Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality PDF

Sigmund Freud Theories of...

Sigmund Freud Theories of Ψ Psychoanalytic Theory (considered as the first formal theory of personality) is a theory Personality Psychoanalytic by Sigmund Freud. Ψ Freud was born in Czech Republic on the 6th of May 1856, and his family moved to Vienna by 1860. Ψ He received his medical degree from the University of Vienna in 1881. Ψ After, he worked in a physiology laboratory Theories of Personality & researched microscopic neuroanatomy. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud Ψ Freud had six children with his wife Martha Ψ Freud died of Cancer on the 23rd of Bernays (3 boys and 3 girls), with the September 1939; but, this was controversial Psychoanalytic youngest, Anna, assuming the leadership of since some considered this as assisted the Freudian movement. suicide. Ψ Although most of the controversial beliefs of Ψ He decided that his suffering had reached Freudian theory is on sexual urges, Freud the point where going on made no sense. was celibate until his marriage at age 30. With this, his doctor administered a dose of Ψ Anna never married and devoted her life to morphine that produced a peaceful sleep the cause of psychoanalysis (believed to from which Freud never awoke. be Oedipal complex). Theories of Personality Case Vignette : Flow of Discussion: Structure What is the structure of personality according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Juan is an 18 year old, Filipino male. He reported and shows sign Ψ Structure: What is the structure of personality according to the theory? Three levels of personality & awareness: of depression and anxiety. The theme of his sessions with you Ψ Dynamics: What motivates behavior according to the theory? (i.e., how 1. Conscious Mind states that, “I just never seem to be good enough”. Juan is the does the theory explain why a person does what he/she is doing?) Ψ It includes all the sensations and caretaker of his invalid or not abled mother and 2 younger Ψ Development: How does the theory explain human development, from experiences of which we are aware at siblings. His father left when Juan was the only child at 3 years of infancy to old age? any given moment. Ψ Psychopathology: What ‘abnormal’ behavior patterns develop, age, and returned when Juan was 12. Within 2 years after his Ψ This is considered to be a limited aspect according to the theory? father’s return, his sister and brother were born. When Juan was 16 Ψ Psychotherapy: What interventions for addressing mental disorders are of personality since only a small portion years old, his mother was in a car accident which left her proposed by the theory? of our thoughts, sensations, and paralyzed. His father left again and hasn’t been seen since. He Ψ Application: What are the contributions of the theory in the developing memories exists in conscious tells you that he hates his father and wishes him dead. field of personality psychology? awareness at one given time.  Structure What is the structure of personality according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Structure What is the structure of personality according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Structure What is the structure of personality according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Three levels of personality & awareness: Three levels of personality & awareness: Three constructs that explains behavior and personality: 2. Preconscious Mind 3. Unconscious Mind 1. Id Ψ It is the storehouse of all our memories, Ψ It is the invisible portion below the Ψ It is the only component of personality that perceptions, and thoughts. surface that is home to everyone’s is present at birth. Ψ This includes thoughts, sensations, and instincts (or the wishes and desires that Ψ This is also called as ‘pleasure principle’ for memories that we are not currently direct our behavior). this component is considered illogical and aware of but can easily be retrieved Ψ It contains the major driving power amoral. Also, this has no conception of into consciousness. behind all behaviors, and most of it are reality or self-preservation, where forces we cannot see or control. biological needs are transformed into psychological tension or drives. Structure What is the structure of personality according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Structure What is the structure of personality according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Structure What is the structure of personality according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Three constructs that explains behavior and personality: Three constructs that explains behavior and personality: Three constructs that explains behavior and personality: 1. Id 2. Ego 2. Ego Ψ Its only resource is to form mental images Ψ It begins developing out of id and starts at Ψ The Ego’s rational, pleasure-delaying, of what it wants, a process called wish- around age 6 to 8 months. problem-solving, and self-preservative fulfillment. Ψ This is also called ‘reality principle’ for it mode of thought is known as the Ψ The id’s irrational, impulsive, and image- suspends or delays the discharge of drives secondary process. producing mode of thought is known as until a suitable object can be found. Ψ The ego tries at all costs to remain on good the primary process. Ψ Ego spans (but not limited to) the terms with the id, but also concerns with preconscious and unconscious, and can self-preservation. interact with the environment. Structure What is the structure of personality according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Structure What is the structure of personality according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Dynamics What motivates behavior according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Three constructs that explains behavior and personality: Three constructs that explains behavior and personality: Ψ The basic elements of personality according to Freud are the 3. Superego 3. Superego Instincts. Ψ This occurs among individuals when Ψ It consists of two parts: conscience- the Ψ To be more accurate, these are called drives or impulses. learned by the age of 5 or 6. behavior formed from punishments; and, Ψ These are transformed physiological energy that connects the Ψ It is largely unconscious, and this is our ego-ideal- behavior formed from praises. needs of the body with the wishes of the mind in the forms of beliefs or ideas of right and wrong. Ψ The superego strives neither for pleasure hunger, thirst, etc. How individuals approach or satisfy their Ψ This is also called ‘morality principle’ for it (as the id does) nor for attainment of needs take different forms. is our conscience and ego-ideal that helps realistic goals (as the ego does). It strives Ψ The various drives or instincts can all be grouped under two id create correct decisions. solely for moral perfection. major headings or categories: sex or Eros (Life Instincts), and aggression/ distraction or Thanatos (Death Instincts).  Dynamics What motivates behavior according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Dynamics What motivates behavior according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Dynamics What motivates behavior according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Ψ This is more of a homeostatic approach where people are Ψ The psychic energy manifested by the Life instincts (Eros) is Ψ According to Freud, the most important life instinct or the motivated to restore and maintain equilibrium or balance called the libido. primary motivation that affects people’s personality is sex. between interdependent elements; in this case, to keep the Ψ The mental attachment of libido is called cathexis. Ψ He defined sex in a broader manner– this includes almost all body free of tension. Ψ The cathexis of an individual to self or to an object/ person is pleasurable behaviors and thoughts, and not limited to erotic Ψ In maintaining equilibrium or balance, individuals take different divided into different processes: (1) a drive’ or an instinct’s needs alone (erogenous zones: the mouth, anus, & sex organs). paths to satisfy their needs. Each drive or instinct has its own impetus is the amount of force it exerts; (2) its source is the Ψ Sex can take many forms, including narcissism, love of people form of psychic energy. region of the body in a state of excitation or tension; (3) its aim or object, etc. Ψ As the names of the major headings or categories of instincts is to seek pleasure by removing that excitation or reducing the Ψ Primary narcissism (narcissistic libido) is the libido of infants (Id); suggest, Life and Death, these instincts serve the purpose of tension; (4) and its object is the person or thing that serves as as ego progresses, interest to people develops (object libido). survival (life) and destruction (death). the means through which the aim is satisfied. This becomes Secondary narcissism during adolescence. Dynamics What motivates behavior according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Dynamics What motivates behavior according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Dynamics What motivates behavior according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Ψ One of Freud’s more radical conclusions (toward the latter part Ψ Anxiety, like sex and aggression, is another factor that Ψ Reality anxiety is the closest related to fear; this is the fear of of his career) is that life itself aims at returning to its previous motivates behavior according to Psychoanalytic. tangible dangers. This is sometimes called realistic anxiety or state of nonexistence. Ψ Freud emphasized that anxiety is felt, affective, unpleasant object anxiety. Usually, its purpose is to guide our behavior to Ψ The psychic energy by the Death instincts (Thanatos) is not state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the escape or protect ourselves from actual dangers. named, but usually referred to as aggression, distraction. person against impending danger. Ψ Neurotic anxiety involves a conflict between id and ego, or Ψ One component of the death instincts is the aggressive drive, or Ψ The unpleasantness is a feeling of fear and is often vague, hard conflict between instinctual gratification and reality. This is someone’s wish to die (self-destruction). Although, same with to pinpoint, and without an obvious cause; but, the anxiety itself defined as apprehension about an unknown danger. sex, aggression is explained in broader meanings for it includes is always felt. Ψ Moral anxiety involves a conflict between id and superego, or teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor, the enjoyment of Ψ Anxiety is considered fundamental to the development of all the fear of one’s conscience. This is the conflict experienced other people’s suffering, and more. neurotic and psychotic behavior. between realistic needs and the dictates of morality. Dynamics What motivates behavior according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Dynamics What motivates behavior according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Dynamics What motivates behavior according to the Psychoanalytic theory? Defense Mechanisms Ψ These three types of anxiety are seldom clear-cut or easily Ψ If satisfaction of the drives or instincts is not possible, strategies Compensation Strengthening one characteristic to hide another separated. They often exist in combination. E.g., Fear of Snakes and defenses against anxiety is usually always automatic to Denial Refusing to face negative behavior may be both affecting reality anxiety and neurotic anxiety. individuals, Freud called this as Defense Mechanisms. Displacement Taking out drives on someone else Ψ To explain the relation of anxiety to the behavior and Ψ Defense mechanisms are normal and universally used (usually Introjection Conforming feelings for approval personality of individuals, anxiety induces tension in the overlapping); but when carried to an extreme, they lead to Projection Seeing or attributing your faults and mistakes to others organism and thus becomes a drive that the individual is compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic behavior. Rationalization Giving excuses and justifications for actions to be acceptable motivated to satisfy. Like any other instincts or drives, the Ψ These mechanisms are: (1) all denials or distortions of reality, Reaction Formation Pretending or acting the opposite drives or feelings Regression Acting much younger to feel better tension must be reduced. and (2) all operate unconsciously (or performed almost Repression Putting things into darkness or removal from consciousness Ψ With this, The ego has to reduce the conflict between the automatically, given certain fear or anxiety). Ritual and Undoing Overriding negative with habit demands of the id and the strictures of society (superego). Sublimation Diverting negative drives/feelings into socially acceptable behaviors  Development How does Psychoanalytic theory explain human development? Development How does Psychoanalytic theory explain human development? Development How does Psychoanalytic theory explain human development? Ψ To Freud, the first 4 or 5 years of life, or the infantile stage, are Ψ In those different stages, individuals experience instincts and Psychosexual Stages of Development the most crucial for personality formation. This observations, drives that needs gratification. These needs depend on the Infantile Oral Stage (Birth - 1 yr.) Mouth is the primary erogenous zone; pleasure together with the sensed strong sexual conflicts in the infant and stimulation of corresponding areas of the body in each of the Stage derived from sucking: id is dominant. young child, led him to formulate the Psychosexual Stages of stages. Anal Stage (1-3 yrs.) Toilet training (external reality) interferes with gratification received from defecation. Development. Ψ When an individual was unable to satisfy or overly satisfied of Phallic (4-5 yrs.) Incestuous fantasies; Oedipus complex; Ψ The infantile stage is followed by a 6- or 7-year period of the needs, fixation to a certain stage may happen. anxiety; superego development. latency during which time little or no sexual growth takes place. Ψ It is the state when a portion of libido or psychic energy remains Latency 5yrs – Puberty (~12 yrs.) Period of sublimation of sex instinct or no Ψ Then at puberty, a renaissance of sexual life occurs, and the invested in that developmental stage, leaving less energy for Stage sexual growth. genital stage is ushered in. the following stages. Genital Adolescence - Development of sex-role identity and adult Ψ Psychosexual development eventually culminates in maturity. Stage Adulthood social relationships. Development How does Psychoanalytic theory explain human development? Development How does Psychoanalytic theory explain human development? Development How does Psychoanalytic theory explain human development? Psychosexual Stages of Development Psychosexual Stages of Development Psychosexual Stages of Development Infantile Oral Stage (Birth - 1 yr.) Mouth is the primary erogenous zone; pleasure Infantile Anal Stage (1-3 yrs.) Toilet training (external reality) interferes with Infantile Phallic (4-5 yrs.) Incestuous fantasies; Oedipus complex; Stage derived from sucking: id is dominant. Stage gratification received from defecation. Stage anxiety; superego development. Ψ Characterized by the dependency on the mother or caregiver who becomes the primary Ψ Freud believed that the experience of toilet training during the anal stage had a significant Ψ Freud said that interest during this stage is in exploring and manipulating the genitals (their object of the child’s libido, but culminates in weaning. effect on personality development. own and those of their playmates) and desiring the parent of the opposite sex. Ψ How the mother/ caregiver responds to the demands, which at this time are solely id Ψ Defecation produces erotic pleasure for the child, but with the onset of toilet training, the Ψ The child becomes curious about birth and about why boys have penises and girls do not. demands, determines the nature of the baby’s small world. child is put under pressure to learn to postpone or delay this pleasure. Inability to satisfy this Ψ In boy’s Oedipus complex, the mother becomes a love object for the young boy. Here, the Ψ Oral incorporative behavior involves the pleasurable stimulation of the mouth by other may result to two things (fixations): boy sees the father as a threat. This results to him becoming hostile toward, but afraid, of the people and by food; while, Oral aggressive/ sadistic behavior occurs during the painful, Ψ Anal aggressive personality is formed when kids defy attempts at regulation or father. With this, castration anxiety occurs or fear that the father will cut off his organ. frustrating eruption of teeth. postponement of pleasure. This results to hostility, disorderliness, messiness, rage, etc. Ψ In girl’s Oedipus complex, she discovers that boys have a penis and girls do not. This leads Ψ Over satisfaction of the needs in this stage results to over dependency, excessive optimism. Ψ Anal retentive personality is formed when satisfaction is experienced by holding back or to the shift of love from the mother (source of affection) to the father. The girl blames the Ψ Non-satisfaction results to excessive pessimism, hostility, aggressiveness. retaining the feces. This results to obsessive compulsive, excessive orderliness, very neat. mother, which Freud called as penis envy or the fear that she lost her penis. Development How does Psychoanalytic theory explain human development? Development How does Psychoanalytic theory explain human development? Development How does Psychoanalytic theory explain human development? Psychosexual Stages of Development Psychosexual Stages of Development Psychosexual Stages of Development Latency 5yrs – Puberty (~12 yrs.) Period of sublimation of sex instinct or no Genital Adolescence - Development of sex-role identity and adult Infantile Oral Stage (Birth - 1 yr.) Mouth is the primary erogenous zone; pleasure Stage sexual growth. Stage Adulthood social relationships. Stage derived from sucking: id is dominant. Ψ This period, although part of the development stages, is not considered a psychosexual Ψ It is the final psychosexual stage of development. It begins with the reawakening of the Anal Stage (1-3 yrs.) Toilet training (external reality) interferes with stage of development because the sex instincts are dormant or not developing during this sexual aim at puberty and culminates with maturity (or continues until adulthood). gratification received from defecation. time. Ψ If no major fixations have occurred at an earlier stage, the individual may be able to lead a Ψ This is characterized by constant suppression of drives and instincts by parents and normal life. Those who have fixations, rework all those issues during this stage. Phallic (4-5 yrs.) Incestuous fantasies; Oedipus complex; teachers and by internal feelings of shame, guilt, and morality. Ψ This involves establishment of separation from parents and mature non-incestuous anxiety; superego development. Ψ The sexual drive, of course, still exists during latency, but its aim has been inhibited. relationships with others. With this, individual's work on establishing life not dependent on Latency 5yrs – Puberty (~12 yrs.) Period of sublimation of sex instinct or no Ψ The sublimated libido now shows itself in social and cultural accomplishments where parents. Stage sexual growth. children form groups, join organizations, play sports, and other activities. Ψ The genital personality type is able to find satisfaction in love and work, with work being an acceptable outlet for sublimation of the id impulses. Genital Adolescence - Development of sex-role identity and adult Stage Adulthood social relationships.  Psychopathology What ‘a ormal’ behavior patterns deve ac ding to Psychoanalytic theory? Psychopathology What ‘a ormal’ behavior patterns deve ac ding to Psychoanalytic theory? Psychotherapy Wh terventions for addressing mental disor ers ar roposed by the Psychoanalytic theory? Neurosis (Hysteria, now specified either histrionic personality Psychosis: Free Association: disorder, epilepsy, or others): Ψ A mental disorder that is characterized by disconnection from Ψ A technique in which a client says or writes down whatever Ψ Presents as symptoms, but may result to a mild mental illness, reality. This includes delusions and/or hallucinations. comes to mind. caused by stress, depression, anxiety, obsessive behavior. But Ψ Possible explanations by the theory is that the repressed Ψ Clients are to express spontaneously every idea and image individuals do not lose touch with reality. material becomes so powerful that it overwhelms the ego. exactly as it occurred, no matter how trivial, embarrassing, or Ψ Neurotic symptom represents a compromise between the Moreover, it could also be that the conflict between the ego painful the thought or memory might seem. The memories were demands of the id, the regulations of the superego, and the and reality proves to be so traumatic that the ego surrenders not to be omitted, rearranged, or restructured. defenses of the ego. Although, sexual drives/ instincts is always and throws itself into the fantasy world of the id. Ψ This is believed to result to catharsis or the expression of considered as the primary cause. emotions that is expected to lead to the reduction of disturbing symptoms. Psychotherapy Wh terventions for addressing mental disor ers ar roposed by the Psychoanalytic theory? Psychotherapy Wh terventions for addressing mental disor ers ar roposed by the Psychoanalytic theory? Psychotherapy Wh terventions for addressing mental disor ers ar roposed by the Psychoanalytic theory? Free Association: Free Association: Freudian Slips (or Parapraxes): Ψ However, the ego’s defenses cannot be eliminated just by an Ψ Freud considered resistance as a sign that the treatment is Ψ Freud believed that many everyday slips of the tongue or pen, instruction to tell everything, and they intrude on the free heading in the right direction and that the analyst should misreading, incorrect hearing, misplacing objects, and associations in the form of resistances. continue to probe in that area. temporarily forgetting names or intentions are not chance Ψ This is due to some experiences or memories that are too Ψ Thus, it is necessary to analyze not only the threatening Oedipal accidents but reveal a person’s unconscious intentions. painful to talk or disclose about. impulses and other unconscious residues from childhood, but Ψ These slips are common but they reveal the unconscious Ψ The analyst must then help the client become aware that a also the obstacles unconsciously placed in the path of therapy intention of the person, according to Freud. resistance is taking place, the form in which it occurs, and the by powerful defense mechanisms. Ψ In Freudian slips, the intentions of the unconscious replace the underlying reason, thereby eliminating the resistance so free weaker intentions of the preconscious, thereby revealing a association can continue. person’s true purpose. Psychotherapy Wh terventions for addressing mental disor ers ar roposed by the Psychoanalytic theory? Psychotherapy Wh terventions for addressing mental disor ers ar roposed by the Psychoanalytic theory? Psychotherapy Wh terventions for addressing mental disor ers ar roposed by the Psychoanalytic theory? Transference: Transference: Dream Analysis or Dream Interpretation: Ψ During psychotherapy (or while doing free association), clients’ Ψ However, analysts must be careful with unconscious tendency Ψ Freud believed that dreams represent, in symbolic form, behaviors and emotions are unconsciously displaced from the to displace emotions and behaviors from other important repressed desires, fears, and conflicts. So strongly have these past to the present, and from other important people in the people (such as a parent or spouse) onto the patient. feelings been repressed that they can surface only in disguised patient’s life (such as the parents) to the analyst. Ψ This process is called counter-transference. This may prevent fashion during sleep. Ψ This process is called transference. This provides analyst the analysts from perceiving the patient accurately and Ψ There are two aspects of dreams: the manifest content or the firsthand evidence about the patient’s problems. responding appropriately. actual events in the dream; and the latent content or the Ψ It also involves childhood love for the parents, and it is this Ψ Here comes the importance of analysts undergoing hidden symbolic meaning of the dream. transferred emotional attachment that makes the patient psychotherapy themselves as part of the training to help avoid Ψ Most interpretations are still related to sexual and erotic drives. receptive to the analyst’s influence. such errors.  Application Wh are the contributions of the Psychoanalytic theory in the developing field of personality psychology? Application Wh are the contributions of the Psychoanalytic theory in the developing field of personality psychology? Ψ The earliest approach to the formal study of personality was Ψ Freud’s views had an impact not only on psychology but also psychoanalysis. on the general culture. He succeeded in redefining the human Psychoanalytic Ψ Nearly every personality theory developed in the years since personality and revolutionizing our ways of thinking about Freud’s work owes a debt to his position—either building on it or human nature—about who we are. opposing it. Ψ The main applications of this theory is in psychotherapy– where Ψ Psychoanalysis emphasized unconscious forces, biologically traditional psychoanalysts and some modern psychotherapists based drives of sex and aggression, and unavoidable conflicts use several of its tools and techniques to provide intervention to in early childhood. These were considered the rulers and clients, and in psychological assessment– where psychologists shapers of our personality. use various projective techniques that are based on psychoanalytic theories. Theories of Personality