PSYU3399 Final Notes PDF

[**Ethics:** ] **Normative Ethics**: Explores how we should behave, and differentiates right from wrong. 2 types: - - **Virtue Ethics**: Developing good character through virtues like courage and compassion. E.g. army man may be brave but also compassionate. **Applied Ethics**: ethical theo...

[**Ethics:** ] **Normative Ethics**: Explores how we should behave, and differentiates right from wrong. 2 types: - - **Virtue Ethics**: Developing good character through virtues like courage and compassion. E.g. army man may be brave but also compassionate. **Applied Ethics**: ethical theories for specific areas like bioethics and environmental ethics. **Descriptive Ethics**: moral beliefs and motivations behind ethical behaviour. **Ethics of Care**: focuses on duty of care. **Non-anthropocentric Ethics**: consider impacts beyond humanity. **Global Citizenship**: Recognises interconnectedness and the global impact of our actions. **Ethical Research Principles:** Merit and integrity, justice, beneficence, respect, risk management. [**Aggression:** ] **Forms:** - - - - - **Functions** - - - **Socio-Cognitive Structures:** - - - **Gender-Schema Theory:** explains how children learn gender roles. **Sex-Script Theory:** people learn what to expect and how to act in sexual situations based on cultural and personal experiences. **[Media Violence: ]** **Effects**: Increased aggression, fear, self-victimisation, desensitisaion, reduced empathy, less prosocial behaviour. **Seven-Nation study (Anderson & Warburton, 2017):** Explored how media violence affects aggression across different cultures, involving participants from Australia, China, Croatia, Germany, Japan, Romania, and the United States. Found that exposure to violent media is linked to increased aggression across multiple countries, with factors like aggressive thoughts and decreased empathy contributing to this effect. **Risk factors for aggression:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **Psychological mechanisms:** - - - - - **Brain-mapping study** - - **Desensitisation:** Violent gamers suppress emotions. Non-violent gamers react more strongly. **Theories:** - - **The Gruel Statement:** Highlights that violent video games can increase aggression in kids and teens. Studies show that playing these games leads to more aggressive thoughts, feelings and behaviours, while reducing kindness. This occurs because players imitate what they see, learn from it, and become less sensitive to violence over time. **[Traffic Psychology ]** **Mission:** Improve traffic flow, reduce accidents, address cognition, decision-making, perception, personality, health. Consider traffic laws and enforcement as well. **Utes and SUVs** - - **Vulnerability by age:** - - **Fatal 5 risk factors:** - - - - - **Perceptual errors:** - - - **Facts:** - - - **Vision Zero:** Swedish parliament (1997). Aim for no deaths/ serious injuries from road accidents. **Safe System Approach:** Safe roads/ roadsides. Safe speeds. Safe vehicles. Safe road users. **[Internet Pornography ]** **Overview:** Billions of dollars of revenue (mostly US). Receive more traffic than all popular social media combined. Increased regulatory issues: banned in several countries. Instagram banned explicit content in 2022. **Technological impact (1980s)**: video graphic arrays, social networking, hard drives. **Coopers 'Triple-A-Engine' (1998)** 1. 2. 3. **Cultural shift:** Covid led to 24.4% increase in porn views. Common pastime. Reason: coping/ boredom. **Concerns:** Risky sexual behaviours = influence sexual norms. Objectifying women linked to sexual aggression. **Porn Exposure**: Boys seek it more actively than girls. Viewing more common in boys than girls. **Child exposure to inappropriate content:** teens spend 14.4 hrs on internet per week, most of which is inappropriate content. Rates: Taiwan → Australia → US. **NSW Government Enquiry:** Examine impact of violent and misogynistic porn on young people. **Education Initiatives:** Teach youth to critically analyse content before viewing. Existing programs (e.g. Love Bites, Consent Labs) should start at an earlier age. Address risks of porn. **Impacts and concerns:** First porn encounter → 12-14 years. Some 9-11. Porn can lead to aggressive behaviours as it eroticises violence against women = desensitisation and normalisation. Porn associated with mental health issues, e.g. depression, and increased self-objectification. **[2024 Australian Child maltreatment and Domestic Violence ]** **Child Maltreatment:** Most aged 16+ experienced some form of child abuse. Higher rates among gender-diverse/ sexuality diverse. Many people experienced many forms simultaneously. **Predators:** - - - - - - **Cultural attributions**: 25% believe a man won't understand that a woman doesn't want sex if he is aroused. 20% believe women are responsible for nonconsensual sharing of explicit images. **Partner abuse:** ⅓ aussies aged 18+ experienced violence, economic, emotional abuse from age 15+. ⅓ women/ 1/10 men face partner abuse. **Stalking**: 10% of people aged 18+. Mostly women. **Trends:** Women: decrease in emotional abuse/ partner violence Men: decrease in emotional abuse, partner violence remained the same. **Domestic Violence:** leading cause of homelessness for women with children. Women aged 18-25 at higher risk of sexual violence, 70-90% intellectually disabled women sexually abused. **Family Violence:** emotional/ physical abuse after separation: ⅔ mothers, \>½ fathers. ⅕ parents feel unsafe with ongoing communication with their ex. **Economic Cost:** \>\$22 billion on violence against women. **[Scientific Literacy ]** Ability to apply skills/ knowledge to everyday life/ work. Essential for decision-making, civic participation, economic productivity. Enables individuals to evaluate scientific info, assess arguments, understand/ communicate science, identify scientific issues. **[Psychological literacy ]** Using knowledge of psychology to handle real-life problems. Goal is to think like psychologists. **Heuristics:** Mental shortcuts for quick decisions/ problem-solving. - - - **Illusion of Control (Langer, 1975):** study on personal choice vs ticket allocation. - - **Cognitive Reflection Test (Frederick, 2005):** Designed to measure a persons tendency to override an incorrect gut feeling and engage in further reflection. E.g. - - - [**Psychology Pathways:** ] Bpsych → honours → masters → supervised practice → registration 4+2: 4 year Bpsych (include honours) → 2 years supervised practice 5+1: 5 year degree → 1 year supervised practice **[Competencies to become a Psychologist ]** - - - - - - - **[Drugs and Alcohol Ethics ]** **Global Drug and Alcohol Stats**: Opiods are primary cause of death. Increase in illicit drug use worldwide, higher prevalence in men, especially with injecting drugs, HIV etc. - **Austration drug alcohol/ drug stats:** More common deaths in men. Cause: self-harm, socioeconomic disadvantage. **Treatment:** Mostly male clients, aged mid 30s. Includes counselling, assessment, case/ withdrawal management. **[Important Organisations:]** - - - - - **[National Practice Standards ]** - - - - - - - - - - - - - **[APS Code of Ethics ]** **General Principle A: Respect for rights and dignity** - **General Principle B: Propriety** - **General Principle C: Integrity** - **[Mental Health Act (2007)]** Regulates care/ treatment for those with mental health issues in NSW. Applies to: - - - - - - - - **Community Treatment Order (CTO):** Legal order requiring person to receive treatment for 12 months. **Forensic/ correctional patients:** mental illness + criminal offence. **[Child Safety and Mandatory Reporting - NSW ]** Must report if child is known (0-15 years). 16-17 years not necessary, instead managed by Department of Communities and Justice. Reports go to: - - **[AHPRA PBA Mandatory Reporting (Health Professionals) ]** Registered health practitioners, their employers, and education providers are required to report serious risk posed by other practitioners to help protect the public. Mandatory reporting: - - - - Who reports: Registered health practitioners. Students not required to report. **[Human Rights Acts ]** - - - - - **[Privacy Act 1988 - Australian Privacy Principles (APP)]** Rules that protect personal info in Australia. Include: - - - - - - **[Ongoing Professional Development (OPD) (Continuous PD)]** Must keep skills up to date. 30 hours of CPD per year. 10 hrs with another psychologist. Can include workshops, seminars, research, etc. - - - **[Self Care for Psychologists/ Counsellors ]** Crucial to maintain effectiveness of main tools: knowledge, skills, empathy, problem-solving. Lack of self care = motivation loss, energy, resilience, clear thinking, judgement, etc. **[Burnout]** **3 Dimensions of Burnout (Maslach)** - - - **Sydney Burnout Measure (6 Dimensions)** - - - - - - **Factors Affecting Burnout** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **HEXACO Model Trait:** Adds on Ocean. Honesty-humility, openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. **Excitation Transfer Theory:** Emotions from one event can make you react more intensely in the next event. E.g. excitement from workout → angrier/ happier in a conversation straight after. Left over energy from workout amplifies reaction.