PSYC 2900U Research Ethics Lecture Notes 2022

9/23/2024 2 Lecture Overview...

9/23/2024 2 Lecture Overview Canada versus the United States Ch. 3 – Research Ethics Moral foundations of ethical research Moral principles to ethics codes PSYC 2900U – RESEARCH METHODS APA Ethics Code Standard 8: Research and Publication KARLA EMENO Reminder – Assignment 1 due Friday, Sept. 27th 1 1 2 Canada vs. the United States 3 4 TCPS 2: CORE-2022 Training Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) American Psychological Association Originally adopted APA’s code, but many Canadians did not like some of the (APA) https://tcps2core.ca/welcome revisions that were made to that code Developed the first psychology code of ethics (early 1950s), This self-paced online course features interactive over time which influenced most exercises and multi-disciplinary examples. First Canadian Code in 1986 international codes of ethics Research Ethics Board (REB) within psychology—and some The CORE tutorial consists of 9 interactive modules Uses Government of Canada’s Tri- outside of psych covering topics like Core Principles and REB Review. Council Policy Statement: Ethical Institutional Review Board (IRB) Conduct for Research Involving Humans It is designed primarily for the use of researchers and REB Uses APA’s code (especially (TCPS 2 – 2022) standard 8) and your text is members – though anyone may take this course and https://ethics.gc.ca/eng/policy- written from this perspective print their own certificate of completion free of charge. politique_tcps2-eptc2_2022.html 3 4 5 Moral Principles to Consider in Scientific 6 What is morality vs. ethics? Research 1. Weighing Risks Against Benefits 2. Acting Responsibly and with Integrity Morality – Principles set by a group or individual that determine right from wrong Trust & honesty; professional & competent 3. Seeking Justice Treat patients and participants fairly Ethics – Branch of philosophy that questions 4. Respecting People’s Rights and Dignity moral principles and determines the appropriate Respect for autonomy of individual choice & privacy; informed code of conduct within a field consent Unavoidable Ethical Conflict When something arises, you deal with it in a responsible way 5 6 1  9/23/2024 Framework for Thinking about Ethical Issues 7 8 Moral Principles Who is Affected APA Code of Moral Principle 1. Research 2. Scientific Conduct 3. Society Participants Community 1. Weighing risks against benefits: Principle A: Scientific research in psychology can be ethical only if its risks Weighing risks Beneficence and against benefits nonmaleficence are outweighed by its benefits. Principle B: Fidelity There are risks and benefits to participants, scientific Acting Responsibly and Responsibility; community, and society. and with Integrity Principle C: Integrity 2. Acting responsibly and with integrity: Seeking Justice Principle D: Justice Researchers must carry out their research in a thorough and Principle E: competent manner, meet their professional obligations, and Respecting be truthful. Respect for People’s Rights People’s Rights and Dignity and Dignity 7 8 9 Milgram (1963) Obedience Study 10 Moral Principles (cont’d) 3. Seeking justice: Researchers must conduct their research in a just and fair manner. Evaluate the risks and Members of some groups have historically faced more than their benefits of the fair share of the risks of scientific research. Milgram Obedience 4. Respecting people’s rights and dignity: Study Researchers must respect people’s rights and dignity as human beings. This involves respecting autonomy, the use of informed consent, respecting privacy, and maintaining confidentiality (and better yet, anonymity when possible). 9 10 11 Ethics of Milgram (1963) 12 Milgram Experimental Design Who is Affected APA Code of Moral Principle 1. Research 2. Scientific Conduct 3. Society Participants Community Physiological Advances Used to understand how Principle A: Weighing risks ramifications of scientific people could engage in Beneficence and against benefits stress; but fully knowledge on horrific acts, such as nonmaleficence debriefed obedience Holocaust or Abu Ghraib Principle B: Fidelity Acting Responsibly and Responsibility; Assumed to be Assumed to be Used deception and with Integrity Principle C: trustworthy trustworthy Integrity Participants glad Seeking Justice Principle D: Justice to be involved Principle E: Respecting Respect for Potentially People’s Rights People’s Rights coercive and Dignity and Dignity 11 12 2  9/23/2024 13 Reforms 14 Nuremberg Trials (1945-1949) Nuremberg Code (1948) Informed consent, qualified researchers, avoid unnecessary harm/risk, coercion Nuremberg Code: APA Code of Ethics (1953) Informed consent Nuremberg Code, no deception, confidentiality, enforcement Qualified researchers up to researcher Avoid unnecessary harm, Declaration of Helsinki (1964) risk Written “protocol” reviewed by independent committee Coercion Belmont Report (1979) Federal ethical guidelines, responsibilities of researchers, rights of participants (before, during, after) 13 14 15 16 Research Ethics Boards (REB) APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct Review research proposals involving humans so they can guarantee the rights and interests are protected. APA Ethics Code Standard 8: Research and Publication Informed consent The chief responsibility of an REB is to ensure that the Deception risks faced by human participants in research are minimal. Debriefing The use of nonhuman animal subjects The REB may refuse to approve a study or may ask the Scholarly integrity researcher to revise the study design. 15 16 17 18 Informed Consent Informed Consent 4. Privacy/Confidentiality/Protection Voluntary Participation Anonymity vs. confidentiality Informed consent form 5. Inducements/Incentives/Benefits 1. General purpose of research 6. Rights of participants Don’t have to tell participants your hypothesis! Freedom to withdraw 7. Contact Information 2. Procedures & participants’ responsibilities Researcher(s), REB Approximate time commitment 8. Signatures 3. Risk & Benefits Participants & Researchers 17 18 3  9/23/2024 19 20 Deception Controversy Debriefing Why use deception? Return participants to same mental/emotional No other way to do some research state Confederates Explain purpose of study Issues Explain any deception Limits subject freedom to choose Repeat confidentiality & anonymity Implies subject is untrustworthy Get feedback about study Negative public image & suspicious population Give ASAP 19 20 21 22 Scholarly Integrity What can we do to be better? Do not fabricate data or plagiarize, including self- plagiarism Know and Accept Your Ethical Responsibilities Do not publish the same data a second time as though it Identify and Minimize Risks were new Identify and Minimize Deception Must share data with other researchers when requested Weigh the Risks Against the Benefits Peer reviewers must keep unpublished research they Create Informed Consent and Debriefing review confidential Procedures Authors’ names on published research, and the order of Get Approval those names, must reflect the importance of each Follow Through person’s contribution 21 22 Assignment #1: Relevant Literature (15%) 23 24 Questions about Chapter 3? Due: Submit in Canvas by 11:59 pm on Friday, September 27th For this assignment, you will find 12 peer-reviewed articles that you believe are relevant to your research question. Include the abstract and any necessary citation information for all 12 articles. For each article, write out a sentence or two in your own words (neither copying nor quoting allowed for this part!) explaining how this particular article will be helpful to you when writing your literature review for Assignment 2. Include your research question at the top of Assignment 2, to give the TA the research context, and to keep you focused on your research question. Instructions for Assignment 1, as well as an example template, have been added to Canvas. 23 24 4