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Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of the lecture overview presented?
What is the main focus of the lecture overview presented?
Which organization adopted a code of ethics in the early 1950s?
Which organization adopted a code of ethics in the early 1950s?
What prompted changes in the Canadian Psychological Association's ethics code?
What prompted changes in the Canadian Psychological Association's ethics code?
Which document outlines the standards for research and publication ethics in psychology?
Which document outlines the standards for research and publication ethics in psychology?
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What does TCPS 2: CORE-2022 Training refer to?
What does TCPS 2: CORE-2022 Training refer to?
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What characterized the adoption of the APA ethics code by the Canadian Psychological Association?
What characterized the adoption of the APA ethics code by the Canadian Psychological Association?
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What is one of the major components of the moral foundations discussed in the lecture?
What is one of the major components of the moral foundations discussed in the lecture?
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What was a significant influence on the development of ethics codes over time in Canada?
What was a significant influence on the development of ethics codes over time in Canada?
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What does the acronym REB stand for in the context of research ethics?
What does the acronym REB stand for in the context of research ethics?
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What is the purpose of the CORE tutorial?
What is the purpose of the CORE tutorial?
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Which code is referenced for ethical guidelines in psychology?
Which code is referenced for ethical guidelines in psychology?
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Which of the following principles is not typically considered under moral principles in scientific research?
Which of the following principles is not typically considered under moral principles in scientific research?
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In which year was the first Canadian Code established?
In which year was the first Canadian Code established?
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What is the primary audience for the CORE tutorial mentioned?
What is the primary audience for the CORE tutorial mentioned?
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What does TCPS stand for in the context of ethical guidelines?
What does TCPS stand for in the context of ethical guidelines?
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Which of the following best differentiates morality from ethics?
Which of the following best differentiates morality from ethics?
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What does Principle A of the American Psychological Association (APA) Code of Conduct emphasize?
What does Principle A of the American Psychological Association (APA) Code of Conduct emphasize?
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Which of the following best describes 'beneficence' in ethical research practices?
Which of the following best describes 'beneficence' in ethical research practices?
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What is meant by 'informed consent' in research ethics?
What is meant by 'informed consent' in research ethics?
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Which statement reflects a key aspect of respecting individuals' rights in research?
Which statement reflects a key aspect of respecting individuals' rights in research?
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In the context of ethical conflicts, how should researchers respond?
In the context of ethical conflicts, how should researchers respond?
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Which principle ensures that participants are protected from harm in research?
Which principle ensures that participants are protected from harm in research?
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Who is primarily responsible for ethical compliance in psychological research?
Who is primarily responsible for ethical compliance in psychological research?
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What is the focus of the ethical principle of autonomy?
What is the focus of the ethical principle of autonomy?
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What is the chief responsibility of a Research Ethics Board (REB)?
What is the chief responsibility of a Research Ethics Board (REB)?
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Which aspect is NOT typically covered in an informed consent form?
Which aspect is NOT typically covered in an informed consent form?
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What does the principle of anonymity ensure in research?
What does the principle of anonymity ensure in research?
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Which of the following is a right of participants in a research study?
Which of the following is a right of participants in a research study?
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Which term refers to the practice of manipulating participants' information to improve study results?
Which term refers to the practice of manipulating participants' information to improve study results?
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Which principle emphasizes the need for researchers to act responsibly and with integrity?
Which principle emphasizes the need for researchers to act responsibly and with integrity?
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What does seeking justice in research primarily involve?
What does seeking justice in research primarily involve?
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Respecting people's rights and dignity includes which of the following?
Respecting people's rights and dignity includes which of the following?
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What is a key aspect of Principle D: Justice in the context of historical research risks?
What is a key aspect of Principle D: Justice in the context of historical research risks?
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Which of the following best describes the role of confidentiality in research ethics?
Which of the following best describes the role of confidentiality in research ethics?
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Which principle is primarily concerned with researchers evaluating the risks and benefits of their work?
Which principle is primarily concerned with researchers evaluating the risks and benefits of their work?
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What is the importance of informed consent in the context of respecting people's rights?
What is the importance of informed consent in the context of respecting people's rights?
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Which aspect is emphasized under the principle of Fidelity in research?
Which aspect is emphasized under the principle of Fidelity in research?
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What principle emphasizes the need to weigh risks against benefits in research?
What principle emphasizes the need to weigh risks against benefits in research?
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Which of the following is a moral principle related to acting responsibly and with integrity?
Which of the following is a moral principle related to acting responsibly and with integrity?
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What does the principle of Justice primarily concern in research ethics?
What does the principle of Justice primarily concern in research ethics?
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Which code introduced the concept of informed consent as essential for ethical research?
Which code introduced the concept of informed consent as essential for ethical research?
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Which ethical guidelines did the Belmont Report emphasize for researchers?
Which ethical guidelines did the Belmont Report emphasize for researchers?
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What is the primary role of Research Ethics Boards (REB)?
What is the primary role of Research Ethics Boards (REB)?
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Which principle of the APA Code of Ethics specifically relates to the treatment of participants post-study?
Which principle of the APA Code of Ethics specifically relates to the treatment of participants post-study?
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Which of the following was established as a direct response to the unethical practices seen in World War II?
Which of the following was established as a direct response to the unethical practices seen in World War II?
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What is a key feature of the Declaration of Helsinki?
What is a key feature of the Declaration of Helsinki?
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What is expected from researchers under the principle of Fidelity and Responsibility?
What is expected from researchers under the principle of Fidelity and Responsibility?
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The use of deception in research must be justified under which ethical principle?
The use of deception in research must be justified under which ethical principle?
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Which ethical guidelines stress the responsibility of researchers regarding their qualifications?
Which ethical guidelines stress the responsibility of researchers regarding their qualifications?
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Among the principles of respect for people's rights, which aspect ensures participant autonomy?
Among the principles of respect for people's rights, which aspect ensures participant autonomy?
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Study Notes
Lecture Overview
- Covers research ethics, specifically the differences between Canadian and US approaches.
- Discusses moral foundations of ethical research and core principles.
- Highlights the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code.
- Reminds students of an upcoming assignment deadline.
Canada vs. the United States
- The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) adapted the APA code but made revisions over time.
- The Canadian code was first adopted in 1986.
- The Government of Canada uses the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS 2-2022) for research ethics.
- The American Psychological Association (APA) developed the first psychology code of ethics in the 1950s.
TCPS 2: Core-2022 Training
- Online course suitable for researchers and review board members.
- Nine interactive modules on key principles and review processes.
- Available to anyone, with free certificate of completion.
What is Morality vs. Ethics?
- Morality: Principles defining right and wrong by groups or individuals.
- Ethics: Branch of philosophy evaluating moral principles, determining appropriate conduct in a field.
Moral Principles in Scientific Research
- Weighing risks and benefits is crucial for ethical research.
- Acting responsibly and with integrity is key (honesty, competence).
- Researchers must promote justice and fairness, respecting the rights and dignity of participants.
- Respecting participants' autonomy, informed consent, privacy, and maintaining confidentiality (and anonymity whenever possible).
Milgram (1963) Obedience Study
- Case study of obedience.
- Ethical issues with the study's design and impact are also discussed.
- Explores how people can commit acts that appear horrifying in certain situations (e.g., the Holocaust).
Framework for Thinking About Ethical Research Issues
- Considers who is impacted in research: Participants, scientific community, society.
- Links "Moral Principles" with the APA Code of Conduct (Principles A-E).
Nuremberg Trials and Subsequent Reforms
- Led to the development of the Nuremberg Code (1948) emphasizing informed consent and avoiding risks.
- Followed by the APA's Code of Ethics (1953) incorporating elements of informed consent, deception, confidentiality, and enforcement limits.
- Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and the Belmont Report (1979) built on this.
Research Ethics Boards (REB)
- REBs review study proposals to ensure human rights and interests are safeguarded.
- Their primary aim is to minimize risks to human participants.
APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists
- Discusses specific standards from the APA regarding research and publication.
- Covers key areas, including deception, debriefing, and integrity.
Informed Consent
- Essential element in research, ensuring participants provide voluntary agreement.
- Details participants' rights and responsibilities regarding time commitment, risks, and benefits.
Deception Controversy
- Explanations for the use of deception in research and the related concerns.
Debriefing
- Recovering participants' mental/emotional states.
- Explaining the research purpose and procedure, including any deception.
- Emphasis on confidentiality and feedback.
Scholarly Integrity
- Emphasizing the importance of not fabricating data, plagiarizing, or indulging in self-plagiarism.
- Importance of sharing data, maintaining confidentiality, and giving appropriate attribution in research publication.
What Can Be Done Better?
- Ensuring ethical consideration when conducting research involving human participants.
Assignment #1: Relevant Literature (15%)
- Details requirements for citing relevant literature in research.
- Includes instructions for analysis and explanation of the selected articles.
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Description
This quiz explores the key differences in research ethics between Canada and the United States. It covers core principles, the American Psychological Association's Ethics Code, and the Canadian Psychological Association's adaptations. Test your understanding of the moral foundations behind ethical research practices.
