Human movement studies would need understanding of other systems, besides skeletal, muscular, nervous and cardiovascular systems. Balderas, D., & Rojas, M. (2016). Human Movement Control. In Automation and Control Trends. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51207 https://reverehealth.com/live-better/how-body-systems-connected/ Image source: https://store.prod.carolina.com/images/teacher-resources/infographics/infographic-Body-Systems-overall.jpg Topics to be covered Movement Continuum Theory Anatomy and Biomechanics Underlying Movements Describing Movements – Planes of Movements Types of Movements Active vs Passive Movements Concepts Related to Muscle Strength Summary Key Concepts Kinematics – types, directions and quantity of movement Osteokinematics Arthrokinematics Kinetics – forces produce or resist movement Planes and axes of movements Cardinal planes Coronal/frontal (XY) Sagittal (YZ) Horizontal/transverse (XZ) What is the anatomical position? Houglum, P. A., & Bertoti, D. B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. Reference positions Basis from which to describe joint movements Anatomical position Anatomical position Standing in an upright posture, feet parallel and close, palms forward When a human body is in anatomical reference position, all joint angles are zero. Anatomical position Anatomical Directional Terminology Anterior - In front in relation to another structure Posterior - In back in relation to another structure Inferior (infra) - Below in relation to another structure Superior (supra) - Above in relation to another structure Distal - Situated away from the center or midline of the body Proximal - Nearest the trunk or the point of origin Lateral - On or to the side Medial - Relating to the middle or center Anatomical Directional Terminology Contralateral - Pertaining to the opposite side Ipsilateral - On the same side Bilateral - Relating to the right and left sides of the body Deep - Beneath or below the surface Superficial - Near the surface Prone - stomach lying Supine - lying on the back Body Regions Axial Cephalic (Head) Cervical (Neck) Trunk (Thoracic and Lumbar) Appendicular Upper limbs Lower limbs Planes of Motion Three planes of movement: Sagittal plane (anterior-posterior) Frontal/coronal plane (medio-lateral) Transverse/horizontal plane (rotation) Kenyon, K., & Kenyon, J. (2018). The physiotherapist's pocketbook e-book: Essential facts at your fingertips. Elsevier Health Sciences, pp 1-89 Anterolateral views of the body, illustrating the three cardinal planes (sagittal, frontal, and transverse) Examples of motion of body parts within planes. A, Motions of the head and neck and the forearm within and oblique planes. A, Two examples of sagittal planes. B, Two examples of frontal planes. C, Two the sagittal plane. B, Motions of the head and neck and the arm within the frontal plane. C, Motions of the examples of transverse planes. D, Two examples of oblique planes. (Note: The upper oblique plane head and neck and the arm within the transverse plane. D, Motions of the head and neck and the arm has frontal and transverse components to it; the lower oblique plane has sagittal and transverse within an oblique plane. components to it.) Muscolino, J. E. (2016). The muscular system manual : the skeletal muscles of the human body (Fourth edition.). Elsevier, chapter 1. A to D, Anterolateral views that illustrate the corresponding axes for the three cardinal planes and an oblique plane; the axes are shown as red tubes. A, Motion occurring in the sagittal plane around a mediolateral axis. B, Motion occurring in the frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis. C, Motion occurring in the transverse plane around a superoinferior axis, or more simply, a vertical axis. D, Motion occurring in an oblique plane; around an oblique axis. Muscolino, J. E. (2016). The muscular system manual : the skeletal muscles of the human body (Fourth edition.). Elsevier, chapter 1. Sagittal Planes of Motion Divides body into equal, bilateral segments Bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right and left half Movements? Frontal/Coronal Planes of Motion Divides the body into (front) anterior & (back) posterior halves Movements? Transverse/Horizontal Planes of Motion Divides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position Movements? Diagonal Planes of Motion Axes of motion The axis around which the movement takes place is always perpendicular to the plane in which it occurs. Axes of Rotation Mediolateral (ML) Axis Has same orientation as frontal plane of motion and runs from side to side at a right angle to sagittal plane of motion Runs medial / lateral Also known as frontal, lateral or coronal axis Axes of Rotation Anteroposterior (AP) Axis Has same orientation as sagittal plane of motion & runs from front to back at a right angle to frontal plane of motion Runs anterior / posterior Also known as sagittal axis Axes of Rotation Supra-inferior (SI) Axis Runs straight down through top of head & is at a right angle to transverse plane of motion Runs superior/ inferior Also known as long or vertical axis Axes of Rotation Diagonal or Oblique Axis Also known as the oblique axis Right angle to the diagonal plane Topics to be covered Movement Continuum Theory Anatomy and Biomechanics Underlying Movements Describing Movements – Planes of Movements Types of Movements Active vs Passive Movements Concepts Related to Muscle Strength Summary Per-Olof Åstrand (21 October 1922 – 2 January 2015) Functional movements Few activities, and therefore movements, occur in the cardinal planes. Instead, most movements occur in an infinite number of vertical and horizontal planes parallel to the cardinal planes. Characteristics: Multijoint Multimuscle Multiplanar Occurs in a functional position (needed for activities of daily living) Incorporates balance Requires core stability Yoke, M. M., & Armbruster, C. K. (2020). Methods of group exercise instruction (Fourth Edition.). Human Kinetics, p.182.  “Primary” movement patterns for ADLs * ACE identified 5 primary movements for ADLs wora Bending/raising and lifting/lowering movements (e.g. squat) Single-leg movements Pushing movements Pulling movements American Council on Exercise. (2014). ACE personal trainer Rotational movements manual. 5th ed. San Diego, CA: American Council on Exercise. But other movements have been identified too: Hinge Lunge Walking Carrying Fundamental Moves to Master – JOHO (johofitness.org) Movements of the body Joint motion that occurs only in one plane is designated as one degree of freedom; in two planes, two degrees of freedom; and in three planes, three degrees of freedom.  ‘Special movement names’ Flexion Abduction External rotation Dorsiflexion Radial deviation Lateral rotation Supination Eversion Extension Adduction Internal rotation Plantarflexion Ulnar deviation Medial rotation Pronation Inversion Neumann, D. A. (2017). Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system foundations for rehabilitation. (3rd ed.). St Louis: Elsevier. Conjunct Rotation Best illustrated by Codman’s paradox (1934). Rotation that occurs as a result of joint surface shapes, not due to muscle contraction. Conjunct rotations can only occur in joints that can rotate internally or externally. Conjunct rotation is only under volitional control in joints with 3 df (glenohumeral, hip); if < 3 df (hinge joints, e.g. tibiofemoral, humeroulnar), conjunct rotation occurs as part of the movement but is not under voluntary control. C.f. ‘screw-home’ mechanism in knee extension; forearm and pisiform ‘supination’ during elbow Lee, S. Y., Jeong, J., Lee, K., Chung, C. Y., Lee, K. M., Kwon, S. S.,... & Park, M. S. flexion, etc. (2014). Unexpected angular or rotational deformity after corrective osteotomy. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 15(1), 1-7. Wolf, S. I., Fradet, L., & Rettig, O. (2009). Conjunct rotation: Codman’s paradox revisited. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 47(5), 551-556. Cheng, P. L. (2006). Simulation of Codman's paradox reveals a general law of motion. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(7), 1201-1207.  Linear and Angular Movements Two basic types of movement movement aa Linear (or translatory) - cannotconde Angular (or rotatory) So far we have been talking about mainly angular movements. Muscolino, J. E. (2017). Kinesiology : the skeletal system and muscle function (3rd edition.). Elsevier, chapter 6. Translatory (Linear) versus Rotatory (Angular) imposite no movea i out REAL near rottu - - Oatis, C. A. (2016). Kinesiology: The Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Human Movement. (3rd ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. Osteokinematic vs Arthrokinematic motions bone joint Osteokinematic Arthrokinematic The axis of rotation for osteokinematic The motions occurring at the joint surfaces are motions is oriented perpendicular to the termed arthrokinematic movements. plane in which the rotation occurs. The small motion, which is available at the joint These are physiologic movements. surfaces, is referred to as accessory motion, or joint-play motion. These are accessory motions. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  Types of Joints Various joint structure types: immoral synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, and skull diarthrodial (synovial); hinge, condyloid, ellipsoidal, saddle, pivot, and ball and socket. : combined/fused 1617 types syn- extent joint certain dial : a do arthro morden : hi- amp joint -on planar * At gliding xid Houglum, P. A., & Bertoti, D. B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.  Basics about Arthrokinematics 2 8 leg extension. knee joint in squets 2. f Three fundamental arthrokinematics that occur between curved joint surfaces: roll, slide, and spin. A, Convex-on-concave movement. B, Concave- on-convex movement. Convex-Concave Principle The small arthrokinematic motions (a few millimetres) are called accessory movements, component movements, or joint play. Without these accessory motions, normal physiologic motion is not possible. Principle states that if the bone with convex joint surface moves on the bone with concave surface, the convex joint surface slides in the direction opposite to the bone segment’s rolling motion. If the bone with the concave surface moves on the convex surface, the concave articular surface slides in the same direction as the bone segment’s roll does. Arthrokinematic Principles of Movement * Convex-on-concave surface movement: convex member rolls and slides in opposite direction. Concave-on-convex surface movement: concave member rolls and slides in the same direction.  The active arthrokinematics of knee extension. (A) Tibial-on- femoral perspective. (B) Femoral-on-tibial perspective. In both (A) and (B), the meniscus is pulled toward the contracting quadriceps. Houglum, P. A., & Bertoti, D. B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.  -fulle ge Closed-packed Closed-packed – surfaces of a joint’s segments match each other perfectly in only one position of congruency: versus Maximum area of surface contact occurs loose(open)- Attachments of ligaments are farthest apart and under tension packed joint Capsular structures are taut Joint is mechanically compressed, difficult to distract (separate). positions 2 Loose-packed – if joint surfaces do not fit perfectly, are incongruent Ligamentous and capsular structures are slack Joint surfaces may be distracted several millimeters Allow the necessary motions of spin, roll and slide Joint’s resting position – position at which there is least congruency and at which capsule and ligaments are loosest or most slack Topics to be covered Movement Continuum Theory Anatomy and Biomechanics Underlying Movements Describing Movements – Planes of Movements Types of Movements Active vs Passive Movements Concepts Related to Muscle Strength Summary Goniometry Measurement of range of motion Universal goniometers Electronic goniometers App-based joint range of motion measurement Active, active-assisted and passive fires muscular Active – movement driven by muscle contractions, either through shortening or lengthening move external forces > objective Passive – movement effected by examiner or gravity What are some measurement and safety issues associated with passive movements? Active-assisted – what might a challenge in measuring active-assisted movement be? End-feel “Resistance palpated by the Normal Description Example End-feel examiner when moving joint Soft tissue Knee flexion (soft tissue of posterior thigh passively to end of its range; Soft contacting soft tissue of posterior leg) bonnet approximation Jel resistance reflects joint Hip flexion with knee straight (passive Muscular stretch structure and function.” elastic tension of hamstrings muscles) Houglum, P. A., & Bertoti, D. B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Firm Capsular stretch Extension of MCP of fingers (tension in Davis Company. anterior capsule) Forearm supination (tension in palmar radioulnar ligament of inferior radioulnar Ligamentous stretch joint, interosseous membrane, oblique cord) Elbow extension (olecranon process of Hard Bone contacting bone ulna and olecranon fossa of humerus) Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: FA Davis. * Pathological End-Feel indicative of ~ End-feel Description Example Boggy feel, occurring sooner or later in ROM than is Soft tissue oedema Soft usual or in a joint that is normally has a firm or hard Synovitis end-feel. Increased muscle tonus Occurring sooner or later in ROM than is usual or in Firm Capsular, muscular, ligamentous and a joint that normally has a soft or hard end-feel. fascial shortening Chondromalacia Bony grating or bony block, occurring sooner or later Osteoarthritis Hard in ROM than is usual or in a joint that normally has a Loose bodies in joint soft or firm end-feel. Myositis ossificans Fracture Acute joint inflammation No resistance is felt. There may be patient’s Bursitis protective muscle splinting or muscle spasm. The Empty Abscess lack of end-feel is due to pain preventing the patient Fracture reaching end of ROM Psychogenic disorder Norkin, C. C., & White, D. J. (2009). Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. Philadelphia: FA Davis. Topics to be covered Movement Continuum Theory Anatomy and Biomechanics Underlying Movements Describing Movements – Planes of Movements Types of Movements Active vs Passive Movements Concepts Related to Muscle Strength Summary Movements – Concepts Related to Muscle Strength Open vs Closed kinetic chain ‘Labels’ of muscles according to ‘roles’ Passive and active insufficiency Age and gender Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) Adaptation to prolonged changes in length and activity Kinematic Chain An engineering concept used to describe the interconnectedness of movement segments and muscles to describe human movements. First conceptualized by a mechanical engineer in 1875; adapted by Arthur Steindler in 1995, particularly for the analysis of human movement during sport-specific activity patterns and exercise. Kinematic chain is used in rehabilitation to describe the function or activity of an extremity or trunk in terms of a series of linked chains. Refers to a series of articulated segmented links, such as the connected pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot of the lower extremity. Two types : open vs closed  Open versus Closed Kinematic Chain dmost limit wo - el Open kinematic chain (OKC) – occurs when the distal segment of the chain “moves freely Did without any external resistance”. Closed kinematic chain (CKC) – occurs when the distal segment “meets a ‘considerable in external resistance’ that restrains free motion”. oper closed Steindler, A. (1955). Kinesiology of the Human Body. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas. Reed, D., Cathers, I., Halaki, M., & Ginn, K. A. (2018). Shoulder muscle activation patterns and levels differ between open and closed-chain abduction. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(5), 462-466. Dillman, C. J., Murray, T. A., & Hintermeister, R. A. (1994). Biomechanical differences of open and closed chain exercises with respect to the shoulder. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 3(3), 228-238. Dillman, C. J., Murray, T. A., & Hintermeister, R. A. (1994). Biomechanical differences of open and closed chain exercises with respect to the shoulder. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 3(3), 228-238.  ce man de difficult ope or ce ar Image sources: https://workoutlabs.com/  muscle external force contraction speed Types of Muscle Force Generation the influencing action Isometric Force generation without muscle length changes Internal (muscle) torque = external (load) torque Concentric (positive work) Force generated through muscle shortening Internal (muscle) torque > external (load) torque Eccentric (negative work) Force generated through muscle lengthening Internal (muscle) torque < external (load) torque Dunleavy, K., & Kubo Slowik, A. (2019). Therapeutic exercise prescription. Elsevier, pp. 2-11.  diviaeos et Are these terms helpful? offen not wein Terms Definitions* Examples Muscle or muscle group that is primarily responsible for Biceps brachii contracts concentrically to bring about elbow Agonists producing a motion. An agonist actively contracts to flexion. produce a concentric, eccentric, or isometric contraction. Prime movers Agonists are sometimes referred to as prime movers. - Muscle or muscle group that is primarily responsible for Antagonists producing motion that is directly opposite the desired or Triceps brachii is the antagonist of biceps brachii. intended motion. desired motion * very important ! So Conjoint: brachioradialis working with the brachialis during produce The muscle or muscle group that assists the agonist to elbow flexion. Synergists Neutralizer: wrist extensors prevent wrist flexion when the long produce the desired motion. finger flexors contract to grasp an object. Flexor carpi radialis Conjoint Conjoint: provides identical or nearly identical activity to performs both wrist flexion and radial deviation; extensor carpi that of the agonist. radialis longus performs both wrist extension and radial Neutralizer Neutralizer: obstructs an unwanted action of the agonist deviation; when both muscles act synergistically to radially deviate the wrist while the extension and flexion actions of the Stabilizer: stabilizes proximal joints for distal joint muscles are neutralized. Stabilizer movement Fixator: scapular muscles stabilizes the scapula for humeral rotation during shoulder external/internal rotation. Muscle or muscle group that act to stabilize a bone Fixators segment in order for the muscle that attaches to it to - move the other segment. c.f. stabilizers. * Houglum, P. A., & Bertoti, D. B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.  Physical Activity, Exercise and Physical Fitness Physical Fitness is the outcome of PA or Exercise. PA is “any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure. The energy expenditure can be measured in kilocalories”. Exercise is “a planned, structured, and repetitive behavior that is performed for the purpose of improving or maintaining physical fitness”. Gordon, Chambliss, H., Durstine, J. L., Jett, D. M., & Ross, L. M. (Eds.). (2022). ACSM’s resources for the exercise physiologist : a practical guide for the health fitness professional (Third edition.). Wolters Kluwer. Chapter 1.  Muscle Strength Training Muscle strengthening fore generate maximumuse can becom Exercises to increase muscle strength and muscle endurance; “resistance exercise is a often considered “medicine” due to the well-established benefits associated with this type of training”. 7 fundamental PROCESS principles for resistance training programming : (a) Progression, (b) Regularity, (c) Overload, (d) Creativity, (e) Enjoyment, (f) Specificity, and (g) Supervision. Muscle re-education Suretiend Focus on engaging the neuromuscular system to remember how it works/acts before injury or surgery. Aim is to “provide feedback that will reestablish neuromuscular control or promote the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to contract. It may also be used to regain normal agonist/antagonist muscle action and for postural control retraining.” Gordon, Chambliss, H., Durstine, J. L., Jett, D. M., & Ross, L. M. (Eds.). (2022). ACSM’s resources for the exercise physiologist : a practical guide for the health fitness professional (Third edition.). Wolters Kluwer. Chapter 4. Prentice W.E. (2017). Biofeedback. Prentice W.E., & Quillen W, & Underwood F(Eds.), Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation, 5e. McGraw Hill. https://accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2223&sectionid=173786320 * Passive Insufficiencyconcepta langthe When muscles become elongated over two or more joints simultaneously, they may reach the state of passive insufficiency. Passive tension of muscles that cross two or more joints may produce passive movements of those joints. This effect is called tenodesis (Gr. tenon, tendon; desis, a binding together) action of muscle. Se kee So O Due O Houglum, P. A., & Bertoti, D. B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. Passive Insufficiency ↓ Figure 4.15 Tenodesis occurs in the long ① finger flexors and extensors with movement of the wrist. A) The hand and wrist in a resting position. B) As the wrist flexes, the passive insufficiency of the long finger extensors causes the fingers to move into extension. C) As the wrist extends, the passive insufficiency of the long finger flexors moves the fingers passively into flexion Houglum, P. A., & Bertoti, D. B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. Active Insufficiency Active insufficiency occurs in multi-joint muscles when the muscle is at its shortest length when its ability to produce physiologic force is minimal. Figure 4.16 Active insufficiency. A) When a muscle is at its shortest, its ability to produce tension is at its lowest so finger flexors are unable to provide a strong grip when the wrist is flexed along with the finger flexors. B) By lengthening the muscle at another joint the muscle crosses, the muscle’s strength is maintained, so if the wrist extends, the finger flexors have enough length to provide a strong grip. Houglum, P. A., & Bertoti, D. B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. Age and Gender · Soci biochemical Komi, P. V., & Karlsson, J. (1978). Physical performance, skeletal muscle enzyme activities, and fibre types in monozygous and dizygous twins of both sexes. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 462, 1-28.  and pedit mining same is man fur women d Lindle, R. S., Metter, E. J., Lynch, N. A., Fleg, J. L., Fozard, J. L., Tobin, J.,... Hurley, B. F. (1997). Age and gender comparisons of muscle strength in 654 women and men aged 20–93 yr. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83(5), 1581-1587. Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness A form of ‘muscle injury’ following unaccustomed physical activity, accompanied by a sensation of discomfort, predominantly within the skeletal muscle; usu. eccentric action Usually in elite or novice athlete Intensity of discomfort increases within first 24 hours following cessation of exercise Peaks between 24 and 72 hours Subsides and eventually disappears by 5–7 days post-exercise Pain, stiffness, inability to contract are the main complaints Integrative theories explaining DOMS Cheung, K., Hume, P. A., & Maxwell, L. (2003). Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. Sports Medicine, 33(2), 145-164. Adaptation to Prolonged Length Changes Prolonged muscle lengthening Prolonged muscle shortening Hypertrophy effect Atrophy effect  protein synthesis,  sarcomeres ->  sarcomeres -> peak contractile force  peak contractile force  Length-tension relationship maintained  sarcomeres in series ->  overall Muscles transition from type I to II fibres muscle fibre length, this remodeling maintains its length–tension relationship Mostly immobilization studies, so caution with generalizing to postural abnormalities Some muscles transition from type II to type I fibre Oatis, C. A. (2016). Kinesiology: The Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Human Movement. (3rd ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. Adaptation to Prolonged Activity Changes (DUH) GD BAD Prolonged activity/use Prolonged disuse Hypertrophy effect Atrophy effect CSA Resistance training  cross-sectional Disuse induces  CSA of both types of areas of type I and II fibres-> muscle force muscle fibres  Transition from type I to II fibres Changes in CSA of type II > I Unique cases in microgravity environment Some evidence (animals) of transition (i.e. in space) and ageing from type IIb to I Oatis, C. A. (2016). Kinesiology: The Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Human Movement. (3rd ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. Topics to be covered Movement Continuum Theory Anatomy and Biomechanics Underlying Movements Describing Movements – Planes of Movements Types of Movements Active vs Passive Movements Concepts Related to Muscle Strength Summary Summary Movements are described referenced to specific planes and axes. Not all movements occur in the cardinal planes; implies that precise description is necessary for movement analysis. /convex Movements can be translatory or rotatory. > concave Movements may be described as active, active-assisted or passive. End-feels are resistance to passive movement at the end of range of movement. Open and closed-chain is another way to describe movements. In active movements, muscles contract to produce the force for movements. They can generate tension through shortening (concentric), lengthening (eccentric) or without change in muscle length or range of motion (isometric). The convex-concave rule describes the relationship of translatory and rotatory movements occurring at a joint.