Psychiatric Emergency PDF

Psychiatric Emergency Prepared by: Mastourah Alotaibi F012241063 Malak Alotaibi F012241010 Tahani alsharif F012241101 Nouf Albuainain F012241021 Dalal Abdulwahab AlHawsawi F012241004 REEM shtyt alharbi –F012241023 Supervised by : Ms.Reshmi Ragunathan Psychiatric Emergency ❑ Definition A psychia...

Psychiatric Emergency Prepared by: Mastourah Alotaibi F012241063 Malak Alotaibi F012241010 Tahani alsharif F012241101 Nouf Albuainain F012241021 Dalal Abdulwahab AlHawsawi F012241004 REEM shtyt alharbi –F012241023 Supervised by : Ms.Reshmi Ragunathan Psychiatric Emergency ❑ Definition A psychiatric emergency refers to a sudden disruption in a patient's behavior, thoughts, or emotions that, if left unaddressed, could result in harm to either the individual or those around them. This sets it apart from other medical emergencies as it considers the potential harm to society as well. ❑Aetiology of Psychiatric Emergencies: ▪ Mental Health Disorders: Psychiatric emergencies often stem from underlying mental health disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or anxiety disorders. ▪ Substance Abuse: The misuse of drugs or alcohol can lead to psychiatric crises, including overdose, withdrawal, or drug-induced psychosis. ▪ Suicidal Ideation or Attempts: People experiencing severe depression or other mental health issues may be at risk of suicidal thoughts or attempts, which can result in psychiatric emergencies. ❑Aetiology of Psychiatric Emergencies: ▪ Agitation and Aggression: Agitation and aggression can be triggered by various factors, including underlying mental illness, substance use, or external stressors, leading to dangerous situations. ▪ Trauma and PTSD: Individuals with a history of trauma, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), may experience psychiatric crises when triggered by traumatic memories or events. ▪ Acute Stressors: Sudden and overwhelming stressors, such as job loss, relationship problems, or traumatic events, can precipitate psychiatric emergencies. ❑ Risk Factors. ❑ Traumatic Life Events: Exposure to trauma, such as physical or sexual abuse, accidents, or witnessing violence, can increase the risk of psychiatric emergencies. ❑ Family History: A family history of mental illness may increase the likelihood of developing similar conditions. ❑ Lack of Social Support: Isolation or a lack of a strong social support system can contribute to the risk of psychiatric emergencies. ❑ Previous Suicide Attempts: Individuals who have previously attempted suicide are at a higher risk of future emergencies. ❑ Risk Factors. ❑ Stressful Life Events: High levels of chronic stress or recent stressful life events, such as job loss or the death of a loved one, can trigger psychiatric crises. ❑ Lack of Coping Skills: Individuals who lack effective coping mechanisms to deal with stress or emotional distress may be more vulnerable to psychiatric emergencies. ❑ Personality Disorders: Certain personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder, can be associated with impulsive behavior and emotional instability, increasing the risk of crises. ❑Classification or Subtypes. ❑ Suicidal Emergencies: Individuals at risk of self-harm or suicide require immediate attention and intervention. This includes assessing their intent and providing appropriate care. ❑ Psychotic Emergencies: People experiencing acute psychosis, such as schizophrenia or severe delusional states, may pose a danger to themselves or others and need urgent evaluation and treatment. ❑ Substance-Related Emergencies: These involve situations where individuals are intoxicated or experiencing withdrawal symptoms, which can lead to dangerous behavior or medical complications. ❑Classification or Subtypes. ❑ Manic or Hypomanic Episodes: People with bipolar disorder may enter manic or hypomanic states that require stabilization and potential hospitalization to prevent harm. ❑ Severe Anxiety or Panic Attacks: Intense anxiety or panic attacks can mimic heart attacks and necessitate emergency assessment and management. ❑ Acute Depression: In some cases, severe depressive episodes can lead to suicidal ideation or self-neglect, requiring urgent care. ❑Clinical Features. ❑Clinical Features ➢ Psychosis: Symptoms like hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) and delusions (false beliefs) can indicate a psychiatric crisis. ➢ Severe Mood Disturbances: Rapid and extreme changes in mood, such as mania or severe depression, can be part of an emergency. ➢ Severe Anxiety or Panic: Intense and debilitating anxiety or panic attacks can require immediate intervention. ➢ Disorganized Thinking or Speech: Incoherent speech or disorganized thinking can be a symptom of serious mental distress. ❑Complications ✓ Medical complications: Psychiatric emergencies can sometimes lead to medical issues such as dehydration, malnutrition, or exacerbation of pre-existing physical health conditions due to neglect or refusal of care. ✓ Substance abuse: Co-occurring substance abuse disorders are common in psychiatric emergencies, which can complicate the assessment and treatment process. ✓ Social and occupational dysfunction: Prolonged psychiatric emergencies can result in social isolation, job loss, financial difficulties, and strained relationships. ❑Complications ✓ Stigmatization: Individuals facing psychiatric emergencies may experience stigma and discrimination, which can negatively impact their self-esteem and willingness to seek help. ✓ Self-harm or suicide: Individuals in crisis may be at risk of self-harm or suicide, which is a critical complication that requires immediate attention. Prompt and appropriate intervention, often involving mental health professionals and emergency services, is crucial to mitigate these complications and provide necessary care and support. ❑Diagnostic Measures: ✓ Clinical Assessment: Conduct a thorough clinical assessment to gather information about the patient's current mental state, medical history, psychiatric history, and any precipitating factors. ✓ Mental Status Examination (MSE): Perform a comprehensive MSE to assess the patient's appearance, behavior, thought process, thought content, mood, affect, perception, cognition, and insight. ✓ Suicide Risk Assessment: Evaluate the patient's risk of suicide, including assessing for suicidal ideation, plans, means, and intent. This assessment is critical in determining the level of immediate intervention required. ❑Treatment: ✓ Assessment and Stabilization: Assess the patient's mental and physical state to ensure safety. Address immediate risks, such as self-harm or harm to others. ✓ Hospitalization: In severe cases, hospitalization in a psychiatric facility may be necessary for close monitoring and treatment. ✓ Medications: Psychotropic medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms. Antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and benzodiazepines are examples. ✓ Psychotherapy: Individual or group therapy can help patients understand and cope with their condition. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialecticalbehavior therapy (DBT) are common approaches. ❑ References. ▪ Varcarolis, E., Halter, M. and Varcarolis, E. (2010). Foundations of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. ▪ Sheila L Videbeck (2014). Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, 6th edition, Philadelphia: Wolters KluwerHealth/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ▪ Sudarsanan, S., Chaudhury, S., Pawar, A. A., Salujha, S. K., & Srivastava, K. (2004). Psychiatric Emergencies. Medical journal, Armed Forces India, 60(1), 59–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80162-X THANK YOU