Psychology: Thinking and Intelligence Concepts

Cognition encompasses thinking, including perception, learning, problem-solving, judgment, and memory. It seeks to understand how we integrate, organize, and utilize our conscious experiences without being aware of the unconscious work.

A prototype is the best representation of a concept.

Concepts are formed by observing details, categorizing, and combining those details into cognitive structures. This process helps us identify relationships between different pieces of information.

<p>A schema is a mental construct that consists of a cluster or collection of related concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A role schema involves assumptions about how people in different roles will behave. This helps fill in gaps in information we receive from the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An event schema, or cognitive script, is a set of behaviors designed for a specific situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language is a communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize those words and transmit information. It's a primary form of communication, though not all communication is considered language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lexicon refers to the words in a given language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantics is the process of deriving meaning from morphemes, or words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phonemes are the basic sound units of a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that conveys a specific type of meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grammar refers to the set of rules used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflexive Communication, Intentional Communication, Sociability, First Words, Two Word Sentences, Three or More Word Sentences, Complex Sentences, Conversations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mental set is a tendency to continually use an old solution to a problem, even if it's not producing results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional fixedness refers to the inability to see an object as being useful for any purpose other than its intended one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confirmation bias involves focusing on information that confirms existing beliefs, neglecting evidence that contradicts them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anchoring bias occurs when we fixate on a single aspect of a problem, using it as an anchor to find a solution, even if the anchor is not the most relevant piece of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hindsight bias is the belief that an event that just occurred was predictable, even if it wasn't.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Representational bias involves stereotyping someone or something without a valid basis for judgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Algorithms are problem-solving strategies characterized by a specific set of instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Raymond Cattell proposed the theory of crystallized and fluid intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crystallized intelligence represents acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid intelligence is the ability to see complex relationships, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence suggests that intelligence comprises three main components: practical, creative, and analytical intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creative intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining solutions to problems or situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This refers to the idea that our mental processes operate on both a conscious level, where we are aware of our thoughts and actions, and an unconscious level, where information is processed without our conscious awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoughts are the process of thinking: the act of thinking itself, which can be a conscious process that occurs independently of sensory stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyslexia, a common learning disorder, is characterized by difficulty processing letters. Individuals with dyslexia may mix letters, reverse them, skip words while reading, or struggle with spelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Flynn effect is the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appropriate heuristic coming to mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children living in poverty experience more pervasive daily stress, which can negatively impact their brain function and development, potentially leading to lower IQ scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study found that identical twins raised together, as well as those raised apart, exhibited a higher correlation in their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together. This suggests a genetic component to intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consciousness encompasses our awareness of internal and external stimuli, our awareness fluctuates over time and can be considered a continuum between full awareness and deep sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meditation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A circadian rhythm is a cycle that takes approximately 24 hours and influences various biological activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological rhythms are internal cycles of biological activity, such as menstrual cycles and body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep is a state characterized by reduced sensory awareness and physical activity, distinct from rest during wakefulness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeostasis is the body's tendency to maintain a balance or optimal level within a biological system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pineal gland releases melatonin, an endocrine structure located inside the brain. Melatonin is a hormone that plays a key role in regulating our sleep-wake cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronotypes refer to individual differences in our natural tendency to be either a morning person or an evening person, based on our internal circadian rhythms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep is essential to restore resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep debt is the result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jet lag occurs when travel across multiple time zones leads to a mismatch between our internal circadian rhythms and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 1 is the transition phase from wakefulness to sleep, characterized by the presence of alpha and theta waves, associated with relaxation and meditation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 2 is characterized by deep relaxation, slower breathing, and the emergence of sleep spindles, which are bursts of brain wave activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 3 is characterized by deep sleep and the dominance of high-amplitude delta waves, along with some theta and K-complexes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 4 is characterized by the presence of more than 50% delta waves and is considered the deepest stage of sleep, making it the most difficult to awaken from.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freud believed that dreams represent an opportunity to access the unconscious mind, revealing valuable insights about the individual's inner thoughts, desires, and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lucid dreams occur when individuals become aware that they are dreaming during a dream state, allowing them to control the dream's content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cartwright believes that dreams primarily reflect daytime experiences and events that are significant to the dreamer, rather than symbolizing unconscious desires or hidden meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hobson proposes that dreaming might represent a state of protoconsciousness, suggesting that we create a virtual reality in our minds during sleep, which could potentially help us during wakefulness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasomnias encompass a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity or experiences during sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleepwalking involves engaging in relatively complex behaviors, such as walking around, driving, or even carrying out everyday tasks, while asleep, often with eyes open, but with little or no awareness of their surroundings or actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RBD is a disruptive sleep disorder that occurs when the muscle paralysis normally associated with REM sleep fails to occur, leading to physically acting out dreams, potentially resulting in injury to oneself or others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sleep apnea is characterized by episodes where breathing repeatedly stops or becomes shallow, lasting for 10-20 seconds or even longer. The two main types are obstructive sleep apnea, where the airway is physically blocked, and central sleep apnea, where signaling from the brain to the muscles controlling breathing is disrupted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narcolepsy is characterized by uncontrollable episodes of excessive daytime sleepiness, often accompanied by cataplexy, which is a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to weakness or collapse, triggered by strong emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperthermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal stimuli involve awareness of thoughts, emotions, and internal sensations such as pain, hunger, or thirst. External stimuli involve experiences from the external world, such as seeing sunlight, feeling the warmth of a room, or hearing a friend's voice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulants are a class of drugs that typically increase alertness, energy, and mood, often creating a euphoric high, especially when injected or smoked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative effects of stimulants can include nausea, anxiety, hallucinations, paranoia, elevated blood pressure, increased heart rate, and potentially even death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caffeine is a widely used stimulant found in beverages, foods, and medications. It primarily promotes alertness and arousal, helping us feel more awake and energized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High doses of caffeine can lead to insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and potentially death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotine is a highly addictive stimulant found in tobacco products. It primarily affects acetylcholine receptors, influencing motor neurons and promoting arousal and reward mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opioids are a class of drugs that bind to opioid receptors in the body, producing analgesic properties, which means they reduce pain and promote feelings of well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opiates are naturally occurring compounds derived from the poppy plant, while opioids are synthetically produced compounds. They are both analgesics but differ in their chemical structure and effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common examples of opioids include heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, methadone, and fentanyl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The opioid crisis refers to a widespread epidemic of opioid abuse and addiction, leading to a significant increase in overdoses and deaths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opioids work by binding to receptors in the nervous system, mimicking the effects of naturally occurring endorphins, which reduce pain signals and produce a feeling of well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolerance refers to a state where increasing doses of a drug are required to achieve the same desired effect, as the body becomes accustomed and less responsive to the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychological dependence refers to a strong emotional need or craving for a drug, often driven by feelings of pleasure, stress relief, or a desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms, rather than a physiological need for the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol is categorized as a central nervous system depressant, meaning it slows down brain activity and overall bodily functions, leading to feelings of relaxation, reduced inhibition, and impaired judgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cocaine is a powerful stimulant that increases the activity of the central nervous system, primarily by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the brain, leading to feelings of euphoria, increased alertness, and heightened energy levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crack is a highly potent and smokable form of cocaine, known for its rapid and intense effects, making it highly addictive and dangerous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypnosis creates a split in consciousness, allowing the hypnotist to suggest actions and ideas while the individual remains partly aware and responsive, but the individual is also capable of experiencing a disconnection between the conscious and unconscious mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissociative theory proposes that hypnosis splits the mind into separate parts, with one part aware and responsive to suggestions and another part seemingly disassociated or separated from conscious awareness, allowing for the effects without full conscious control.</p> Signup and view all the answers