Psychology PDF

PSYCHOLOGY Indian Subcontinent Edition Robert A.#BSPO Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (JSJTIXBS.JTSB...

PSYCHOLOGY Indian Subcontinent Edition Robert A.#BSPO Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (JSJTIXBS.JTSB University of Delhi 8JUIUIFTQFDJBMBTTJTUBODFPG Michael J. Kalsher A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 1 7/1/2015 5:28:16 PM 1IPUP $SFEJUT $IBQUFS QΉ M /BUJPOBM -JCSBSZ PG.FEJDJOF QΉ M $PVSUFTZ PG 4JMMZ 3BCCJU QΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL$IBQUFSQΉ N 4IVUUFSTUPDL Q N 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ N 4IVUUFSTUPDL$IBQUFSQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ N 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL Q M 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDL $IBQUFS QΉ N 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ N 4IVUUFSTUPDL Q S 4IVUUFSTUPDL $IBQUFS QΉ N 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ N 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL Q 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL$IBQUFSQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M QΉ N $PVSUFTZ PG,SFCCJFM )FOSZ&EXBSE$IBQUFSTPG0QFSBCFJOHIJTUPSJDBMBOEDSJUJDBMPCTFSWBUJPOTBOESFDPSETDPODFSOJOHUIFMZSJDESBNBJO/FX :PSLGSPNJUTFBSMJFTUEBZT)FOSZ)PMUBOE$P /FX:PSLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ$PVSUFTU-PSEBOE -FWFSFUU1FBSTPO&EVDBUJPO-UE$IBQUFSQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL $IBQUFSQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ N 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S $PVSUFTZPG3FFDFT3BJOCPX%PXO4ZOESPNF "EPQUJPO (SBOU 'PVOEBUJPO QΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M QΉ N $PVSUFTZPG$PMFNBO:VFO1FBSTPO&EVDBUJPO"TJB-UEQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDL Q S 4IVUUFSTUPDL $IBQUFS QΉ N 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL $IBQUFSQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL$IBQUFSQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ$PVSUFTZPG$PBTU.VTJD5IFSBQZQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDL $IBQUFSQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ N $PVSUFTZPG+VMFT4FMNFT1FBSTPO&EVDBUJPO-UE$IBQUFSΉQΉ M $PVSUFTZPG+PIO 'PYY$PMMFDUJPO*NBHFTUBUFQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL$IBQUFSQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDL Q M $PVSUFTZ PG 4UFWF 4IPUU 1FBSTPO &EVDBUJPO -UE QΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ M $PVSUFTZ PG +PIO 'PYY$PMMFDUJPO*NBHFTUBUFQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL$IBQUFSΉQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDL Q S 4IVUUFSTUPDL QΉ $PVSUFTZ PG 3FFWF 1IPUPHSBQIJD $PMMFDUJPO 0UJT )JTUPSJDBM "SDIJWFT /BUJPOBM.VTFVN PG )FBMUI BOE 4DJFODFQΉ M 4IVUUFSTUPDL$IBQUFSQΉ M 4IVUUFUSTUPDLQΉ S 4IVUUFSTUPDLQΉ$PVSUFTZPG*NBHFNPSF$P -UE Q S 4IVUUFSTUPDL 'JHVSF$SFEJUTQΉ'SPN$BSMTPO 'PVOEBUJPOTPG1IZTJPMPHJDBM1TZDIPMPHZ F "MMZO#BDPO3FQSJOUFECZQFSNJTTJPOQΉ'SPN $BSMTPO 'PVOEBUJPOTPG1IZTJPMPHJDBM1TZDIPMPHZ F "MMZO#BDPO3FQSJOUFECZQFSNJTTJPOQΉ3FQSJOUFEGSPN7JTJPO3FTFBSDI 7PM .BDOJDIPM &' i3FUJOBMNFDIBOJTNTPGDPMPSWJTJPO wQΉ'SPN4DIJDLFEBO[ FUBM 6OEFSTUBOEJOH$IJMESFOBOE"EPMFTDFOUT F "MMZO#BDPO QΉ'SPN-FNNF %FWFMPQNFOUJO"EVMUIPPE F "MMZOBOE#BDPO "VUIPSJ[FEBEBQUBUJPOGSPNUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTFEJUJPO FOUJUMFE1TZDIPMPHZ $0634&$0.1"44&%*5*0/ UI&EJUJPO *4#/ CZ#"30/ 30#&35" 1VCMJTIFECZ1FBSTPO&EVDBUJPO *OD QVCMJTIJOHBT1FBSTPO$PQZSJHIUª *OEJBO4VCDPOUJOFOU"EBQUBUJPO $PQZSJHIUª1FBSTPO*OEJB&EVDBUJPO4FSWJDFT1WU-UE No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior written consent. This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time. *4#/ e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edication *ONFNPSZPG1SPGFTTPS-#5SJQBUIJBNBSWFMMPVT UFBDIFSBOEHVJEFGPSFEVDBUJPO BGGFDUJPO BOEFODPVSBHFNFOU (. 5P+FTTJDBBOE5FENBZUIFZIBWFBMPOH IBQQZ BOEGVMGJMMJOHMJGFUPHFUIFS "OE 5P4UVBSU XIPTF*OUFMMFDUBOEDVSJPTJUZXPVME CFPVUTUBOEJOHFWFOJOBDBEFNF BOEBSFUSVMZ FYDFQUJPOBMPVUTJEFJU R.A.B 5P+PFBOE-B7FSB UIFUSVFCFMJFWFST "OE 5P3ZBO UIFMJHIUPGNZMJGF.+, A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 3 7/1/2015 5:28:16 PM A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 4 7/1/2015 5:28:16 PM Contents Foreword xiii 5IF&YQFSJNFOUBM.FUIPE,OPXMFEHF Preface xv 5ISPVHI4ZTUFNBUJD*OUFSWFOUJPO Acknowledgments xix &UIJDBM*TTVFTJO1TZDIPMPHJDBM3FTFBSDI About the Authors xxiii Making Psychology Part of Your Life. )PXUP4UVEZ1TZDIPMPHZoPS"OZ0UIFS4VCKFDUo Evolution and Growth of Modern Psychology xxv &GGFDUJWFMZ Psychology: A Science and a 1 Perspective 1 2 Biology, Behavior Culture, and Human 34 Modern Psychology: What It Is and How It Originated 2 Neurons: Building Blocks of the 1TZDIPMPHZT1BSFOUT1IJMPTPQIZBOE1IZTJPMPHZ Nervous System 35 0SJHJOPG1TZDIPMPHZ /FVSPOT5IFJS#BTJD4USVDUVSF &BSMZ#BUUMFT0WFS8IBU1TZDIPMPHZ4IPVME4UVEZ /FVSPOT5IFJS#BTJD'VODUJPO 4USVDUVSBMJTN 'VODUJPOBMJTN #FIBWJPSJTN /FVSPUSBOTNJUUFST$IFNJDBM,FZTUPUIF $IBMMFOHFTUP#FIBWJPSJTNBOEUIF&NFSHFODFPG /FSWPVT4ZTUFN .PEFSO1TZDIPMPHZ The Nervous System: Its Basic Structure and Psychology in India: Ancient Roots and Functions 41 Modern Developments 7 5IF/FSWPVT4ZTUFN*UT.BKPS%JWJTJPOT 5IF&OEPDSJOF4ZTUFN$IFNJDBM3FHVMBUPSTPG Modern Psychology #PEJMZ1SPDFTTFT . 4PNF4VCTUBOUJWFBOE.FUIPEPMPHJDBM*TTVFT The Brain: Where Consciousness... Is 46 Psychology: Its Grand Issues and Key 5IF#SBJO4UFN4VSWJWBM#BTJDT Perspectives 10 5IF)ZQPUIBMBNVT 5IBMBNVT BOE-JNCJD4ZTUFN ,FZ1FSTQFDUJWFTJO1TZDIPMPHZ5IF.BOZ.PUJWBUJPOBOE&NPUJPO 'BDFUTPG#FIBWJPS Contemporary Psychology: Trends in the Beyond the Headlines: As Psychologists See It Twenty-First Century 12. *T7JPMFODFUIF3FTVMUPG'BVMUZ/FVSBM#SBLFT 1TZDIPMPHZBOE%JWFSTJUZ5IF.VMUJDVMUVSBM 5IF$FSFCSBM$PSUFY5IF$PSFPG$PNQMFY 1FSTQFDUJWF 5IPVHIU 5IF&YQPSUBUJPOPG1TZDIPMPHZ'SPN4DJFODFUP 5XP.JOETJO0OF#PEZ 0VS%JWJEFE#SBJOT 1SBDUJDF Research Methods 1TZDIPMPHZBOEUIF4DJFOUJGJD.FUIPE . )PX1TZDIPMPHJTUT4UVEZUIF/FSWPVT4ZTUFNBOEUIF 5IF3PMFPG5IFPSZJOUIF4DJFOUJGJD #SBJO .FUIPE The Brain and Human Behavior: Where "EWBOUBHFTPGUIF4DJFOUJGJD.FUIPE Biology and Consciousness Meet 58 8IZ$PNNPO4FOTF0GUFO-FBET6T"TUSBZ )PXUIF#SBJO'VODUJPOT"O&YBNQMFGSPN Research Methods in Psychology: How 7JTVBM1FSDFQUJPO Psychologists Answer Questions about 5IF#SBJOBOE)VNBO4QFFDI Behavior 19 5IF#SBJOBOE)JHIFS.FOUBM1SPDFTTFT 0CTFSWBUJPO%FTDSJCJOHUIF8PSMEBSPVOE6T Heredity and Behavior: Genetics and $PSSFMBUJPO5IF4FBSDIGPS3FMBUJPOTIJQT Evolutionary Psychology 63 A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 5 7/1/2015 5:28:16 PM WJ $POUFOUT (FOFUJDT4PNF#BTJD1SJODJQMFT From Science to Practice %JTFOUBOHMJOH(FOFUJDBOE&OWJSPONFOUBM&GGFDUT. *NQMJDBUJPOTPG7JSUVBM5FDIOPMPHJFT 3FTFBSDI4USBUFHJFT Perception: Putting It All Together 109 From Science to Practice 1FSDFQUJPO5IF'PDVTPG0VS"UUFOUJPO . *EFOUJGZJOH(FOFUJD'BDUPSTJO)VNBO%JTPSEFST 1FSDFQUJPO4PNF0SHBOJ[JOH1SJODJQMFT %FDPEJOH*DFMBOE $POTUBODJFTBOE*MMVTJPOT8IFO1FSDFQUJPO &WPMVUJPOBSZ1TZDIPMPHZ(FOFTJO"DUJPO 4VDDFFETBOE'BJMT Culture and Behavior 69 Time Perception 118 5IF$PODFQUPG$VMUVSF 'BDUPST"GGFDUJOH5JNF1FSDFQUJPO 5IF1SPDFTTPG$VMUVSBM4IBQJOH $VMUVSFBOE1FSDFQUJPO 5IF1SPDFTTPG$VMUVSBM5SBOTNJTTJPO Making Psychology Part of Your Life &ODVMUVSBUJPO ..BOBHJOH:PVS1BJO4PNF6TFGVM5JQT 4PDJBMJ[BUJPO "DDVMUVSBUJPO $VMUVSBM$POUBDUJOUIF$POUFNQPSBSZ1FSJPE 4 States of Consciousness 125 Three Concepts of Consciousness Sensation and Perception: 3 Making Contact with the World Biological Rhythms: Tides of Life and Conscious Experience 128 around Us 79 $JSDBEJBO3IZUINT5IFJS#BTJD/BUVSF Sensation: The Raw Materials of Waking States of Consciousness 130 Understanding 80 $POUSPMMFEBOE"VUPNBUJD1SPDFTTJOH5XP 4FOTPSZ5ISFTIPMET)PX.VDI4UJNVMBUJPO*T.PEFTPG5IPVHIU &OPVHI 4FMG"XBSFOFTT4PNF&GGFDUTPG5IJOLJOH BCPVU0VSTFMWFT Research Methods Sleep: The Pause That Refreshes? 135. 1TZDIPQIZTJDBM1SPDFEVSFT.FBTVSFNFOUPG4FOTPSZ 4MFFQ8IBU'VODUJPOT%PFT*U4FSWF 5ISFTIPME %SFBNTi/PX1MBZJOHJO:PVS1SJWBUF *OOFS 4FOTPSZ"EBQUBUJPOi*U'FFMT(SFBU0ODF:PV(FU 5IFBUFSw 6TFEUP*Uw Consciousness-Altering Drugs: What They Are Vision 87 and What They Do 139 5IF&ZF*UT#BTJD4USVDUVSF $POTDJPVTOFTT"MUFSJOH%SVHT4PNF#BTJD -JHIU5IF1IZTJDBM4UJNVMVTGPS7JTJPO $PODFQUT #BTJD'VODUJPOTPGUIF7JTVBM4ZTUFN"DVJUZ %BSL 1TZDIPMPHJDBM.FDIBOJTNT6OEFSMZJOH%SVH "EBQUBUJPO BOE&ZF.PWFNFOUT "CVTF$POUSBTUJOH7JFXT $PMPS7JTJPO 7JTJPOBOEUIF#SBJO1SPDFTTJOH7JTVBM Making Psychology Part of Your Life *OGPSNBUJPO . "SF:PV)JHIPS-PXJO1SJWBUF4FMG$POTDJPVTOFTT Hearing 94 "Ή4FMG"TTFTTNFOU 5IF&BS*UT#BTJD4USVDUVSF 4PVOE5IF1IZTJDBM4UJNVMVTGPS)FBSJOH 1JUDI1FSDFQUJPO 4PVOE-PDBMJ[BUJPO 5 Learning: Experience How We’re Changed by 146 Classical Conditioning: Learning That Some Beyond the Headlines: As Psychologists See It Stimuli Signal Others 147. 1SFNBUVSF)FBSJOH-PTT 1BWMPWT&BSMZ8PSLPO$MBTTJDBM$POEJUJPOJOH%PFT Touch and Other Skin Senses 100 5IJT3JOHB#FMM 1BJO*UT/BUVSFBOE$POUSPM $MBTTJDBM$POEJUJPOJOH4PNF#BTJD1SJODJQMFT Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses 103 $MBTTJDBM$POEJUJPOJOH5IF/FVSBM#BTJTPG 4NFMMBOE5BTUF)PX5IFZ0QFSBUF -FBSOJOH Kinesthesia and Vestibular Sense 106 $MBTTJDBM$POEJUJPOJOH"$PHOJUJWF1FSTQFDUJWF A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 6 7/1/2015 5:28:16 PM $POUFOUT WJJ $MBTTJDBM$POEJUJPOJOH5VSOJOH1SJODJQMFTJOUP 3FQSFTTJPOi8IBUT5PP1BJOGVMUP3FNFNCFS "DUJPO 8F4JNQMZ$IPPTFUP'PSHFUw Operant Conditioning: Learning Based on "VUPCJPHSBQIJDBM.FNPSZ Consequences 158 3FNFNCFSJOHUIF&WFOUTPG0VS0XO-JWFT 5IF/BUVSFPG0QFSBOU$POEJUJPOJOH$POTFRVFOUJBM.FNPSZGPS&NPUJPOBMMZ-BEFO&WFOUT'MBTICVMC 0QFSBUJPOT .FNPSJFTBOEUIF&GGFDUTPG.PPEPO 0QFSBOU$POEJUJPOJOH4PNF#BTJD1SJODJQMFT .FNPSZ 0QFSBOU$POEJUJPOJOH"$PHOJUJWF1FSTQFDUJWF "NOFTJBBOE0UIFS.FNPSZ%JTPSEFST,FZTGPS Research Methods 6OMPDLJOH#SBJOo.FNPSZ-JOLT . )PX1TZDIPMPHJTUT4UVEZ"QQMJDBUJPOTPG0QFSBOU.FNPSZBOEUIF#SBJO".PEFSO7JFX $POEJUJPOJOH Making Psychology Part of Your Life "QQMZJOH0QFSBOU$POEJUJPOJOH4PMWJOH1SPCMFNTPG. *NQSPWJOH:PVS.FNPSZ4PNF6TFGVM &WFSZEBZ-JGF 4UFQT Observational Learning: Learning from the Behavior and Outcomes of Others 171 Cognition: Thinking, Deciding, 0CTFSWBUJPOBM-FBSOJOH4PNF#BTJD1SJODJQMFT 0CTFSWBUJPOBM-FBSOJOHBOE"HHSFTTJPO 7 Communicating 213 0CTFSWBUJPOBM-FBSOJOHBOE$VMUVSF Thinking: Forming Concepts and Reasoning to 0CTFSWBUJPOBM-FBSOJOH4PNF1SBDUJDBM Conclusions 214 "QQMJDBUJPOT #BTJD&MFNFOUTPG5IPVHIU$PODFQUT 1SPQPTJUJPOT Making Psychology Part of Your Life *NBHFT . (FUUJOHJO4IBQF6TJOH1SJODJQMFTPG-FBSOJOHUP(FU Research Methods 'JUBOE4UBZ'JU . )PX1TZDIPMPHJTUT4UVEZ$PHOJUJWF 1IBTFTPG4LJMM"DRVJTJUJPO 1SPDFTTFT 3FBTPOJOH5SBOTGPSNJOH*OGPSNBUJPOUP3FBDI $PODMVTJPOT 6 Memory: Of Things Remembered … and Forgotten 180 Making Decisions: Choosing among Alternatives 223 )FVSJTUJDT6TJOH2VJDLCVU'BMMJCMF3VMFTPG Human Memory: Two Influential Views 181 5IVNCUP.BLF%FDJTJPOT 5IF"ULJOTPOBOE4IJGGSJO.PEFM &TDBMBUJPOPG$PNNJUNFOU(FUUJOH5SBQQFEJO#BE /FVSBM/FUXPSL.PEFMT1BSBMMFM1SPDFTTJOHPG %FDJTJPOT *OGPSNBUJPO &NPUJPOTBOE%FDJTJPO.BLJOH5IF.BHOJGZJOH Kinds of Information Stored in Memory 183 &GGFDUTPG6OFYQFDUFE-PTTBOE(BJO 8PSLJOH.FNPSZ5IF8PSLCFODIPG /BUVSBMJTUJD%FDJTJPO.BLJOH $POTDJPVTOFTT .BLJOH$IPJDFTJOUIF3FBM8PSME Research Methods Problem Solving: Finding Paths to Desired..FUIPETPG4UVEZJOH.FNPSZ Goals 228.FNPSZGPS'BDUVBM*OGPSNBUJPO&QJTPEJDBOE.FUIPETGPS4PMWJOH1SPCMFNT'SPN5SJBMBOE&SSPS 4FNBOUJD.FNPSZ UP)FVSJTUJDT .FNPSZGPS4LJMMT1SPDFEVSBM.FNPSZ 'BDJMJUBUJOH&GGFDUJWF1SPCMFN4PMWJOH Forgetting: Some Contrasting Views 193 5IF3PMFPG.FUBDPHOJUJWF1SPDFTTJOH 'PSHFUUJOHBTB3FTVMUPG*OUFSGFSFODF 'BDUPST5IBU*OUFSGFSFXJUI&GGFDUJWF1SPCMFN 'PSHFUUJOHBOE3FUSJFWBM*OIJCJUJPO 4PMWJOH Memory Distortion and Memory "SUJGJDJBM*OUFMMJHFODF$BO.BDIJOFT3FBMMZ Construction 195 5IJOL %JTUPSUJPOBOEUIF*OGMVFODFPG4DIFNBT Language: The Communication of.FNPSZ$POTUSVDUJPO3FNFNCFSJOH8IBU%JEOU Information 234 )BQQFO -BOHVBHF*UT#BTJD/BUVSF Memory in Everyday Life 198 5IF%FWFMPQNFOUPG-BOHVBHF A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 7 7/1/2015 5:28:16 PM WJJJ $POUFOUT -BOHVBHFBOE5IPVHIU%P8F5IJOL8IBU 8F4BZPS4BZ8IBU8F5IJOL Human Development II: Bi/Multilingualism Research Methods 238 9 Adolescence, Adulthood, and Aging 284 Making Psychology Part of Your Life..BLJOHCFUUFSEFDJTJPOT Adolescence: Between Child and Adult 284 1IZTJDBM%FWFMPQNFOUEVSJOH"EPMFTDFODF $PHOJUJWF%FWFMPQNFOUEVSJOH"EPMFTDFODF 8 Human Development I: The Childhood Years 244 4PDJBMBOE&NPUJPOBM%FWFMPQNFOUEVSJOH "EPMFTDFODF Development during Childhood and Adolescence: Physical Growth and Development 245 An Indian Perspective 295 5IF1SFOBUBM1FSJPE 1SFOBUBM*OGMVFODFTPO%FWFMPQNFOU Development during Adult Years 297 1IZTJDBM%FWFMPQNFOUEVSJOH0VS&BSMZ:FBST $POUSBTUJOH7JFXTPG"EVMU%FWFMPQNFOU4UBHF Perceptual Development 251 5IFPSJFT7FSTVTUIF$POUFYUVBM"QQSPBDI $PHOJUJWF$IBOHFEVSJOH"EVMUIPPE Research Methods 4PDJBMBOE&NPUJPOBM%FWFMPQNFOUEVSJOH. )PX1TZDIPMPHJTUT4UVEZ%FWFMPQNFOU "EVMUIPPE Cognitive Development: Changes in Our Ability to Aging in the Indian Context Understand the World around Us 255 Aging, Death, and Bereavement 308 1JBHFUT5IFPSZ"O0WFSWJFX 5IFPSJFTPG"HJOH$POUSBTUJOH7JFXTBCPVU8IZ8F 1JBHFUT5IFPSZ".PEFSO"TTFTTNFOU (SPX0ME #FZPOE1JBHFU$IJMESFOT5IFPSZPG.JOEBOE 3FTFBSDIPOUIF*OGPSNBUJPO1SPDFTTJOH From Science to Practice 1FSTQFDUJWF . -JWJOH-POHFSBOE)FBMUIJFS-JWFT4PNF Moral Development: Reasoning about “Right” $PODSFUF4UFQT and “Wrong” 264.FFUJOH%FBUI'BDJOHUIF&OEPG-JGF ,PIMCFSHT4UBHFTPG.PSBM6OEFSTUBOEJOH An Indian Construal of Death and Dying &WJEFODF$PODFSOJOH,PIMCFSHT5IFPSZ Social and Emotional Development: Forming Relationships with Others 267 &NPUJPOBM%FWFMPQNFOUBOE5FNQFSBNFOU 10 Motivation Emotion and 316 "UUBDINFOU5IF#FHJOOJOHTPG-PWF Motivation: The Activation and Persistence of 4DIPPMBOE'SJFOETIJQT,FZ'BDUPSTJO4PDJBM Behavior 317 %FWFMPQNFOU 5IFPSJFTPG.PUJWBUJPO4PNF.BKPS From Science to Practice 1FSTQFDUJWFT ..BLJOH1MBZHSPVOET4BGFS4PNF$PODSFUF )VOHFS3FHVMBUJOH0VS$BMPSJD*OUBLF 4UFQT Obesity in India: Current Trends %P1BSFOUT3FBMMZ.BUUFS "3FDFOUBOE 4FYVBM.PUJWBUJPO5IF.PTU*OUJNBUF.PUJWF $POUJOVJOH$POUSPWFSTZ "HHSFTTJWF.PUJWBUJPO5IF.PTU%BOHFSPVT From Gender Identity to Sex-Category.PUJWF Constancy: How Children Come to "DIJFWFNFOU.PUJWBUJPO Understand That They Are Female or 5IF%FTJSFUP&YDFM Male 277 *OUSJOTJD.PUJWBUJPO)PX 4PNFUJNFT UP5VSO1MBZ $IJMESFOT(SPXJOH4PQIJTUJDBUJPOXJUI3FTQFDUUP JOUP8PSL (FOEFS Emotions: Their Nature, Expression, and (FOEFS%FWFMPQNFOU$POUSBTUJOH Impact 335 &YQMBOBUJPOTPG)PX*U0DDVST 5IF/BUVSFPG&NPUJPOT4PNF$POUSBTUJOH Making Psychology Part of Your Life 7JFXT . $PNCBUJOH$IJMEIPPE0CFTJUZ 5IF#JPMPHJDBM#BTJTPG&NPUJPOT A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 8 7/1/2015 5:28:16 PM $POUFOUT JY 5IF&YUFSOBM&YQSFTTJPOPG&NPUJPO (FOEFS%JGGFSFODFTJO*OUFMMJHFODF 0VUXBSE4JHOTPG*OOFS'FFMJOHT Emotional Intelligence: The Feeling Side of &NPUJPOBOE$PHOJUJPO)PX'FFMJOHT Intelligence 377 4IBQF5IPVHIUBOE5IPVHIU4IBQFT'FFMJOHT .BKPS$PNQPOFOUTPG&NPUJPOBM*OUFMMJHFODF $VMUVSFBOE&NPUJPO Creativity: Generating the Extraordinary 379 4VCKFDUJWF8FMM#FJOH4PNF5IPVHIUTPO1FSTPOBM $POUSBTUJOH7JFXTPG$SFBUJWJUZ )BQQJOFTT 3FTFBSDIPO$SFBUJWJUZ Making Psychology Part of Your Life &WJEFODFGPSUIF$POGMVFODF"QQSPBDI . 4PNF5JQTPO8JOOJOHUIF#BUUMFPGUIF#VMHF 'PTUFSJOH$SFBUJWJUZ Making Psychology Part of Your Life Intelligence: Cognitive, 11 Practical, and Emotional 352..BOBHJOH:PVS0XO"OHFS"7FSZ6TFGVM4LJMM Intelligence: Contrasting Views of Its Nature 353 12 Personality: Uniqueness and Consistency in the Behavior of *OUFMMJHFODF6OJUBSZPS.VMUJGBDFUFE Individuals 387 (BSEOFST5IFPSZPG.VMUJQMF*OUFMMJHFODFT Personality: Is It Real? 387 4UFSOCFSHT5SJBSDIJD5IFPSZ5IF7BMVFPG1SBDUJDBM An Indian Perspective on Personality *OUFMMJHFODF The Psychoanalytic Approach: Messages $BUUFMMT5IFPSZPG'MVJEBOE$SZTUBMMJ[FE from the Unconscious 391 *OUFMMJHFODF 'SFVEUIF1FSTPO 1"445IFPSZPG*OUFMMJHFODF 'SFVET5IFPSZPG1FSTPOBMJUZ $VMUVSFBOE*OUFMMJHFODF 3FTFBSDI3FMBUFEUP'SFVET5IFPSZ1SPCJOHUIF *OUFMMJHFODFJOUIF*OEJBO5SBEJUJPO 6ODPOTDJPVT Measuring Intelligence 359 'SFVET5IFPSZ"O0WFSBMM&WBMVBUJPO *2*UT.FBOJOH5IFOBOE/PX 0UIFS1TZDIPBOBMZUJD7JFXT 5IF8FDITMFS4DBMFT 'SFVET%JTDJQMFTyBOE%FGFDUPST *OEJWJEVBM5FTUTPG*OUFMMJHFODF.FBTVSJOHUIF Humanistic Theories: Emphasis on Growth 402 &YUSFNFT 3PHFSTT4FMG5IFPSZ (SPVQ5FTUTPG*OUFMMJHFODF #FDPNJOHB'VMMZ'VODUJPOJOH1FSTPO Research Methods.BTMPXBOEUIF4UVEZPG4FMG"DUVBMJ[JOH. #BTJD3FRVJSFNFOUTPG1TZDIPMPHJDBM5FTUT 1FPQMF 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"OZ&WJEFODFGPSUIF3PMFPG(FOFUJD'BDUPST 1SPKFDUJWF.FBTVSFTPG1FSTPOBMJUZ A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 9 7/1/2015 5:28:16 PM Y $POUFOUT 0UIFS.FBTVSFT#FIBWJPSBM0CTFSWBUJPOT "ZVSWFEB"O*OEJHFOPVT.PEFMPG)FBMUIBOE *OUFSWJFXT BOE#JPMPHJDBM.FBTVSFT 8FMM#FJOH 1FSTPOBMJUZBOE)FBMUI5IF5ZQF"#FIBWJPS1BUUFSO Making Psychology Part of Your Life 4FOTBUJPO4FFLJOH BOE-POHFWJUZ ..BOBHJOH4USFTT4PNF6TFGVM5BDUJDT 1FSTPOBMJUZBOE#FIBWJPSJO8PSL4FUUJOHT Making Psychology Part of Your Life Mental Disorders: Their. "SF:PVB5ZQF" 14 Nature and Causes 465 Health, Stress, and 13 Coping 425 Models of Abnormality: Changing Conceptions of Mental Disorders 466 'SPNUIF"ODJFOU8PSMEUPUIF"HFPG Health Psychology: An Overview 426 &OMJHIUFONFOU Research Methods.PEFSO1FSTQFDUJWFT#JPMPHJDBM 1TZDIPMPHJDBM . )PX1TZDIPMPHJTUT4UVEZ)FBMUI#FIBWJPS 4PDJPDVMUVSBM BOE%JBUIFTJTo4USFTT.PEFMT Stress: Its Causes, Effects, and Mental Health Challenges in the Indian Society: Control 428 The Changing Scenario 4USFTT*UT#BTJD/BUVSF Assessment and Diagnosis: The DSM–IV and 4USFTT4PNF.BKPS$BVTFT Other Tools 471 4USFTT4PNF.BKPS&GGFDUT Research Methods Understanding and Communicating Our. )PX1TZDIPMPHJTUT"TTFTT.FOUBM%JTPSEFST Health Needs 438 Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, and )FBMUI#FMJFGT8IFO%P8F4FFL.FEJDBM Adolescence 475 "EWJDF %JTSVQUJWF#FIBWJPS %PDUPSo1BUJFOU*OUFSBDUJPOT "UUFOUJPO%FGJDJU)ZQFSBDUJWJUZ%JTPSEFS 8IZ$BOU8F5BMLUP0VS%PDUPST "%)% From Science to Practice 'FFEJOHBOE&BUJOH%JTPSEFST . 4VSGJOHGPS4PMVUJPOTUP.FEJDBM1SPCMFNTPOUIF "VUJTN"1FSWBTJWF%FWFMPQNFOUBM%JTPSEFS *OUFSOFU Mood Disorders: The Downs and Ups of Behavioral and Psychological Correlates Life 479 of Illness: The Effects of Thoughts and %FQSFTTJWF%JTPSEFST1SPCJOHUIF%FQUITPG Actions on Health 442 %FTQBJS 4NPLJOH3JTLZGPS:PVBOE&WFSZPOFBSPVOE #JQPMBS%JTPSEFST3JEJOHUIF&NPUJPOBM3PMMFS :PV $PBTUFS Beyond the Headlines: As Psychologists See It 5IF$BVTFTPG%FQSFTTJPO*UT#JPMPHJDBMBOE. "/FX8FBQPOJOUIF"OUJTNPLJOH"STFOBM 1TZDIPMPHJDBM3PPUT %JFUBOE/VUSJUJPO8IBU:PV&BU.BZ4BWF:PVS 4VJDJEF8IFO-JGF#FDPNFT6OCFBSBCMF -JGF Anxiety Disorders: When Dread "MDPIPM$POTVNQUJPO)FSFTUP:PVS)FBMUI Debilitates 484 &NPUJPOTBOE)FBMUI 1IPCJBT&YDFTTJWF'FBSPG4QFDJGJD0CKFDUTPS "*%4"5SBHJD"TTBVMUPO1VCMJD)FBMUI 4JUVBUJPOT Health and Well-being: An Indian View 453 1BOJD%JTPSEFSBOE"HPSBQIPCJB Promoting Wellness: Developing a Healthier 0CTFTTJWFo$PNQVMTJWF%JTPSEFS#FIBWJPSTBOE Lifestyle 454 5IPVHIUTPVUTJEF0OFT$POUSPM 1SJNBSZ1SFWFOUJPO%FDSFBTJOHUIF3JTLTPG 1PTUUSBVNBUJD4USFTT%JTPSEFS 154% *MMOFTT Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders 489 4FDPOEBSZ1SFWFOUJPO5IF3PMFPG %JTTPDJBUJWF%JTPSEFST &BSMZ%FUFDUJPOJO%JTFBTFBOE*MMOFTT 4PNBUPGPSN%JTPSEFST1IZTJDBM4ZNQUPNTXJUIPVU 'MPVSJTIJOH 1IZTJDBM$BVTFT A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 10 7/1/2015 5:28:17 PM $POUFOUT YJ Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders 491 Research Methods 4FYVBM%ZTGVODUJPOT%JTUVSCBODFTJO%FTJSFBOE. 4UVEZPGUIF&GGFDUJWFOFTTPG1TZDIPUIFSBQZ "SPVTBM 5IF&GGFDUJWFOFTTPG1TZDIPUIFSBQZ 1BSBQIJMJBT%JTUVSCBODFTJO4FYVBM0CKFDUPS "O0WFSWJFXPG,FZ'JOEJOHT #FIBWJPS $VMUVSBMMZ4FOTJUJWF1TZDIPUIFSBQZ (FOEFS*EFOUJUZ%JTPSEFST The Prevention of Mental Disorders: Community Personality Disorders: Traits That Harm 494 Psychology and Its Legacy 539 Schizophrenia: Losing Touch with Reality 496 Legal and Ethical Issues Relating to Mental 5IF/BUVSFPG4DIJ[PQISFOJB Disorders 541 5IF0OTFUBOE$PVSTFPG4DIJ[PQISFOJB 5IF3JHIUTPG*OEJWJEVBMTBOEUIF3JHIUTPG $BVTFTPG4DIJ[PQISFOJB 4PDJFUZ Substance-Related Disorders 501 &UIJDBM*TTVFTJOUIF1SBDUJDFPG1TZDIPUIFSBQZ Culture–Specific Syndromes Making Psychology Part of Your Life. )PXUP$IPPTFB5IFSBQJTU"$POTVNFST Making Psychology Part of Your Life (VJEF . 1SFWFOUJOH4VJDJEF)PX:PV$BO)FMQ Therapies: Techniques 15 for Alleviating Mental 16 Social Thought and Social Behavior 547 The Indian Social Thought—Some Disorders 509 Glimpses 548 Psychotherapies: Psychological Approaches to Social Thought: Thinking about Other Mental Disorders 510 People 549 1TZDIPEZOBNJD5IFSBQJFT'SPN3FQSFTTJPOUP "UUSJCVUJPO6OEFSTUBOEJOHUIF$BVTFTPG0UIFST *OTJHIU #FIBWJPS 1IFOPNFOPMPHJDBM&YQFSJFOUJBM5IFSBQJFT #FMJFGTBOE"UUSJCVUJPOTJO&WFSZEBZ-JGF &NQIBTJ[JOHUIF1PTJUJWF From Science to Practice #FIBWJPS5IFSBQJFT.FOUBM%JTPSEFSTBOE'BVMUZ. "UUSJCVUJPOBM"VHNFOUJOHBOE1FSDFQUJPOTPG'FNBMF -FBSOJOH &OUSFQSFOFVST $PHOJUJWF5IFSBQJFT$IBOHJOH%JTPSEFSFE 4PDJBM$PHOJUJPO)PX8F1SPDFTT4PDJBM 5IPVHIU *OGPSNBUJPO Alternatives to Individual Psychotherapy: "UUJUVEFT&WBMVBUJOHUIF4PDJBM8PSME Group Therapy, Marital Therapy, Family Therapy, and Psychosocial Rehabilitation 520 Research Methods (SPVQ5IFSBQJFT8PSLJOH5PHFUIFSUP4PMWF1FSTPOBM. )PX1TZDIPMPHJTUT.FBTVSF"UUJUVEFTGSPN"UUJUVEF 1SPCMFNT 4DBMFTUPUIFi#PHVT1JQFMJOFw .BSJUBMBOE'BNJMZ5IFSBQJFT5IFSBQJFT'PDVTFEPO Social Behavior: Interacting with Others 568 *OUFSQFSTPOBM3FMBUJPOT 1SFKVEJDF%JTUPSUFE7JFXTPGUIF 4FMG)FMQ(SPVQT8IFO.JTFSZ%FSJWFT$PNGPSU 4PDJBM8PSMEyBOE5IFJS&GGFDUT GSPN$PNQBOZ Social Psychology of Prejudice: An Indian 1TZDIPTPDJBM3FIBCJMJUBUJPO Perspective Biological Therapies 526 4PDJBM*OGMVFODF$IBOHJOH0UIFST#FIBWJPS %SVH5IFSBQZ5IF1IBSNBDPMPHJDBM3FWPMVUJPO "UUSBDUJPOBOE-PWF &MFDUSPDPOWVMTJWF5IFSBQZ -FBEFSTIJQ0OF*NQPSUBOU(SPVQ1SPDFTT 1TZDIPTVSHFSZ 5IF/VSUVSBOU5BTL.BTUFS/5-FBEFSTIJQ Indigenous Therapies 532 4UZMF :PHB Making Psychology Part of Your Life Nature of Meditation 534. 4PNF(VJEFMJOFTGPS)BWJOHB)BQQZ3PNBOUJD Psychotherapy: Is It Effective? 535 3FMBUJPOTIJQ A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 11 7/1/2015 5:28:17 PM YJJ $POUFOUT Appendix: Statistics: Uses 3BOEPN&WFOUT%POU"MXBZT4FFN3BOEPN -BSHF4BNQMFT1SPWJEFB#FUUFS#BTJTGPS3FBDIJOH and Potential Abuses 591 $PODMVTJPOT5IBO4NBMM0OFT Descriptive statistics: Summarizing Data 591 6OCJBTFE4BNQMFT1SPWJEFB#FUUFS#BTJTGPS3FBDIJOH.FBTVSFTPG$FOUSBM5FOEFODZ $PODMVTJPOT5IBO#JBTFE0OFT 'JOEJOHUIF$FOUFS 6OFYQSFTTFE$PNQBSJTPOT"SF0GUFO.FBTVSFTPG%JTQFSTJPO"TTFTTJOHUIF4QSFBE .FBOJOHMFTT 5IF/PSNBM$VSWF1VUUJOH%FTDSJQUJWF4UBUJTUJDTUP 4PNF%JGGFSFODFT"SFOU3FBMMZ5IFSF 8PSL Inferential Statistics: Determining Whether Dif- References 600 ferences Are or Are Not Real 595 Index 642 Correlation and Prediction 597 The Misuse of Statistics: Numbers Don’t Lie... or Do They? 598 A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 12 7/1/2015 5:28:17 PM Foreword 5IFSFVTFEUPCFBUJNFXIFOQTZDIPMPHZXBTWJFXFEBTTUVEZPGQTZDIPMPHZTPQIPNPSFTBTVCTUBOUJBMDIVOLPGSFTFBSDIJOQTZ DIPMPHZVTFETUVEFOUT NPTUMZGSPN"NFSJDBOVOJWFSTJUJFT BTAsubjects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eyond the Horizon of Indian Psychology—The Yankee Doodler *BOBMZ[FEQTZDIPMPHJDBM SFTFBSDIJO*OEJBBTBNJOEMFTTSFQMJDBUJPOPG"NFSJDBOTUVEJFTPGUFOTUBMFCZUPZFBST4JNJMBSPCTFSWBUJPOTBOETFMGDSJUJDBM 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IBWFBNPSFCBMBODFEWJFXPGQTZDIPMPHZ 5IJT *OEJBO FEJUJPO PG Psychology CZ #BSPO JT B DPNNFOEBCMF BUUFNQU TJODF JU TFFLT UP CBMBODF CFUXFFO UIF BDBEFNJD TDJFOUJGJDQTZDIPMPHZBOEJUTSFHJPOBMDVMUVSBMDPODFSOTPGSFMFWBODF'PSUIFTUVEFOUTGSPN*OEJB BOEBMTPPUIFS4PVUI"TJBO DPVOUSJFT UIJTFEJUJPOCMFOETUIFCFOFGJUTPGBWFSZJOGMVFOUJBMBOETVCTUBOUJWFHMPCBMUFYUBOEUIFNVDIOFFEFETFOTJUJWJUZUP UIFMPDBMDPOEJUJPOTPGTPDJPDVMUVSBMEJWFSTJUZ1SPGFTTPS(JSJTIXBS.JTSBTFGGPSUTBSFQSBJTFXPSUIZTJODFJUTFUTBOFXUSFOEJO AglobalizationPGQTZDIPMPHZ *BNTVSFPVSTUVEFOUTXJMMCFOFGJUJNNFOTFMZGSPNUIJTOFXFEJUJPO"UUIFTBNFUJNF *BMTPGFFMUIBUUIJTFEJUJPOXJMM HJWFOFXJOTJHIUTUPTUVEFOUTGSPNPUIFSQBSUTPGUIFXPSMEPOUIFFYUFOTJPOPGQTZDIPMPHJDBMLOPXMFEHFBOEJUTBQQMJDBUJPOTUP EJWFSTFDPOEJUJPOT DPOUFYUTBOEDVMUVSFT4VDITFOTJUJWJUZJTOFDFTTBSZGPSNFBOJOHGVMTPDJBMTDJFODF "KJU,.PIBOUZ 1I% "MCFSUB 1SPGFTTPSPG1TZDIPMPHZ 3FUE *$443/BUJPOBM'FMMPX +BXBIBSMBM/FISV6OJWFSTJUZ New Delhi A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 13 7/1/2015 5:28:17 PM A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 14 7/1/2015 5:28:17 PM Preface "TXJUIBOZLJOEPGDSFBUJWFFOEFBWPS *IBEBNJYPGSFBTPOTUPXPSLUPXBSETUIF*OEJBOBEBQUBUJPOPG#BSPOTPsychology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8IFOGJSTUJOWJUFEUPUBLFUIJTDIBMMFOHF*GPDVTFEPOUISFFNBJOPCKFDUJWFT'JSTU UPDSFBUFBUFYUUIBUXPVMECFTDJFOUJGJD DVMUVSBMMZJODMVTJWF SJHPSPVT BOETUJNVMBUJOHGPSUIFSFBEFS5IJTUFYUUSJFTUPQSFTFOUJNQPSUBOUQTZDIPMPHJDBMQIFOPNFOBBT XFMMBTIFMQTVOEFSTUBOEUIFBQQSPBDIPGQTZDIPMPHJDBMTDJFOUJTUTUPXBSETUIFN#ZBUUFOEJOHUPDPOUFNQPSBSZJTTVFTUIFCPPL JOUFOETUPPGGFSUIFDPSFDPOUFOUPGQTZDIPMPHZUPTUVEFOUT4FDPOE IFMQSFBEFSTEFWFMPQBDPOUFYUVBMJ[FEVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGQTZ DIPMPHJDBMQSPDFTTFT5IFCPPLBUUFNQUTUPDBQUVSFUIFWBSJPVTEFWFMPQNFOUTUIBUBSFUBLJOHQMBDFJOUIFEJTDJQMJOFJOBDPNQSF IFOTJWFBOEVQUPEBUFNBOOFS5IJSE UIFUFYUNVTUCSJOHJOUPGPDVT*OEJBOSFTFBSDIFTBOEJEFBTTPUIBUUIFSFBEFSTNBZSFMBUF UPUIFJSDPOUFYU5PUIJTFOEBUUFNQUIBTCFFONBEFUPQSFTFOU*OEJBOTUVEJFTXIJMFEFBMJOHXJUIQFSUJOFOUUIFNFTBOEUPQJDT 5IJTCPPLUSJFTUPQSPWJEFBOJOEFQUIJOUSPEVDUJPOUPUIFGJFMEPGQTZDIPMPHZ*UJOUSPEVDFTCBTJDDPODFQUT UIFPSJFTBOE NFUIPETVTFEJOQTZDIPMPHZUIFTUVEZPGNFOUBMMJGFBOECFIBWJPS*OTPEPJOHJUEFMWFTCFMPXUIFTVSGBDFUPFYQMPSFBOEFY BNJOFUIFTUVEZBSFBT 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IBTFNFSHFEBTBTFMFDUJWFMZNPEJGJFEWFSTJPOPGTDJFOUJGJDQTZDIPMPHZ A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd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sychology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mphasizing the Practical Value of Psychology: From Science to Practice Sections 5PJMMVTUSBUFUIFHSFBUQSBDUJDBMWBMVFPGQTZDIPMPHZJODPODSFUFUFSNT *IBWF JODMVEFETQFDJBMFrom Science to PracticeTFDUJPOTUISPVHIPVUUIFCPPL Biology, Culture, and Human Behavior 67 5IFTFTFDUJPOTJMMVTUSBUFIPXUIFGJOEJOHTBOEQSJODJQMFTPGQTZDIPMPHZBSF From 4DJFODFUP1SBDUJDF CFJOHVTFEUPBEESFTTJNQPSUBOUQSPCMFNTJONBOZEJGGFSFOUGJFMEToNFEJ *EFOUJGZJOH(FOFUJD'BDUPSTJO)VNBO%JTPSEFST%FDPEJOH*DFMBOE DJOF FEVDBUJPO MBX BOE CVTJOFTT UP NFOUJPO KVTU B GFX )FSF BSF TPNF Suppose that we identify ten people around the otherwise. Given these factors, the scientists who world, all of whom suffer from deep depression. operate Decode are confident that they will soon FYBNQMFTPGUIFTFOFXTFDUJPOT We examine the DNA of all of them to try to find out whether they share some genetic factor that crack the genetic code of Icelanders and will be able to identify the genetic factors that play a role plays a role in their mental disorder. Will we suc- in many important diseases. ceed? Probably not; because these persons come What if they succeed? The next step will be t 1SFWFOUJOH%FBUITVOEFS"OFTUIFTJB)VNBO'BDUPST &OHJOFFSJOH from diverse populations, their DNA will differ in so many ways that we will not be able to determine which of these differences contribute to their men- for major drug companies with whom Decode is working to use this information to develop drugs for treating these disorders—everything from de- 1TZDIPMPHZ UPUIF3FTDVF $IBQUFS tal disorders. But now suppose that we repeat this study with a very homogeneous population—one in which nearly everyone is related to everyone else; pression to various forms of cancer. Of course, it is a big step from identifying genetic factors to devel- oping effective drugs. But knowing which genes, or t *EFOUJGZJOH(FOFUJD'BDUPSTJO)VNBO%JTPSEFST%FDPEJOH*DFMBOE further, imagine that instead of 10 participants, our study includes almost 300,000. Finally, suppose that we have computer programs that can analyze genetic anomalies (deviations from the norm), are linked to various diseases is an important first step. This huge project has a potential downside, how- $IBQUFS the DNA of all these people to look for genetic similarities in persons who develop certain diseases. Will we succeed now? ever. Many scientists and citizens in Iceland and elsewhere are concerned about the ethical issues it raises. For instance, suppose the study succeeds t $PVOUFSBDUJOHUIFi%SPXTZ%SJWFSw4ZOESPNF8IFO4PVOEToBOE The people of Iceland are betting on it. They recently voted to allow a private com- pany named Decode to obtain DNA samples in identifying genes that confer longevity—people with these genes live longer than those without them. Insurance companies might then want to 4DFOUTo4BWF-JWFT $IBQUFS from all residents of Iceland, plus access to all medical records (Specter, 1999). Because Iceland experienced little or no immigration for almost test all applicants for life insurance policies so they could reject the people who do not have these long- life genes. Similarly, persons possessing genes that t i)PSTFT 8IJTQFSJOHw "QQMZJOH 0QFSBOU $POEJUJPOJOH UP 5SFBU a thousand years—not until recent decades— the population is exceptionally homogeneous. Further, medical records are unusually complete predispose them toward cancer or mental disorders might find themselves eliminated from certain jobs or occupations. As is always the case, scientific 5SPVCMFE)PSTFT $IBQUFS and accurate, and have been kept for more than one hundred years. Finally, Decode possess highly progress involves complex ethical and social issues that must be carefully considered. Still, given the sophisticated computer programs for comparing potential benefits of the Iceland project, it is not t.FOUBM $POUBNJOBUJPO BOE UIF -FHBM 4ZTUFN $BO +VSPST 3FBMMZ the DNA of all participants in the study, and thus identifying common patterns among those who surprising that Icelanders voted for it, and that sci- entists all around the world are awaiting the results have developed various illnesses—mental and with eager anticipation. i4USJLF*UGSPNUIF3FDPSEw $IBQUFS t *OUFMMJHFOU"HFOUT+VTU)PX4NBSU"SF5IFZ $IBQUFS t.BLJOH1MBZHSPVOET4BHFS4PNF$PODSFUF4UFQT $IBQUFS t 6TJOH(PBM4FUUJOHUP*ODSFBTF0DDVQBUJPOBM4BGFUZoBOE4BWF-JWFT $IBQUFS t 1SFEJDUJOH$BSFFS4VDDFTT$PNQFUFODZ"TTFTTNFOU $IBQUFS t 4VSGJOHGPS4PMVUJPOTUP.FEJDBM1SPCMFNTPOUIF*OUFSOFU6TJOH*OGPSNBUJPO5FDIOPMPHJFTUP%JBHOPTF0VS*MMOFTTFT $IBQUFS A01_BORA3444_1_SE_PREL.indd 16 7/1/2015 5:28:17 PM 1SFGBDF YWJJ Other Features Relating to the Theme of “Taking Psychology with you” 5PGVSUIFSFODPVSBHFSFBEFSTUPSFDPHOJ[FUIFJOUSJOTJDVTFGVMOFTTBOEWBMVFPGQTZDIPMPHZ BOETPUPUBLFJUXJUIUIFNUISPVHI PVUMJGF *WFBMTPJNQSPWFETFWFSBMGFBUVSFTQSFTFOUJOUIFQSFWJPVTFEJUJPO Beyond the Headlines: As Psychologists See It "MM PG UIFTF TQFDJBM TFDUJPOT XIJDI EFTDSJCF XIBU QTZDIPMPHJDBM SFTFBSDI IBTUPTBZBCPVUUIFUPQJDTDPWFSFEJOSFDFOUOFXTTUPSJFT BSFOFX4PNF Biology, Culture, and Human Behavior 49 FYBNQMFTPGBeyond the HeadlinesTFDUJPOT Beyond The Headlines: As Psychologists See It *T7JPMFODFUIF3FTVMUPG'BVMUZ/FVSBM#SBLFT *TWJPMFODFUIF3FTVMUPG'BVMUZ/FVSBM#SBLFT $IBQUFS WASHINGTON POST (april 14, imaging technology to peer in- inhibiting the limbic system, a 1998)–An engineer described side the minds of killers to try to region … that produces aggres- 1SFNBUVSF)FBSJOH-PTT5IF)JHI$PTUPG.PEFSO-JWJOH $IBQUFS as friendly and outgoing flies into a rage during a family ar- determine whether their brains differ in some fundamental way. sive behavior. Animal research also has shown that the right gument and beats his wife and The researchers found evidence orbitofrontal cortex is involved $BO:PV#VZUIF'PVOUBJOPG:PVUIPOUIF*OUFSOFU w#VZFS#FXBSFw 13-month-old daughter to death with a champagne bottle.... A that some people are born with brains that any make them prone in fear conditioning–the associa- tion between antisocial behavior young man who has a “quick to violence … specifically, the a punishment that in humans is 4USJLFT"HBJO $IBQUFS temper” goes back to the auto parts store from which he’d been part of their brains involved in creating a sense of “conscience” thought to be key to develop- ing a conscience. “When you fired and kills three of his for- may be dysfunctional.... train a dog, you punish it every $BO$IFXJOH(VN*NQSPWF:PVS.FNPSZ $IBQUFS mer coworkers.... Sociologists, psychiatrists, criminologists and others have long struggled to The researchers found that 26 murderers from comparatively benign backgrounds, who has time it does something wrong. A conscience is really just a set of conditioned responses,” Andri- understand what makes some not suffered child abuse, showed an Raine, leader of the research 8BT*UUIF8FBUIFS PS%JE'BVMUZ3FBTPOJOH,JMM+&,+S $IBQUFS people turn violent. Childhood abuse clearly can be a factor, 14.2% less activity in a part of the medial prefrontal cortex team, noted. “There are a lot of factors involved in crime,” Raine bur researchers have wondered known as the orbitofrontal cor- added, “and brain function is 1SFWFOUJOH5FFO1SFHOBODJFT4IPVME"EPMFTDFOUT%FDJEF $IBQUFS whether some people are born with the tendency–and a new re- port suggests some are. tex on the right hemisphere. The medial prefrontal cortex, located just behind the fore- just one of those. But by under- standing the brain function, we will be in a much better posi- In the first study of its kind, head, has been shown in ani- tion to understand the complete 5IF /FFE GPS 4UJNVMBUJPOy BOE )PX *U $BO (FU 0VU PG )BOE neuroscientists used high-tech mal research to be involved in causes of violent behavior.” A neural basis for conscience and for violent behav- to the pain and suffering of other (e.g, Baron, $IBQUFS ior? Wow! And the results do sound convincing: Among a group of murderers, a region of the brain 1993a). Thus, it is possible that the murderers studied in this research showed reduced activity in that acts as a neural brake on another region (the their neural “braking” systems as a result of having 8JMMJBNT4ZOESPNF.FOUBMMZ$IBMMFOHFE1FSTPOTXJUI.VTJDJO5IFJS limbic system) known to be involved in aggression showed reduced activity. But there are some potential problems in this engaged in violence rather than the reverse. Second, murderers–especially ones who commit the kind of unpremeditated violent actions shown by these 4PVMT $IBQUFS interpretation. First, we can’t tell whether this re- duced activity is the cause of the violent behavior shown by these people or the result of it. Other persons–are a special group; they may differ from other people in many ways, and it may be these differences, not reductions in neural activity in a research indicates that after committing aggressive specific part of their brains, that are responsible for -JGF XJUIPVU B $POTDJFODF 5IF "OUJTPDJBM 1FSTPOBMJUZ %JTPSEFS JO crimes, or perhaps simply after repeated exposure to films or television shows containing violence, many their behavior. Third, the size of this sample is very small–only twenty-six persons; moreover, we don’t persons demonstrate reduced arousal in response know if they are representative of all persons who "DUJPO $IBQUFS *T #FUUFS 4FY UIF ,FZ UP B )BQQJFS.BSSJBHF %POU #FU PO *U $IBQUFSΉ 8IBU)BQQFO8IFO4PDJBM/PSNB&ODPVSBHFBi-JGFTUZMFUP%JF'PSw $IBQUFS Research Methods: 82 Psychology How Psychologists Study… 3FTFBSDI.FUIPET 1TZDIPQIZTJDBM1SPDFEVSFT.FBTVSFNFOUPG4FOTPSZ5ISFTIPME Suppose a device has been developed a device to use times to provide a more reliable estimate of the 5IFTFTFDUJPOT XIJDIEFTDSJCFUIFNFUIPETVTFECZQTZDIPMPHJTUTUPTUVEZ to detect the presence of hidden explosives during missions against enemies. The tiny sensing device emits a beeping sound that gets higher in pitch as threshold. A basic assumption of this method is that people change their response each time the sensory threshold is crossed. For this reason, the JNQPSUBOU UPQJDT IBWF CFFO JNQSPWFE BOE SFGJOFE UP CFUUFS JMMVTUSBUF UIF a person approaches an explosive object. Although the warning device has great potential for saving lives, it has one serious drawback. If the tone is threshold for each trial is presumed to lie some- where between the intensities of the last two stimuli presented. Experimenters obtain an overall NFUIPET VTFE CZ QTZDIPMPHJTUT UP TUVEZ JNQPSUBOU BTQFDUT PG CFIBWJPS too loud, it could alert enemy troops nearby to the military’s presence. The military would like to start using the device; but they realize that before doing estimate of the threshold by computing the aver- age threshold across all individual ascending and descending trials. *ΉDPOUJOVFUPCFMJFWFUIBUEFTDSJCJOHResearch MethodsJODMPTFQSPYJNJUZ so, they need to determine the minimum level of sound necessary to alert the soldiers without dis- closing their location to the enemy. How will the The use of both ascending and descending series also helps researchers take account of two com- mon tendencies. The first, referred to as errors of UPEJTDVTTJPOTPGUIFBSFBTPGJOWFTUJHBUJPOJOXIJDIUIFZBSFVTFEJOBNPSF military solve its problem? A good starting point may involve the use of psychophysical methods, a habituation, is participants’ tendency to continue to say no in an ascending series and yes in a descending set of procedures psychologists have developed to series—independent of whether the participant ac- FGGFDUJWFTUSBUFHZUIBOEFTDSJCJOHUIFNBMMJOBTFQBSBUFDIBQUFSBUUIFCFHJO investigate sensory thresholds. There are actually three such methods, and we’ll consider all three in tually hears the sound. The second, termed errors of anticipation, is people’s tendency to jump the gun; this section. in other words, to change their response to a stimu- OJOHPGUIFCPPL The Method of Limits lus before such a change is warranted. The Staircase Method The first of these psychophysical methods is known as the method of limits, and it works like In the staircase method, the experimenter may begin this. After a test participant is seated comfortably with a descending series, initially presenting an Making Psychology Part of Your Life and fitted with headphones, a series of ascending and descending trials begins. Ascending trials start with the presentation of a tone that is inaudible audible tone. Each time the participant says, “Yes,

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