PSYC 1100 UConn Fall 2024 Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

PSYC 1100 UConn Fall 2024 Exam Three Study Guide Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence (50 questions) Definition of cognition, prototypes, concept (types), schema (types). - Cognition: thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory. It tries to underst...

PSYC 1100 UConn Fall 2024 Exam Three Study Guide Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence (50 questions) Definition of cognition, prototypes, concept (types), schema (types). - Cognition: thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory. It tries to understand how we integrate, organize and utilize our conscious experience without being aware of the unconscious work. - Prototype: best representation of a concept. - - Concept: category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences. Generated by observing details and categorizing and combining details into cognitive structures. Can see relationships By doing this.Concepts are informed by semantic memory. They are Present Throughout Our entire life.Concepts can be complex/abstract or simple/concrete. - - schema:(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. - Role Schema: Assumptions of how people in different roles will behave. Help fill in the gaps in information received from the world. - Event Schema or Cognitive Script: Set of Behaviors for a specific situation. Can vary by culture and country. Definition of language, lexicon, semantics, phoneme, morpheme, grammar. - Language: Communication system using words and systematic rules to organize these words and transmit information. Language is a form of communication but not all communication is language. - Lexicon: Words in a given language - Semantics: Process of deriving meaning from morphemes/words. - Phoneme: Basic sound unit of the language. - Morpheme: Smallest units of language that conveys some type of meaning. - Grammar: Set of rules used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon. Stages of language development. - 0-3 months= Reflexive Communication(RC) - 3-8 months= RC, interest in others. - 8-13 months= Intentional communication, sociability. - 12-18 months= First words, only discriminates on phonemes. - 18-24 months= Two word sentences. - 2-3 years= Three or more words sentences - 3-5 years= Complex sentences, conversations. Mental set. Functional fixedness. Confirmation bias. Anchoring bias. - Mental set: continually using an old solution to a problem without results. - Functional fixedness: inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended. - Confirmation bias: faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs. - Anchoring bias: faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution. - Hindsight bias. Representational bias. Algorithms. - Hindsight bias: belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. - Representational bias: faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment. - Algorithms: problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions Raymond Cattell. Fluid intelligence. Crystallized intelligence. Raymond Cattell: Raymond Cattell proposed a theory of intelligence that divided general intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence (Cattell, 1963). Crystallized intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it. When you learn, remember, and recall information, you are using crystallized intelligence. You use crystallized intelligence all the time in your coursework by demonstrating that you have mastered the information covered in the course. Fluid intelligence encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. Navigating your way home after being detoured onto an unfamiliar route because of road construction would draw upon your fluid intelligence. Fluid intelligence helps you tackle complex, abstract challenges in your daily life, whereas crystallized intelligence helps you overcome concrete, straightforward problems. Robert Sternberg, Triarchic theory. Creative intelligence. Robert Sternburg: Developed another theory of intelligence, which he titled the triarchic theory of intelligence because it sees intelligence as comprising three parts : practical, creative, and analytical intelligence. Creative intelligence: is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. Creativity in this realm can include finding a novel solution to an unexpected problem or producing a beautiful work of art or a well-developed short story. Howard Gardner, multiple intelligences (types). Multiple Intelligences Theory was developed by Howard Gardner, a Harvard psychologist and former student of Erik Erikson. In Gardner’s theory, each person possesses at least eight intelligences. The eight intelligences are linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily kinesthetic intelligence, spatial intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, and naturalistic intelligence. Conscious and unconscious (integration) aspects of cognition. "Conscious and unconscious aspects of cognition" refer to the idea that our mental processes can operate on both a level where we are aware of our thoughts and actions (conscious) and a level where information is processed without our conscious awareness (unconscious). Influences on cognition. Thoughts (definition). - Emotion and memory are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. - Thoughts: The process of thinking: The act of thinking, which can be a conscious process that happens independently of sensory stimulation. Dyslexia. Flynn Effect. - Dyslexia: Most common. Difficulty processing letters. May mix letters within words and sentences. Letters reversals are the hallmark. May skip words while reading. May have problems spelling while writing. May attempt to memorize shapes of words rather than the reader. - Flynn effect: observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. Conditions that lead to the use of Heuristics. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, but the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met When one is faced with too much information When the time to make a decision is limited When the decision to be made is unimportant When there is access to very little information to use in making the decision When an appropriate heuristic happens to come to mind in the same moment Effects of poverty on intelligence testing. - Children who live in poverty experience more pervasive, daily stress than children who do not worry about the basic needs of safety, shelter, and food. These worries can negatively affect how the brain functions and develops, causing a dip in IQ scores. Mark Kishiyama and his colleagues determined that children living in poverty demonstrated reduced prefrontal brain functioning comparable to children with damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex. Minnesota Twins study and intelligence. - In this investigation, researchers found that identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit a higher correlation between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together (Bouchard, Lykken, McGue, Segal, & Tellegen, 1990). The findings from this study reveal a genetic component to intelligence. At the same time, other psychologists believe that intelligence is shaped by a child’s developmental environment. If parents were to provide their children with intellectual stimuli from before they are born, it is likely that they would absorb the benefits of that stimulation, and it would be reflected in intelligence levels. Chapter 4: States of Consciousness (50 questions) Consciousness and models of consciousness. - Consciousness: Our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Consciousness and awareness fluctuates over time. Can be considered a continuum between full awareness and deep sleep. Full wakefulness is characterized by high  sensory awareness, thoughts and behavior. Sleep is characterized by reductions in sensory awareness and activity. Four models are daydreaming, Intoxication, Meditation, and Sleep depression. Circadian rhythm. Biological rhythms. Definition of sleep. - Circadian Rhythm: Cycles that take approximately 24 hours - Biological Rhythms: Internal cycles of biological activity, such as menstrual cycles and body temperature. - Sleep: state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. Homeostasis. Pineal gland/melatonin. Chronotypes. - Homeostasis: tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. - Pineal gland/melatonin: endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin. Evolutionary perspective on why we sleep. - One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. - Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. Sleep debt. Jet lag. - Sleep Debt: result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis. - Jet Lag: collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Stages of sleep (including wave activity). - Stage 1: first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep. Is composed of mostly Alpha and some Theta waves. Alpha waves are associated with relaxation and meditation(8-13 Hz). Theta waves are still higher in amplitude and even lower in frequency(4-7 Hz).  - Stage 2: second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles.Deep relaxation. Slower breathing.Theta waves are dominant. - Stage 3: third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves.May contain some theta and K-complexes. Contains Delta waves: high amplitude low-frequency(