Research Ethics: Canada vs. US
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of the lecture overview presented?

  • Historical developments in Canadian research methods
  • Differences in educational systems between Canada and the United States
  • Research ethics and related moral principles (correct)
  • Psychological theories prevalent in both countries

Which organization adopted a code of ethics in the early 1950s?

  • Canadian Psychological Association
  • American Psychological Association (correct)
  • International Union of Psychological Science
  • British Psychological Society

What prompted changes in the Canadian Psychological Association's ethics code?

  • Growth of psychological studies in the 1960s
  • Discontent with revisions made to the APA's code (correct)
  • Implementation of new research methodologies
  • Pressure from international ethics bodies

Which document outlines the standards for research and publication ethics in psychology?

<p>APA Ethics Code Standard 8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does TCPS 2: CORE-2022 Training refer to?

<p>A self-paced online course on research ethics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the adoption of the APA ethics code by the Canadian Psychological Association?

<p>It initially faced criticism from Canadian psychologists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major components of the moral foundations discussed in the lecture?

<p>Informed consent from participants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant influence on the development of ethics codes over time in Canada?

<p>Divergence from standard American practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym REB stand for in the context of research ethics?

<p>Research Ethics Board (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the CORE tutorial?

<p>To educate users on ethical principles and REB review (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which code is referenced for ethical guidelines in psychology?

<p>APA's Code, specifically standard 8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles is not typically considered under moral principles in scientific research?

<p>Pursuing Personal Interests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the first Canadian Code established?

<p>1986 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary audience for the CORE tutorial mentioned?

<p>Researchers and REB members (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does TCPS stand for in the context of ethical guidelines?

<p>Tri-Council Policy Statement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best differentiates morality from ethics?

<p>Morality is determined by groups or individuals, ethics is philosophical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Principle A of the American Psychological Association (APA) Code of Conduct emphasize?

<p>Balancing risks against benefits of research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'beneficence' in ethical research practices?

<p>Maximizing the benefits of the research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'informed consent' in research ethics?

<p>Participants are fully aware of the risks and benefits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a key aspect of respecting individuals' rights in research?

<p>Participants may withdraw at any time without penalty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ethical conflicts, how should researchers respond?

<p>By addressing the situation responsibly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle ensures that participants are protected from harm in research?

<p>Nonmaleficence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is primarily responsible for ethical compliance in psychological research?

<p>The researchers themselves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the ethical principle of autonomy?

<p>Participants should have control over their involvement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chief responsibility of a Research Ethics Board (REB)?

<p>To ensure the risks faced by human participants are minimal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT typically covered in an informed consent form?

<p>Hypothesis being tested (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of anonymity ensure in research?

<p>Participant identities are kept confidential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a right of participants in a research study?

<p>To refuse to participate if they choose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the practice of manipulating participants' information to improve study results?

<p>Deception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the need for researchers to act responsibly and with integrity?

<p>Principle C: Integrity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does seeking justice in research primarily involve?

<p>Ensuring equal distribution of risks and benefits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Respecting people's rights and dignity includes which of the following?

<p>Practicing informed consent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Principle D: Justice in the context of historical research risks?

<p>Members of vulnerable groups have faced excessive risks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of confidentiality in research ethics?

<p>Keeping participant data private and secure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is primarily concerned with researchers evaluating the risks and benefits of their work?

<p>Principle B: Fidelity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of informed consent in the context of respecting people's rights?

<p>It affirms participants' autonomy in making informed choices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is emphasized under the principle of Fidelity in research?

<p>Acting responsibly towards participants and society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle emphasizes the need to weigh risks against benefits in research?

<p>Beneficence and Nonmaleficence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a moral principle related to acting responsibly and with integrity?

<p>Integrity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of Justice primarily concern in research ethics?

<p>Fair distribution of research benefits and burdens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which code introduced the concept of informed consent as essential for ethical research?

<p>Nuremberg Code (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical guidelines did the Belmont Report emphasize for researchers?

<p>Rights of participants before, during, and after research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Research Ethics Boards (REB)?

<p>To review research proposals to protect participant rights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of the APA Code of Ethics specifically relates to the treatment of participants post-study?

<p>Respect for People's Rights and Dignity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was established as a direct response to the unethical practices seen in World War II?

<p>Nuremberg Trials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the Declaration of Helsinki?

<p>It mandates a written protocol reviewed by an independent committee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected from researchers under the principle of Fidelity and Responsibility?

<p>To be honest and uphold professional standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of deception in research must be justified under which ethical principle?

<p>Beneficence and Nonmaleficence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical guidelines stress the responsibility of researchers regarding their qualifications?

<p>Nuremberg Code (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the principles of respect for people's rights, which aspect ensures participant autonomy?

<p>Informed Consent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Canada's TCPS 2

Canada's Tri-Council Policy Statement 2 (TCPS 2) is a research ethics framework, specifically for the Canadian psychology field.

APA Ethics Code

The American Psychological Association's (APA) code of ethics, developed in the early 1950s, influences research ethics globally.

Research Ethics

A set of guidelines ensuring that research is conducted responsibly and ethically.

Moral Foundations

The ethical principles behind research guidelines.

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Psychology Research

Research carried out in the field of psychology, that must be conducted ethically.

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CPA

Canadian Psychological Association, which created and maintains many research standards.

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TCPS 2 Training

An online course focusing on TCPS 2 guidelines.

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Research Ethics Code

A formal document outlining the rules for ethical behavior in research.

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Research Ethics Board (REB)

A committee that reviews research proposals involving human participants to ensure ethical conduct.

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Tri-Council Policy Statement

A Canadian government policy on ethical conduct for research with humans.

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Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Similar to a REB, but used in other countries. An ethics committee that approves or denies human research.

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Morality

Personal or group beliefs about right and wrong.

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Ethics

Framework for the rules and guidelines about right conduct.

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Weighing Risks and Benefits

A core principle in research ethics, evaluating the potential harm and good for participants.

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Acting with Integrity

Honesty and responsibility in research practices.

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Justice in Research

Ensuring fair treatment for all participants in research.

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Ethical Conduct

Moral principles guiding behavior in research and scientific fields.

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Beneficence & Nonmaleficence

Ethical principle that research benefits outweigh risks.

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APA Code of Conduct

Set of standards for ethical practice in psychology.

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Risk-Benefit Analysis

Ethical framework for evaluating research and weighing potential risks against potential benefits.

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Autonomy

Respecting individual rights and choices, including informed consent.

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Informed Consent

Participants' understanding and agreement to participate in research.

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Ethical Conflict

Dilemma arising from opposing moral principles.

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Moral Principles

Basic beliefs and values guiding ethical decision-making.

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Responsibility in research

Researchers must conduct research thoroughly, competently, and honestly, fulfilling professional obligations.

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Respecting people's rights

Researchers must recognize and honor the autonomy and dignity of participants, ensuring informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality, ideally anonymity.

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Informed consent in research

Participants must be aware and understand the research procedures, potential risks, and benefits; provide conscious agreement.

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Risk-benefit assessment

Thoroughly evaluate the potential risks and advantages to individuals, society, and the community at large.

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Confidentiality in research

Protecting participant privacy by keeping their personal data secret, unless explicit permission is granted otherwise.

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Milgram Obedience Study (context)

A historical research study highlighting the importance of ethical considerations in research ethics.

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Vulnerable populations in research

Groups who have disproportionately experienced the risks of research and therefore require extra care during research.

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Deception in Research

When researchers intentionally withhold information or mislead participants about the true nature of the study. This is only permitted when justified and the potential benefits outweigh risks to participants.

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Debriefing

A session held after a research study to inform participants about the true nature of the study, address any concerns, and clarify what information was withheld or misrepresented.

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Anonymity vs. Confidentiality

Anonymity means the participant's identity is completely unknown to the researcher, while confidentiality, means the researcher knows the participant's identity but keeps it private.

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Milgram's Experiment

A famous study where participants were instructed to deliver electric shocks to a learner, testing obedience to authority.

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Who is Affected by Research?

Research can impact participants, the scientific community, and society at large.

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Fidelity and Responsibility

Researchers are accountable for their actions and must act with integrity, building trust with participants.

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Integrity

Researchers should be truthful and transparent in their methods and reporting of findings.

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Justice

Researchers must ensure fairness and equity in selecting and treating participants.

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Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Participants' autonomy, privacy, and confidentiality must be respected.

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Nuremberg Trials Impact

These trials led to the development of ethical research guidelines, particularly focusing on informed consent and avoiding harm.

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Nuremberg Code

A set of ethical principles for human research, emphasizing informed consent, qualified researchers, and minimizing harm.

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APA Code of Ethics

A comprehensive set of ethical guidelines for psychologists, encompassing research, teaching, and clinical practice.

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Declaration of Helsinki

An ethical code for medical research involving human subjects, emphasizing the need for independent review and ethical oversight.

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Belmont Report

Federal guidelines for ethical human subject research in the United States, emphasizing respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

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APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct

A comprehensive set of ethical guidelines for psychologists, including research, teaching, and clinical practice.

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Ethical Guidelines: Evolution

Ethical guidelines for research have evolved over time, refining and expanding upon earlier principles.

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Study Notes

Lecture Overview

  • Covers research ethics, specifically the differences between Canadian and US approaches.
  • Discusses moral foundations of ethical research and core principles.
  • Highlights the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code.
  • Reminds students of an upcoming assignment deadline.

Canada vs. the United States

  • The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) adapted the APA code but made revisions over time.
  • The Canadian code was first adopted in 1986.
  • The Government of Canada uses the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS 2-2022) for research ethics.
  • The American Psychological Association (APA) developed the first psychology code of ethics in the 1950s.

TCPS 2: Core-2022 Training

  • Online course suitable for researchers and review board members.
  • Nine interactive modules on key principles and review processes.
  • Available to anyone, with free certificate of completion.

What is Morality vs. Ethics?

  • Morality: Principles defining right and wrong by groups or individuals.
  • Ethics: Branch of philosophy evaluating moral principles, determining appropriate conduct in a field.

Moral Principles in Scientific Research

  • Weighing risks and benefits is crucial for ethical research.
  • Acting responsibly and with integrity is key (honesty, competence).
  • Researchers must promote justice and fairness, respecting the rights and dignity of participants.
  • Respecting participants' autonomy, informed consent, privacy, and maintaining confidentiality (and anonymity whenever possible).

Milgram (1963) Obedience Study

  • Case study of obedience.
  • Ethical issues with the study's design and impact are also discussed.
  • Explores how people can commit acts that appear horrifying in certain situations (e.g., the Holocaust).

Framework for Thinking About Ethical Research Issues

  • Considers who is impacted in research: Participants, scientific community, society.
  • Links "Moral Principles" with the APA Code of Conduct (Principles A-E).

Nuremberg Trials and Subsequent Reforms

  • Led to the development of the Nuremberg Code (1948) emphasizing informed consent and avoiding risks.
  • Followed by the APA's Code of Ethics (1953) incorporating elements of informed consent, deception, confidentiality, and enforcement limits.
  • Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and the Belmont Report (1979) built on this.

Research Ethics Boards (REB)

  • REBs review study proposals to ensure human rights and interests are safeguarded.
  • Their primary aim is to minimize risks to human participants.

APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists

  • Discusses specific standards from the APA regarding research and publication.
  • Covers key areas, including deception, debriefing, and integrity.
  • Essential element in research, ensuring participants provide voluntary agreement.
  • Details participants' rights and responsibilities regarding time commitment, risks, and benefits.

Deception Controversy

  • Explanations for the use of deception in research and the related concerns.

Debriefing

  • Recovering participants' mental/emotional states.
  • Explaining the research purpose and procedure, including any deception.
  • Emphasis on confidentiality and feedback.

Scholarly Integrity

  • Emphasizing the importance of not fabricating data, plagiarizing, or indulging in self-plagiarism.
  • Importance of sharing data, maintaining confidentiality, and giving appropriate attribution in research publication.

What Can Be Done Better?

  • Ensuring ethical consideration when conducting research involving human participants.

Assignment #1: Relevant Literature (15%)

  • Details requirements for citing relevant literature in research.
  • Includes instructions for analysis and explanation of the selected articles.

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PSYC 2900U Research Ethics Lecture Notes 2022

Description

This quiz explores the key differences in research ethics between Canada and the United States. It covers core principles, the American Psychological Association's Ethics Code, and the Canadian Psychological Association's adaptations. Test your understanding of the moral foundations behind ethical research practices.

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