Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis PDF
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JAIMES AEROLLE D. TAN, RPm
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This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's life and psychoanalytic theory. It describes the psychosexual stages of development, including the oral, anal, and phallic phases, as well as concepts like the id, ego, and superego. The document also discusses various defense mechanisms and the role of anxiety in personality.
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SIGMUND FREUD & THE START OF PSYCHODYNAMIC Prepared by: JAIMES AEROLLE D. TAN, RPm PSYCHO Chapter Objectives: ❖ ❖ Describe...
SIGMUND FREUD & THE START OF PSYCHODYNAMIC Prepared by: JAIMES AEROLLE D. TAN, RPm PSYCHO Chapter Objectives: ❖ ❖ Describe the life of Sigmund Freud Examine the Psychosexual Stages of Development ANALYSIS ❖ Reflect on Freud’s Theory Lessons: ❖Biography of Sigmund Freud ❖Psychoanalysis FREUD’S LIFE March 06, 1856 / May 06, 1856 – Sigismund (Sigmund) Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia, a part of Czech Republic today. Was the favorite child of his mother. When he was a year and a half, Amalie gave birth to Julius, the second son, and he harbored hostility towards him. 1860 – The Freud Family moved to Vienna. 1873 – Entered the University of Vienna Medical School 1885 – Received a traveling grant from the University of Vienna and studied in Paris with Jean-Martin Charcot. Hysteria - a disorder typically characterized by paralysis or the improper functioning of certain parts of the body. 1880 – Met and developed a professional association and close friendship with Josef Breuer, a physician who is 14 years older than him. Catharsis – Releasing repressed emotions / bottled feelings by making people talk. Free Association Technique – Discovered gradually and laboriously by Freud, and replaced hypnosis 1895 – Published “Studies on Hysteria”, after reuniting with Breuer, and their subsequent discussions Anna O., who was one of the main topic of the book. Freud turned to his friend, Wilhelm Fliess, when the former had become estranged with Breuer. Fliess received letters from Freud which constitutes the embryonic stage of Psychoanalysis FREUD’S LIFE 1896 – His father died, and he started self-analysis 1897 – He abandoned his “Seduction Theory”, which explains that neuroses has etiology in the child’s seduction of the parent, for the following reasons: – 1. Wasn’t able to treat even a single patient with it. – 2. Great number of fathers will be accused of sexual perversion – 3. Unconscious mind could not distinguish reality from fiction – 4. Unconscious memories of psychotic patients never revealed early childhood sexual experiences 1899 – Freud finished his greatest work, “Interpretation of Dreams” On Dreams (1901), Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901), Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), and Jokes and Their Relation to The Unconscious (1905) 1902 – Vienna Psychoanalytic Society (Formerly known as Wednesday Psychological Society) was formed 1903 – After the publication of his work, his relationship with Fliess cooled, and ruptured. 1910 – Freud and his followers founded the International Psychoanalytic Association 1911 – Adler left the Association 1913 – Ended relationship with Jung World War 1 – A very difficult time for Freud. Separated from his followers, food shortage, no heat in his home, etc. September 23, 1939 – Freud died in London LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE One of the greatest contribution of Freud to personality theory is his exploration and insistence that people is motivated primarily by drives of which they have little or no awareness. Conscious – Plays minor role in Freud’s theory – Mental elements in awareness at any given point in time – Two sources of ideas that can reach consciousness are perceptual conscious and elements from the preconscious that are non-threatening Unconscious (Contains Unconscious Proper and Preconscious) Preconscious – Contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty – Two sources of information are from conscious perception and unconscious proper UNCONSCIOUS PROPER Contains all the drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our awareness. Motivates most of our feelings, words, or even behaviors and actions. Dreams serves as a rich source of unconscious material. Primary Censor – The “guard” that prevents anxiety inducing memories or ideas from the unconscious proper to enter the preconscious Final Censor – The “guard” that prevents ideas from the preconscious which can cause anxiety to pass to the conscious level of mind. Forces in the unconscious constantly strive to become conscious. Phylogenetic Endowment - experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed on to us through hundreds of generations of repetition. PROVINCES OF THE MIND These so-called provinces has no physical regions in our brain, and are only merely hypothetical constructs. ID (das Es) Ego (das Ich) Superego (das Uber-Ich) THE ID PLEASURE PRINCIPLE Has not contact with reality Unrealistic and Illogical Can Simultaneously entertain two opposing ideas. Has no morality All of the id’s energy is spent for one purpose—to seek pleasure without regard for what is proper or just Filled with energy received from basic drives Operates on Primary Process, that is, it blindly seeks satisfaction, its survival is dependent on the survival of a Second Process. THE SUPEREGO MORALISTIC OR IDEALISTIC PRINCIPLE It has no energy of its own Has also no contact with the external world Has two subsystems: CONSCIENCE AND EGO-IDEAL Conscience – What we should NOT do. Ego-Ideal – What we SHOULD do. Well-developed superego acts to control sexual and aggressive impulses through repression. Feelings of inferiority arise when the ego is unable to meet the superego’s ideals Guilt is a function of conscience Inferiority is a function of ego-ideal THE EGO REALITY PRINCIPLE Person’s sole communication with the external world Executive branch of the personality Partly conscious, partly preconscious, and partly unconscious Serves three masters, that is why it becomes anxious Uses repression and other defense mechanisms to defend itself against anxiety Has no strength on its own, but borrows energy to the Id. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY Drive/Impulse (Trieb) – Operate as a constant motivational force – Originates from the Id – Every basic drive is characterized by IMPETUS, SOURCE, AIM, OBJECT – IMPETUS – Amount of force exerted – SOURCE – Region of the body in state of excitation of tension – AIM – Seek pleasure by removing excitation or tension – OBJECT – Person or object that serves as the means through which aim is satisfied Sex (Eros/libido) Aggression(Thanatos) Anxiety: – Neurotic Anxiety – Moral Anxiety – Realistic Anxiety SEX The aim of the sexual drive is to seek pleasure, but it is not limited to genital satisfaction. Erogenous Zone – mouth and anus The aim of the sexual drive cannot be changed, but the path can be varied. Libido can be withdrawn from one person and placed in a state of free-floating tension, or it can be reinvested in another person, including the self. Sex can take many forms, including Narcissism, Love, Sadism, and Masochism. PRIMARY NARCISSISM – The universal condition of the infants wherein they are heavily invested in their own ego. SECONDARY NARCISSISM – Not universal, but happens during puberty LOVE - develops when people invest their libido on an object or person other than themselves. AIM-INHIBITED – Second type of love, wherein overt sexual love for members of the family is repressed. SADISM – Need for sexual activity by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person. MASOCHISM – Need to experience sexual pleasure by being subjected to pain or humiliation by themselves or from other people. AGGRESSION The aim of the destructive drive, according to Freud, is to return the organism to an inorganic state. Aggression is also flexible and can take a number of forms, such as teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor, and the enjoyment of other people’s suffering. The aggressive tendency is present in everyone and is the explanation for wars, atrocities, and religious persecution. The aggressive drive also explains the need for the barriers that people have erected to check aggression Throughout our lifetime, life and death impulses constantly struggle against one another for ascendancy, but at the same time, both must bow to the reality principle, which represents the claims of the outer world. ANXIETY a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger. The unpleasantness is often vague and hard to pinpoint, but the anxiety itself is always felt. Only the ego can produce or feel anxiety. NEUROTIC ANXIETY – Apprehension about an unknown danger. MORAL ANXIETY – conflict between the ego and the superego. REALISTIC ANXIETY – Closely related to fear. – an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger. DEFENSE MECHANISM are normal and universally used, when carried to an extreme they lead to compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic behavior. Repression – Most basic, and is involved in each of the others. forces threatening feelings into the unconscious Reaction Formation – Adopting a disguise that is completely opposite to the original form. Exaggerated character and obsessive compulsive form. Displacement – Redirecting their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed. Fixation – Remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological state Regression – Reverting back to an earlier developmental stage that is previously passed. Projection – Attributing the unwanted impulse to an external object, usually another person. Seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually resides in one’s own unconscious. Introjection – Incorporating other people’s good qualities in to their own ego. Sublimation – Most helpful, beneficial type of defense mechanism to the self and to the society. Substitutes aim of Eros into cultural or social aim. STAGESS OF DEVELOPMENT Infantile Period: Happens in the first 4 to 5 years of life, and is divided into 3 stages: – Oral Phase – Anal Phase – Phallic Phase: Male Oedipus Complex Female Oedipus Complex Latency Period Genital Period ORAL PHASE MOUTH is the erogenous zone. Approximately in the 1st year of life. The sexual aim of early oral activity is to incorporate or receive into one’s body the object-choice, that is, the nipple. ORAL-RECEPTIVE PHASE – incorporate or receive into one’s body the object-choice. ORAL-SADISTIC PHASE – Infants respond to others through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling, and crying. The first autoerotic experience is thumb sucking, a defense against anxiety which satisfies their sexual but not nutritional needs ANAL PHASE ANUS is the erogenous zone Happens during the second year of life. Satisfaction is gained through excretory function. EARLY ANAL PERIOD – Children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects. Children often behave aggressively towards their parents for frustrating them with toilet training. LATE ANAL PERIOD - take a friendly interest toward their feces, an interest that stems from the erotic pleasure of defecating. ANAL CHARACTER - people who continue to receive erotic satisfaction by keeping and possessing objects and by arranging them in an excessively neat and orderly fashion. ANAL TRIAD – Orderliness, Stinginess, and Obstinacy PHALLIC PHASE GENITAL AREA becomes the leading erogenous zone. Happens around the 3rd to 4th (or 5th) year of life. MALE OEDIPUS COMPLEX – attachment of boys and them being sexually attached to their mothers CASTRATION ANXIETY – Fear of losing the penis. CASTRATION COMPLEX – the belief that everyone has phallus and that girls had theirs removed because they are punished for masturbating. FEMALE OEDIPUS COMPLEX – Attachment of girls to their father, forming rivalry with their mothers PENIS ENVY – Anxiety experienced by young girls upon knowing that boys have different kind of genital area. LATENCY PERIOD Happens in the 4th or 5th year of life until the puberty Dormant Psychosexual development Brought about partly by parents’ attempts to punish or discourage sexual actvity Can be explained through phylogenetic endowment. Continued latency is reinforced through constant suppression by parents and teachers and by internal feelings of shame, guilt, and morality. GENITAL PERIOD Happens during puberty, and lasts to adulthood Reawakening of sexual activity During this stage, the libido re-emerges after its latent period and is directed towards peers of the other sex, marking the onset of mature adult sexuality. During this stage, individuals start to become sexually mature and begin to explore their sexual feelings and desires more maturely and responsibly. This period marks the onset of romantic and sexual emotions, leading to the formation of intimate relationships. Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self-pleasure, like during the phallic stage. THANK YOU! INQUIRIES? Ask me!